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Topic: Sicilian Expedition

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Sicilian Campaign

Demosthenes (general)

Peloponnesian War

Battle of Amphipolis

Herma

Peace of Nicias

Delian League

Gylippus

415 BC

30 tyrants

History of the Peloponnesian War

Siracusa

Alcibiades

Sicilian language

Nicias

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	The Anthony P. Campanella Collection of Giuseppe Garibaldi - Island 4
		The purpose of the expedition was the overthrow of the Bourbon monarchy of Sicily and Naples and the precipitation, by this act, of unification of the Italian peninsula.
		La Cecilia's two-volume account of Garibaldi's Sicilian expedition and the integration of the kingdom of the Two Sicilies into the newly unified kingdom of Italy is one of the earliest histories of these events.
		Crispi, a republican, served prominently in the 1860 Sicilian campaign, acted as Garibaldi's secretary, and was opposed to the annexation of Naples and Sicily to the kingdom of Italy.
	www.sc.edu /library/spcoll/hist/garib/garib4.html (840 words)

	Sicilian expedition
		Sicilian expedition: name of the Athenian attempt to conquer Sicily in 415-413, part of the entr'acte in the Peloponnesian War.
		The Sicilian cities were now aware of Athenian power, and during a conference at Gela, organized by the Syracusan democratic leader Hermocrates, they decided to make peace with one another and exclude the foreigners from the island.
		In the end, the expeditionary force was completely destroyed (text), the Athenian prisoners of war were forced to work in the stone quarries until they were dead, Syracuse sided with Sparta and sent ships to the east.
	www.livius.org /pb-pem/peloponnesian_war/sicilian_expedition.html (910 words)

	Sicilian Peoples: The Ancient Greeks - Best of Sicily Magazine - Greek Sicily, Hellenic Society in Sicily.
		Beyond the islets of the Aegean Sea, Greek influence enveloped the islands of Cyprus and Crete, and kissed the shores of coastal Ukraine (Crimea), France and Spain.
		The only "native" Sicilian peoples known with certainty to be present at that time were the Sicanians, whose society was quite primitive compared to that of the Greeks.
		In 416 BC, the conflict between Athens and Syracuse led to war, and an Athenian expedition to the Sicilian city.
	www.bestofsicily.com /mag/art153.htm (2126 words)

	Battles : Sicilian Expedition
		The Sicilian Expedition was an Athenian expedition to Sicily from 415 BC to 413 BC, during the Peloponnesian War.
		The Sicilians, he said, would be more fearful of Athens if Athens was not tested in battle, just as Athens had been more fearful of Sparta before they were able to defeat the Spartans in war.
		However, the defeat of the Sicilian expedition was essentially the beginning of the end for Athens.
	www.mlahanas.de /Greeks/History/Battles/SicilianExpedition.html (3200 words)

	Peloponnesian War - LoveToKnow 1911
		The Athenians failed in an expedition to Chalcidice under Xenophon, while the Spartan Cnemus with Chaonian and Epirot allies was repulsed from Stratus, capital of Acarnania,.
		The tragic fiasco of the Sicilian expedition, involving the death 1 In 454 Athens made a treaty with Segesta (inscr.
		After the news of the Sicilian disaster Athens was compelled at last to draw on the reserve of 1000 talents which had lain untouched in the treasury.' The revolt of the Ionian allies, and (in 411) the loss of the Hellespontine, Thracian and Island tributes (see Delian League), very seriously crippled her finances.
	www.1911encyclopedia.org /Peloponnesian_War (5916 words)

	Sicily - Encyclopedia, History, Geography and Biography
		Sicily (Sicilia in Italian, Sicilian and Spanish, Σικελία in Greek) is an autonomous region of Italy and the largest island in the Mediterranean Sea, with an area of 25,700 km² and 5 million inhabitants.
		Sicilian politics was intertwined with politics in Greece itself, leading Athens, for example, to mount the disastrous Sicilian Expedition during the Peloponnesian War.
		Sicilian dialects are also spoken in the southern and central sections of the Italian regions Calabria (Calabrese) and Puglia (Salentino); and had a significant influence on the Maltese Language.
	arikah.com /encyclopedia/Sicily (4036 words)

	Sicilian Expedition (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The Sicilian Expedition was an Athenian expedition to Sicily from 415 BC to 413 BC, during the Peloponnesian War.
		The Sicilians, he said, would be more fearful of Athens if Athens was not tested in battle, just as Athens had been more fearful of Sparta before they were able to defeat the Spartans in war.
		However, the defeat of the Sicilian expedition was essentially the beginning of the end for Athens.
	www.purpleuniverse.com /true_associate-Sicilian_Expedition.html (3115 words)

	Chronological History of Greece in the Vth and IVth centuries B. C.
		On its way back from an expedition to help the people of Doris, a province northwest of Boeotia that was their former home, against the Phocians, the Spartans, with the help of the Thebans, defeat an Athenian army at Tanagra, near Thebes.
		The expedition sent in Egypt a few years earlier to help an uprising angainst Persia there is defeated by the Persian army and the Athenians are besieged in an island of the Nile delta.
		Expedition of Athens in Boeotia, in support of democratic regimes against partisans of oligarchy.
	plato-dialogues.org /tools/chrono.htm (7566 words)

	Historie, stone, cooper and bronze time, roman empire and Greek epoch Syrakus, before christ, culture, ceramics
		As the beginnings of the sicilian history were designates the palaeolithicum or the old stone time (in this case 12000 before Christ) During this time, Sicily and the island of Lipari could be called a joint culture circle.
		sicilian products of the bronze time were found on Malta, in Lerna (Peloponnes) and even in Troja.
		From 559 to 529 before christ Malchus undertook a military expedition from Karthago by sicily, which had a political and militaric independeces of the phoenician agencies as consequence.
	www.sicily-etna.com /Sicily.html (2572 words)

	Sicilian Expedition Summary
		The Sicilian Expedition was an Athenian expedition to Sicily from 415 BC to 413 BC, during the Peloponnesian War.
		Essay consists of a discussion regarding the Thucydides Sicilian Expidition.
		Essay shows the crucial importance of the Sicilian expedition.
	www.bookrags.com /Sicilian_Expedition (116 words)

	Untitled Document (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Historical outline of the years preceding the Sicilian Expedition, with emphasis on the roles of Thucydides (esp. the Battle of Amphipolis in 422), Nicias, and Alcibiades.
		The Sicilian Expedition (415): size of the undertaking and circumstances of the expedition.
		Discussion of the tragic end of the Sicilian Expedition in terms of Thucydides' narrative style ("history as painting").
	www.umich.edu /~classics/programs/class/cc/101/Acosta-Hughes/OutlinesN221.htm (169 words)

	I. In Support of the Athenian Expedition to Sicily by Alcibiades. Greece (432 B.C.-324 B.C.). Vol. I. Bryan, William ...
		died in 404; at his suggestion Athens undertook the Sicilian expedition, out of which came the military career of Alcibiades, during which he was assassinated in Phrygia, pierced by a volley of arrows.
		And with regard to the expedition to Sicily, change not your determination from an idea that it would be undertaken against a great power.
		For it is only with a mixed rabble that its cities are populous; and they easily admit changes in their government, and adopt new ones.
	www.bartleby.com /268/1/6.html (954 words)

	Against the Sicilian Expedition by Nicias. Greece (432 B.C.-324 B.C.). Vol. I. Bryan, William Jennings, ed. 1906. The ...
		B.C. named after him; one of the commanders of the expedition against Sicily which he had strongly opposed; won several battles, but was defeated in 413 and put to death.
		1 assembly was, it is true, convened to consider the subject of our preparations, namely, in what way we ought to make the expedition to Sicily.
		My opinion, however, is, that we ought still to consider this very point, whether it be better to send out our ships; and not on such slight deliberation on matters of great moment, at the instigation of aliens, to take upon ourselves a war with which we have nothing to do.
	www.bartleby.com /268/1/8.html (532 words)

	Thucydides: Peloponnesian War (Abridged): Section 4 (Site not responding. Last check: )
		For the position he held among the citizens led him to indulge his tastes beyond what his real means would bear, both in keeping horses and in the rest of his expenditure; and this later on had not a little to do with the ruin of the Athenian state.
		The matter was taken up the more seriously, as it was thought to be ominous for the expedition, and part of a conspiracy to bring about a revolution and to upset the democracy.
		The number of the enemy collected as public property was not considerable; but that secreted was very large, and all Sicily was filled with them, no convention having been made in their case as for those taken with Demosthenes.
	www.mala.bc.ca /~johnstoi/thucydides/thucydides_4.htm (7879 words)

	Nicias - The Slave of Fear
		The turning point of the war with Sparta was the disastrous Sicilian Expedition, eagerly undertaken by the greedy Athenians.
		The rich did not dare to speak out against the Sicilian Expedition because they were afraid their opposition would be attributed to reluctance to pay the taxes necessary to finance it.
		The philosopher Socrates, although a close friend of Alcibiades, confided to his friends that the Sicilian Expedition would be a mistake.
	www.e-classics.com /nicias.htm (4564 words)

	Acting the Fools: Thucydides on the Dramatic Origins of the Sicilian Expedition
		Recent work has suggested that Thucydides’; treatment of the Sicilian expedition is a part of a wider elite attack on democratic modes of knowledge (Morris 1996, Ober 1998).
		For indeed, the same Athenian citizens who were exchanging information in the assembly and on the streets had been bombarded for decades by the dramatic poets with bits of information about the peoples, places, flora, fauna, my ths, legends, and history of Sicily.
		By twisting the dramatic topoi about Sicily generated over decades in front of dramatic audiences into the rhetorical topoi manipulated by the Athenian elite in front of the assembly, the historian indicates his mistrust of the public knowledge base.
	www.apaclassics.org /AnnualMeeting/03mtg/abstracts/smithd.html (480 words)

	The Internet Classics Archive \| Nicias by Plutarch
		Others say he did not counterfeit madness, but set his house on fire in the night, and the next morning came before the assembly in great distress, and besought the people, in consideration of the sad disaster, to release his son from the service, who was about to go captain of a galley for Sicily.
		The genius, also, of the philosopher Socrates, on this occasion, too, gave him intimation by the usual tokens, that the expedition would prove the ruin of the commonwealth; this he imparted to his friends and familiars, and by them it was mentioned to a number of people.
		Nicias, in opposing the voting of this expedition, and neither being puffed up with hopes, nor transported with the honour of his high command so as to modify his judgment, showed himself a man of virtue and constancy.
	classics.mit.edu /Plutarch/nicias.html (6837 words)

	Thucydides and his Predecessors
		When Hornblower notes 'the density of Homeric echoes in the epic Sicilian books 6 and 7',[6] he is implying that the manner and frequency of Thucydides' allusions are conditioned by Thucydides' perception of his subject-matter.
		When Thucydides calls the Sicilian expedition the greatest ergon of the war, and perhaps of Greek history, he is not just referring to its historical importance: as the phrase 'most splendid (lamprotaton) for those who won' shows, he is thinking in terms of fame and glory.
		It is enough here to conclude that Thucydides does regard the Sicilian expedition as the most important event of the war in historical terms, but that he also regards it as a source of great fame for the Syracusans.
	www.dur.ac.uk /Classics/histos/1998/rood.html (15677 words)

	War and Empire, Part II
		The Sicilian expedition, which had started as what Clausewitz labeled as a "bold stroke," was rapidly transforming into not just error, but a colossal blunder.
		Athenian warriors were confused by the shouts and war cries, called "paeans," of their Sicilian allies, which sounded like the war calls of the forces of Syracuse.
		The news of the destruction of the Sicilian Expedition stunned Athens.
	www.dailyreckoning.com /Issues/2005/DR110905.html (3214 words)

	Sicily - WOI Encyclopedia Italia
		Sicily (Sicilia in Italian and Sicilian, Σικελία in Greek) is an autonomous region of Italy and the largest island in the Mediterranean Sea, with an area of 25,700 km² and 5 million inhabitants.
		Many Sicilians are bilingual in both Italian and Sicilian, a separate Romance language, with Greek, Arabic, Catalan and Spanish influence.
		Sicilian Origins in Europe arguing that Sicilians are descended from Ancient Greek and Italic settlers, with minimal foreign admixture
	www.wheelsofitaly.com /wiki/index.php/Sicily (3947 words)

	The Dispatch - Serving the Lexington, NC - News (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Sicily (Sicilia in Italian and Sicilian) is an autonomous region of Italy and the largest island in the Mediterranean Sea, with an area of 25,708 kmÂ² (9,926 sq.
		The Sicilian language was an early influence in the development of the first Italian standard, although its use remained confined to an intellectual Ã©lite.
		Sicilian dialects are also spoken in the southern and central sections of the Italian regions Calabria (Calabrese) and Puglia (Salentino); and had a significant influence on the Maltese Language.
	www.the-dispatch.com /apps/pbcs.dll/section?category=NEWS&template=wiki&text=Sicily (3853 words)

	The Violent Teacher
		After the Athenian assembly had voted for the expedition, Thucydides tells us, Nicias rose for a second speech and, hoping to change their minds, stressed the gravity of the undertaking and the magnitude of the resources needed to succeed in it.
		The Sicilians, having been driven to unity by fear of the foreign threat, would probably have been quite capable of defeating the Athenians by themselves.
		Both expeditions were masterminded and promoted by cliques which can never be held accountable for their actions and which conceal their true motives behind more conventional ones.
	www.spectacle.org /0203/brenner.html (3159 words)

	Fares Center for Eastern Mediterranean Studies - Tufts University (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Albright suggested that the relationship between preemption and national security has been complex and tenuous for millennia, and she recalled the Sicilian Expedition of 415 BCE to illustrate her observation.
		Yet, after battling for several years, the Sicilians were successful in preserving their sovereignty, with the assistance of Sparta and its Persian alliance.
		Albright noted that the results of the Sicilian Expedition shocked the Athenians and marked the beginning of their downfall as a regional superpower.
	farescenter.tufts.edu /lectures/albrightSummary.asp (1033 words)

	Clara’s Sabbatical Blog
		This “moment of the sons” culminates in the Sicilian Expedition and the “youthful” impulses behind the mutilation of the herms and parody of the Mysteries.
		One of these is to show vividly that one of the generals in charge of the expedition (and, in the event, the sole leader) was both adamantly opposed to it, and hostile to the man with whom he shared command.
		Aristophanes is assumed to have opposed the expedition a) because the plays of the 420s uniformly favor peace and b) because he is generally thought of as one of the wealthier class of Athenians who tended to oppose the “war policy” which was most popular with the masses.
	blogs.carleton.edu /Claras_Sabbatical_Blog (7055 words)

	Nikias: Tragic Figure or Incompetent General? A Reconciliation Of The Various Traditions
		He warned the Athenians about the almost certain fate of the expedition to Sicily which he ironically would suffer, but he is also seen as being responsible due to his hesitation tactics and his supposed informants in the Sicilian camps.
		Nikias in Thucydides is shown to hesitate during the Sicilian expedition and to use means of caution before attacking the enemy.
		First, one must mention that these two were Sicilians and probably would not have felt any direct hostility against Nikias for the expedition, since his warnings against the venture were well known.1 However, Nikias was an Athenian, therefore an enemy of the Syracusans, and the Sicilian traditions would have treated him as such.
	www.geocities.com /Athens/Aegean/7849/nikias.html (3814 words)

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