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	8: The Classical period: I Introduction (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Of the Siddhantas the Pitamaha Siddhanta is the oldest (c.
		These men were, first and foremost, astronomers, but the mathematical requirements of astronomy (and no doubt further interest) led to them developing many areas of mathematics, as such, I will refer to them just as mathematicians.
		The vast majority of the works of the 'classical period' were however, in effect, Siddhantas.
	www-history.mcs.st-and.ac.uk /history/Projects/Pearce/Chapters/Ch8_1.html (216 words)

	Trigonometric function - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The next significant development of trigonometry was in India, in the works known as the Siddhantas (4th–5th century), which first defined the sine as the modern relationship between half an angle and half a chord.
		The Siddhantas also contained the earliest surviving tables of sine values (along with 1 − cos values), in 3.75-degree intervals from 0 to 90 degrees.
		The Hindu works were later translated and expanded by the Arabs, who by the 10th century (in the work of Abu'l-Wefa) were using all six trigonometric functions, and had sine tables in 0.25-degree increments, to 8 decimal places of accuracy, as well as tables of tangent values.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Sine (3210 words)

	History of Indian Astronomy (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Mystical interpretations of the movement of stars and planets developed into astrological science, and astronomy grew into a major factor in the intellectual pursuits of different cultural periods.
		Some seals of the Indus Valley period are believed to yield information of the knowledge available to those early settlers, as also the orientation of certain constructions clearly governed by such considerations.
		The later siddhantas represent a considerable advance in astronomy- they were far more precise and calculations were accurate and easier than in the past.
	www.stormpages.com /swadhwa/hofa/ia.html (1604 words)

	did you know?
		While the Siddhanta deals with the calculation, etc., of planets, i.e., the astronomical part, the Hora deals with individual horoscopes, auspicious and inauspicious times for doing a particular thing and other matters of this nature.
		The five Siddhantas, schools of systems of ancient astronomy, dealt with here are the Paitamaha, Vasistha, Romaka, Paulisa and the Saura.
		In agreement with this estimate very different amounts of space are allotted to the individual Siddhantas in the body of the work.” But for Varaha much of the information regarding these ancient Siddhantas would have been lost to us.
	www.indianscience.org /dyk/t_dy_Q19.shtml (1844 words)

	Acts of faith (Part III of XII) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		A significant feature of the siddhantas was the use of time cycles of mahayugas.
		He bitterly criticised Aryabhatta for deviating from tradition, for saying that the earth is not stationary, and for dividing a yuga into four cycles.
		His books Brahmasphuta Siddhanta and Khandakadhyaya were translated into Arabic in the 8th century.
	www.hvk.org /articles/0601/93.html (1131 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		The presentation given today by Kathiann House, after Dr. Barsky's commentary on Cardano (born 9/24/1501), Max Noether (born 9/24/1844), and Lev Genrikhovich Shnirelman (died 9/24/1938), held to the main concept that Medieval India played a large role in the development of mathematics despite the fact that mathematicians from other countries may have done similar problems.
		Among the topics covered, the Siddhantas interested me the most, especially in the area of the development of the trigonometric function of "sin".
		The five Siddhantas were systems of astronomy, which studied things like sine of an angle, trigonometry and surveying.
	coyote.csusm.edu /public/DJBarskyWebs/330CollageSep24.html (1639 words)

	[No title]
		Among the topics covered, the Siddhantas interested me the most, especially in the area of the development of the trigonometric function of "sin".
		House briefly described the path followed by the social climate and the political situation in India in the first millennium of the common era and for a few centuries after that.
		The five Siddhantas were systems of astronomy, which studied things like sine of an angle, trigonometry and surveying.
	public.csusm.edu /public/DJBarskyWebs/330CollageSep24.html (1639 words)

	MulaSangh-NandiSangh-DeshiyaGana-PustakaGachha (Bhattarakas) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		But their proudest possession is the collection of 3 ancient manuscripts: Dhavala, Jayadhavala and Mahadhavala, collectively called "the Siddhanta" in Digambara sect.
		At this time the Siddhanta books are not studied but are only for viewing {worshipping}.
		It is heard that the Siddhantas are also present at Malkheda [3], 100 kos from Aurangabad.
	www.dd-b.net /~raphael/jain-list/msg01286.html (707 words)

	Mathematics & Science
		According to tradition there were 18 early siddhantas of which only a few have survived.
		He was the author of Siddhanta Shiromani, a book in four parts: (i) Lilavati on arithmetic, (ii) Bijaganita on algebra, (iii) Ganitadhyaya, (iv) Goladhyaya on astronomy.
		His epicyclic-eccentric theories of planetary motions are more developed than in the earlier siddhantas.
	www.bsna.org /bzine-m/jan2k1/bvani-y2k/math-science.htm (1887 words)

	Article- Vedic Astrology in the West
		The predictions of one who has studied the ten kinds of planetary motions and who has understood the inner principles of astrology will never be falsified.
		He who has acquired a thorough knowledge of the different Horas, who is an adept in the five siddhantas, who has inferential ability and who is initiated into a secret mantra by a preceptor, can alone know horoscopy.
		The five siddhantas are Brahma, Surya, Vasishta, Romasa and Poulasa.
	www.vedicastrology.com /articles/articlequalities1.htm (2066 words)

	Welcome to Srouta Saiva Siddhanta (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Therefore, it is stated by the author in Saiva Siddhanta Sangraha 35th sloka that "Sarva Vidya Samanvayam" is only in Saivam and not in other religions or philosophies.
		Again one important significance in Saiva Siddhanta is that, even all the customs and ceremonies adopted therein are in tune with the commentary on Vedic literature and are considered as Moksha Pradams, i.e.
		This is not so in regard to other commentaries on the Vedic literature by the followers of other siddhantas or Philosophies.
	www.sroutasaivasiddhanta.org /2-1.htm (1117 words)

	Science After Aryabhatta (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		In addition to these siddhantas, practical manuals, astronomical tables, description of instruments, and other miscellaneous writings have also come down to us.
		(Incidently, the modern Surya Siddhanta is different in many details from this ancient one.) Another system described by him, the Paitamaha Siddhanta, appears to have many similarities with the ancient Vedanga Jyotisha of Lagadha.
		Brahmagupta of Bhilamala in Rajasthan, who was born in 598, wrote his masterpiece, Brahmasphuta Siddhanta, in 628.
	www.hindunet.org /science_after_aryabhatta/index.htm (1186 words)

	Shri Moodbidri Tirth South Karana Karnataka India
		This temple is also called the Siddhanta temple.
		Bowing down to the idol is also called bowing down to Siddhantas.
		We know from reliable historical sources that Bhadrabahuswami got many temples built here in the fourth century B.C. In the eighth century B.C. a sadhu saw a tiger and a cow lovingly playing together and he was astonished to see this exceptional scene.
	www.jainjagat.com /viewtemple.php/Date/1883/362 (246 words)

	[Advaita-l] Causal Body (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		We don't see contradicting pramanas, internal inconsistency etc. You asked, "Now you tell me why other Acharyas should not walk away and create their own siddhAnta?" They are free to do so.
		And so are we free to point the defects in other Siddhantas and we give the same freedom to them.
		When we can't see it, we assume thata there is a problem with the Siddhanta but NOT with ourselves.
	www.advaita-vedanta.org /archives/advaita-l/2003-June/012251.html (1330 words)

	8: The Classical period: I Introduction (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Of the Siddhantas the Pitamaha Siddhanta is the oldest (c.
		These men were, first and foremost, astronomers, but the mathematical requirements of astronomy (and no doubt further interest) led to them developing many areas of mathematics, as such, I will refer to them just as mathematicians.
		The vast majority of the works of the 'classical period' were however, in effect, Siddhantas.
	www-gap.dcs.st-and.ac.uk /~history/Projects/Pearce/Chapters/Ch8_1.html (216 words)

	story2 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Of the eighteen early siddhantas the summaries of only five are available now.
		Aryabhata (born 476) is the author of the first of the later siddhantas called Aryabhatiyam which sketches his mathematical, planetary, and cosmic theories.
		This book is divided into four chapters: (i) the astronomical constants and the sine table, (ii) mathematics required for computations, (iii) division of time and rules for computing the longitudes of planets using eccentrics and epicycles, (iv) the armillary sphere, rules relating to problems of trigonometry and the computation of eclipses.
	home.iitk.ac.in /student/gtom/stories/story3.html (1178 words)

	Persian Paradise - Article Detail (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		The Paitamaha Siddhanta appears to be the ancient Vedanga Jyotisha of Lagadha, which was of Dravidian origin (see below).
		However, the Surya Siddhanta or Saura-Siddhanta was the most accurate and is the system most widely used today.
		AD 530), in his work, `the five astronomical systems' or the Pancasiddhantika, begins with an account of what he calls Pitamaha Siddhanta or the astronomical system of the grandfathers - evidently a figurative way of indicating its hoary antiquity.
	botanicdream.com /Article/ArticleDetail.asp?ArticleID=39 (2825 words)

	Article - Indian calendar - presented by ©NewsFinder.Org - All Rights Reserved
		New astronomical constants and models for the motion of the Moon and Sun were adapted to traditional calendric practices.
		This was conveyed in astronomical treatises of this period known as Siddhantas, many of which have not survived.
		The Surya Siddhanta, which originated in the fourth century but was updated over the following centuries, influenced Indian calendrics up to and even after the calendar reform of C.E. The author Pingree provides a survey of the development of mathematical astronomy in India.
	www.newsfinder.org /more.php?id=161_0_1_0_M (1579 words)

	The Hindu : Cheerful tidings predicted for this year
		He said the Central Government committee on such matters also relied on `Drik' Siddhanta which was strengthened later by the Kanchi Acharya too.
		This Siddhanta was better for the people and hence must be followed.
		Accordingly, because there was still a bit of Amavasya on Sunday morning though `Paadyami' began on the day, it was advisable to celebrate Ugadi on Monday, he said.
	www.hinduonnet.com /thehindu/2001/03/27/stories/0427201g.htm (419 words)

	The research notebook of a beleaguered hack.: Struik: A Concise History of Mathematics: The Orient after the Decline of ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		As the roman empire declined the center of math research shifted from Alexandria to India and Mesopotamia.
		Translation of the Siddhantas into Arabic introduced the Hindu system to the Islamic world, where permutations of it (the gobar system made their way to Spain and to the West.
		Persia and Baghdad were taken by Arabs, causing Arabic to be instated as the official language, although other cultures remained.
	arsenal.media.mit.edu /notebook/archives/000105.html (827 words)

	ABSTRACTS
		200 C.E., are those of the astronomical treatises or Siddhantas, on the one hand, and those of the mythological compendia or Puranas on the other.
		The Siddhantas present a cosmological model comparable to the Ptolemaic one, while the Puranas propose a huge, flat, earth with a massive axial mountain at its center surrounded by ranks of annular oceans and mountain ranges.
		These two traditions, especially that of the astronomers, reflect on each other, and undergo a series of revisions, rejections, accommodations.
	www.princeton.edu /~hos/workshop/HOS_Wkshp1.htm (621 words)

	Appearance Day Of Srila Bhaktisiddhanta Sarasvati Thakura Prabhupada - Giver Of Madhurya-Bhakti
		In Bhaktisiddhanta Sarasvati Thakura there is all the knowledge that Krishna gave to Brahma, Brahma gave to Narada, Narada gave to Vyasa, and thus, by disciplic succession, came through the Rupanuga Vaisnavas down to Srila Bhaktivinoda Thakura and Srila Gaurakisora dasa Babaji Maharaja.
		All the siddhantas, philosophical truths, of the Vedas, Upanisads, and all other scriptures, were embodied in Srila Bhaktisiddhanta Sarasvati Gosvami Thakura.
		This Siddhanta Sarasvati, however, is the real embodiment of para-vidya, transcendental knowledge.
	www.purebhakti.com /lectures/lecture20010213pm.shtml (1642 words)

	Re: Genetics and the three modes
		Practically every vaidika siddhanta explains the function of God in terms of himself and his shakti.
		Shakti's theory is an exclusivity of Gaudiya's theology and a conclusion inferred by Pañcaratras.
		I am speaking about vaidika siddhantas and you are babling something about pancharatras.
	www.hindu-religion.net /printthread.php?Board=hinduism&main=6067&type=post (172 words)

	Welcome to Srouta Saiva Siddhanta (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Saivam explained through the Srouta Saiva Siddhanta propounded by Nilakantaradhya is the real, ancient and genuine religion and truth itself.
		The author says, through Srouta Saiva Siddhanta only the Ultimate Reality of the Brahman can be correctly interpreted in unison with what is contained in the Vedas, Upanishads, Dharma Sastras, Kalpa Sutras, Puranas, Itihasas, etc. without contradicting or rejecting any one of them as non-authentic, unlike in other philosophies.
		This assertion is not accepted in Saiva Siddhanta as propounded by Nilakanta Charya who stated that everybody of all varnas and all Asramas have a right to know the Brahman and one need not become a Sanyasi for knowing Brahma Vidya.
	www.sroutasaivasiddhanta.org /2-2.htm (2112 words)

	History on Podium: Varahamihira, a Great Iranic astronomer
		It is a summary of five earlier astronomical systems, namely the Surya, Romaka, Paulisa, Vasistha and Paitamaha siddhantas.
		This, coupled with a continuous immigration of Iranic settlers, led to the new Surya Siddhanta system gradually superceding the Harappan system around 400 AD.
		Compared to the other systems of astronomy discussed by him, this is considered by Varahamihira as crude and undeveloped, and hence he gives very meagre information about it.
	www.iranchamber.com /podium/history/030812_varahamihira_iranic_astronomer.php (2840 words)

	History Books - Discover History Books At Vedic Books - Books From India Direct!
		This book is a geometrical survey of the Samskrit and Prakrt scientific and quasi-scientific literature of India beginning with the Vedic literature and ending with the early part of the 17th century.
		It deals in detail with the Sulbasutras in the Vedic literature, with the mathematical parts of Jaina Canonical works of the Hindu Siddhantas, and with the contributions to geometry made by the astronomer mathematicians Aryabhata I and II, Sripati, Bhaskara I and II, Sangamagrama...
		This is a scholarly book on one of the oldest living religions of India.
	www.vedicbooks.net /history-c-94.html (1674 words)

	Varahamihira (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		This work is important in itself and also in giving us information about older Indian texts which are now lost.
		The work is a treatise on mathematical astronomy and it summarises five earlier astronomical treatises, namely the Surya, Romaka, Paulisa, Vasistha and Paitamaha siddhantas.
		The Romaka-Siddhanta was based on the tropical year of Hipparchus and on the Metonic cycle of 19 years.
	www-gap.dcs.st-and.ac.uk /~history/Mathematicians/Varahamihira.html (646 words)

	Hinduism Today \| Nov 1995
		There are eighteen traditional systems (siddhantas) mentioned in Hindu astrology, which include the names of many of the greatest sages of Hinduism.
		Perhaps the greatest astrologer of classical India, Varaha Mihira, in his Pancha Siddhantika, summarizes five of the Siddhantas: Pitamaha (Bhishma), Vasishta, Paulisha, Romaka and Surya.
		In addition, the work of Rishi Parashara has endured in an expanded form as the Brihat Parashara Hora Shastra, which is the main text of Vedic astrology and contains all the essential features of the system used today.
	www.hinduism-today.com /archives/1995/11/1995-11-10.shtml (2102 words)

	Newsletter 44, November 2000: History and Culture in Mathematics Education (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		It seems that towards-the end of the 5th century itself, people found that none of the five prevalent Siddhantas was yielding satisfactory result, that is, there were marked differences between predicted and observed astronomical phenomena.
		The young Aryabhata (born 476) keenly noticed all this, made careful observations, and propounded astronomy on more scientific lines.
		"When the methods of the five Siddhantas began to yield results conflicting with the planets and the eclipses etc., there appeared in the Kali age at Kusumapuri Surya himself in the guise of Aryabhata, the Kulapa expert in astronomy."
	www.hpm-americas.org /nl47/nl47societynews.html (819 words)

	Avirbhav - Mahotsava of Srila Bhakti Kusum Sraman Goswami Maharaja
		I make my obeisance unto him; perpitually do I make my obeisance unto the brilliance emanating from the toenails of the holy feet of my Lord.
		The Very Personification of the Third verse of Siksastakam "trnadapi sunicena...", the practical Exhibition of the pure devotional siddhantas preached by Srila Prabhupada.
		Akara Matharaja Sri Chaitanya Matha-Acarya Srila Bhakti Kusum Sraman Goswami Maharaja is one of the "Stars", delighted by the "Moon", Srila Prabhupada Bhakti Siddhanta Saraswati Goswami Thakur.
	hari-katha.org /news/archive/kusum_sraman_2001_2.htm (394 words)

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