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	Calais
		Calais was captured in 1347 by Edward III during the Hundred Years War and remained an English possession until 1558, when it was liberated by François 2nd duc de Guise.
		On April 17, 1596, Calais fell to an assault by the Spanish under the command of the Archduke Cardinal Albert of Austria.
		The crosses Lorraine recall the capture of the town from the English by the duc de Guise in 1558, the crescent and the fleur-de-lys recall Henri II under whose reign it occurred.
	www.lepg.org /calais.htm (875 words)

	Siege of Calais, 23-26 May 1940
		The siege of Calais of 23-26 May saw some of the most desperate fighting during the German campaign in the west in 1940.
		Calais was the last defended location before the Gravelines position, the western flank of the Dunkirk beachhead.
		According to this view, if Calais had not been held for as long as it was, then there would have been nothing to stop the Germans from sweeping into Dunkirk while the BEF was still engaged around Lille.
	www.historyofwar.org /articles/siege_calais_1940.html (2072 words)

	Fortified Places > Fortresses > Calais
		Calais was occupied by the Spanish from 1596 to 1598.
		During the siege of 1346 the English, on finding the town's defences too strong to assault, built a wooden tower by the harbour entrance to prevent the town from being supplied by sea.
		Calais citadel was shelled by the British navy during the Second World War, destroying the north wall and all the internal buildings.
	www.fortified-places.com /calais.html (1141 words)

	Siege of Calais, 4 September 1346-4 August 1347
		Siege of Calais, 4 September 1346-4 August 1347
		Calais was the closest French port to England, was also close to the border of Flanders, then one of Edward's allies, and was the Crepy of French naval activity that had made the Straits of Dover dangerous for English shipping.
		The capture of Calais gave a great boost to English efforts in the rest of the Hundred years war.
	www.historyofwar.org /articles/battles_calais.html (257 words)

	Siege of Calais (1940) - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Siege of Calais (1940) was a battle for the port and town of Calais during the German blitzkrieg which overran northern France in 1940.
		The German battlegroup continued to drive past Calais, fighting actions against the 1st and 2nd Searchlight Regiments of the Royal Artillery, fighting as infantry, east of the town during the evening.
		Although the order also stated that Calais was to be "left to the Luftwaffe" if its capture proved to be difficult, Guderian decided to continue with the attack on Calais, although with heavy air support from Ju 87 dive-bombers.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Siege_of_Calais_(1940) (1945 words)

	Siege of Calais - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Siege of Calais in northern France began in 1346, towards the beginning of what would later be called the Hundred Years' War.
		The siege attracted aid from both England and Flanders, and while King Philip (Philip VI of Valois) of France failed to interfere with the English supply lines or their army, Edward likewise failed to interfere with the supplying of the population of Calais by Genoese sailors loyal to France.
		Calais fell under English control, and remained as such until 1558, providing a foothold for English raids in France.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Siege_of_Calais (630 words)

	Reference for Calais - Search.com
		Calais overlooks the Strait of Dover, the narrowest point in the English Channel, which is only 34 km (21 miles) wide here, and is the closest French town to the United Kingdom.
		The governorship or Captaincy of Calais was a lucrative and highly prized public office; the famous Dick Whittington was simultaneously Lord Mayor of London and Mayor of the Staple in 1407.
		Calais was regarded for many years as being an integral part of Kingdom of England, with its representatives sitting in the English Parliament.
	www.search.com /reference/Calais (2511 words)

	Calais Guide at Information France
		The countryside surrounding Calais is equally appealing with sandy beaches, often the site of sand yachting and kite flying, wonderful cliff top walks with superb views, and a plethora of fishing villages between the two Caps (Gris Nez and Blanc Nez).
		Calais is one of France’s ‘ville fleuries’ and the town hall gardens have wonderful floral displays.
		Edward III of England was so enraged at the trouble the people of Calais had caused him he would only accept their provided six people agreed to come out with ropes around their necks, bare headed and with the keys of the town.
	www.informationfrance.com /disp_town.php?town_id=133 (541 words)

	Calais: the Citadelle
		The fishing village of Calais became a port under the protection of the Count of Boulogne in the 12th century.
		Calais was regarded as invincible, but in 1557 French spies carefully surveyed the defences and saw they were under-manned and in poor repair.
		Calais was now France's frontier fort, not far from Gravelines, then the border stronghold of the Spanish Netherlands.
	www.theotherside.co.uk /tm-heritage/visit/visit-calais-citadelle.htm (742 words)

	Military History Blog on the Web: Siege of Calais and Battle of Boulogne, May 1940
		The siege of Calais of 23-26 May 1940 saw some of the most desperate fighting during the German campaign in the west in 1940.
		Siege and battle of Saguntum, combats of Mislata a...
		Sieges of Barcelona and Rosas, battles of Cardadeu...
	milhist.blogspot.com /2008/02/siege-of-calais-and-battle-of-boulogne.html (255 words)

	[Jeanne d'Arc]>> Battle>Calais
		The burghers and the garrison, commanded by a Burgundian knight, John de Vienne, closed their gates against him and a siege began in September 1346 which endured throughout the winter and lasted until 4th August 1347, a full year after the Battle of Crécy, and a frustrating one for king Edward.
		In 1346 Calais was a much smaller town than the one we see today, with a population of about 5,000 people contained within a double circle of walls astride the river Hain, the walls reinforced by a moat and the bulk of Calais castle.
		Calais remained an English town until recaptured by the Duc de Guise in 1553.
	www.jeanne-darc.dk /p_war/0_battles/calais.html (697 words)

	Gautier de Maunay
		Calais, which is situated within sight of the English coast, had a good harbor and solid walls.
		Calais is, as has been said by one of his successors, "the key and keyhole of France".
		Gautier; go to Calais and tell the Captain that the most grace they will have from me, is that I will let them leave the town except for six of their most notable bourgeois who will stay, barefoot with a rope around their necks and the key to the town and castle in hand.
	www.association-gauthier.org /anglais/1600a/gautier-maunay1347a.html (2141 words)

	Calais
		In September of 1346, Edward III of England led a victorious battle near Abbeville, France and subsequently laid siege to the town of Calais, a small coastal town on the English Channel.
		The English siege of Calais endured 11 months before Edward offered to end the siege only if a party of the wealthiest citizens of Calais, wearing their own death-nooses, brought to him keys to the city.
		The town of Calais commemorated this historic act by commissioning a sculpture from Auguste Rodin in 1895.
	www.travelgrotto.com /calais.htm (386 words)

	Calais
		Calais Town Hall with its spectacular belfry, and the famous statue of the Six Burghers by Rodin.
		The English occupied Calais from 1347 to 1558 - after complaints from English merchants that the old port was a "den of pirates" raiding their ships.
		The dramatic circumstances are commemorated by Auguste Rodin's famous bronze statue of the "Six Burghers of Calais" outside the Town Hall.
	www.theotherside.co.uk /tm-heritage/towns/calais.htm (714 words)

	Sculpteur/monuments
		Omer Dewavrin, mayor of Calais, relaunched the idea in 1884, and the city council signed a contract with Rodin in January 1885 to execute a monument.
		The Monument to the Burghers of Calais on a scaffolding
		But it was not inaugurated in Calais until August 1895, on a traditionally high pedestal, to the great regret of Rodin who would have preferred the group to be displayed "very low to enable the spectators to penetrate the heart of the subject, like entombments in churches, where the group is almost at ground level.
	www.musee-rodin.fr /smonu-e.htm (1321 words)

	Davidson College's Jean d'Aire by Auguste Rodin
		In 1347, during the Hundred Years War, Edward III of England held the city of Calais under siege for more than eleven months--and the inhabitants of that ancient French city were slowly, but ever so surely, starving to death.
		Since there was no possibility of rescue, the citizens of Calais were forced to accept the terms of surrender outlined by Edward -- or die.
		Bells of the city were rung as a signal that all of her citizens should gather in the marketplace in front of the town hall to hear the terms of surrender imposed upon them by Edward.
	www2.davidson.edu /academics/acad_depts/art/facilities/jeandaire.html (872 words)

	Shopping in Calais
		To capture the full flavour of old Calais view the model of the old town displayed in the Fine Arts and Lace museum, which also houses a collection of machine made lace, paintings and sculpture.
		On the frontier between the old and the new parts of Calais is the extravagant and flamboyant Town Hall, completed in 1925 and fronted by Rodin’s famous statue of the Six Burghers of Calais, which immortalises their courage during the siege of Calais in 1347.
		Calais has three main shopping areas - the Place D'Armes and Rue Royale are closest to the port and the sea while Boulevard Jacquard and Boulevard La Fayette are in the south of the town past the Town Hall.
	www.calais.cci.fr /shopping/towncenter.html (594 words)

	HistoryNet - From the World’s Largest History Magazine Publisher » Medieval Warfare: How to Capture a ...
		Sieges, likewise, involved much more than bombarding a fortress until either the garrison surrendered or the defenses were overcome.
		In fact the medieval siege was a complex, highly choreographed process that ended with a castle assault only when other tactics had failed to force a surrender.
		Consequently, the full-out siege was normally a last resort, unless, of course, the attacking king or lord had a particular investment in breaking his opponent.
	www.historynet.com /medieval-warfare-how-to-capture-a-castle-with-siegecraft.htm (878 words)

	Le Shopper - the Number One cross-Channel guide to Calais
		During the 14th Century, England and France were adversaries in the Hundred Years War and after the English victory at Crecy, near Abbeville, in September 1346, Edward III laid siege to Calais, the "nest of pirates" from where attacks were launched on ships in the Channel.
		The siege was long and harsh and when it was in its 11th month the starving Calaisiens decided they could take no more.
		Some 550 years later, on June 3, 1895, the town of Calais marked this historic act by unveiling a bronze statue, The Six Burghers of Calais, in the shadow of the Hotel de Ville.
	www.seaview.co.uk /le-shopper/leShopper20.html (375 words)

	A Day in Calais
		For Simon, this was a trip he made often as a young man. Born and raised in Dover, he and his mates made “beer runs” to buy alcohol due to the large difference in taxation between Britain and France.
		Rodin’s statue of the Burghers of Calais occupied the strip of land in front of the gardens from 1895 to 1924 before it was moved to the Town Hall and replaced by the 1914 to 1918 war memorial.
		For visitors staying longer in Calais, a museum tracing the history of lace makings in the city is documented at the Musée des Beaux Arts et de la Dentelle.
	www.travellady.com /Issues/September05/1854ADayinCalais.htm (793 words)

	The Lost Fort: A Siege and a Misplaced Queen
		Historical context is the siege of Calais in 1346 which started the Hundred Years' War.
		By the end of the siege, the citizens of Calais had been run out of cats, dogs, and horses to eat.
		I have never seen the opera but was researching the burghers of calais, the 6 men who gave themselves up.
	lostfort.blogspot.com /2007/01/siege-and-misplaced-queen.html (1711 words)

	Reference for Hundred Years' War - Search.com
		The major event of the war was the brief siege of the English fortress of La Réole, on the Garonne.
		By 1424, the uncles of Henry VI had begun to quarrel over the infant's regency, and one, Humphrey, Duke of Gloucester, married Jacqueline, Countess of Hainaut, and invaded Holland to regain her former dominions, bringing him into direct conflict with Philip III, Duke of Burgundy.
		1428, 12 October - 8 May 1429 Siege of Orléans English forces commanded by the Earl of Salisbury, the Earl of Suffolk, and Talbot (Earl of Shrewsbury) lay siege to Orleans, and are forced to withdraw after a relief army accompanied by Joan of Arc arrives at the city.
	www.search.com /reference/Hundred_Years'_War (6939 words)

	Calais France \| Calais France Map \| Calais France Hotel
		The town hall of Calais was built for the occasion of the merging of the cities of Calais and Saint-Pierre in 1885 on a barren piece of land between the two cities.
		Between 1895 and 1924, the platform was occupied by the famous group by Rodin "The Burghers of Calais", then by the war memorial for the war of 1914-1918 created by sculptor Moreau-Vauthier.
		Seriously damaged by the bombardments under the occupation, this monument was replaced in 1962 by a new memorial, work of Yves de Coëtlogon that unites the memory of the dead of the two wars in an single homage.
	www.stayresfrance.com /calais.html (935 words)

	100 Years War
		As a result Edward III led the largest English army yet from Calais on a raid that devastated all of Northern France as far as Rheims and the border of Burgundy.
		Henry V landed at the mouth of the Seine and laid siege to the town of Harfleur.
		John of Bedford was named regent in France and continued the war defeating the forces of Charles VII at the battles of Cravant in 1423 and Verneuil in 1424 with the aid of Philip of Burgundy.
	www.housedragonor.org /A&S/100YearWar.html (1525 words)

	Siege of Calais
		And the said help being, as it is, completely impossible, the said King of Navarre was advancing with the greater part of his forces to aid them, but he would come too late, as also the Comte de St. Pol, who was already advancing on the sea with some other troops.
		The Seigneur de Widessan Governor of the said Calais was killed, with around eight or ten Captains, and principal men.
		The prisoners say that the King of Navarre had written to them, the he would come to aid them next friday, 26 of the said month of April, in person, and that he would do it or perish: that this was done, and was very well done, praise be to God.
	www.lepg.org /seige.htm (772 words)

	867.—The Siege of Calais [403x500]
		The noble Sir Walter Manny, however, spoke for them; and, at last, mercy was promised to all but six of the chief burgesses, who were to come to him bareheaded, barefooted, with ropes about their necks, and the keys of the town and castle in their hands.” (p. 243)
		This woodcut illustrates the end of the siege of Calais by King Edward III in 1346.
		A group of people in the foreground stand barefoot and bare-legged with their hands bound behind their backs and with ropes around their necks.
	www.fromoldbooks.org /OldEngland/pages/0867-The-Siege-of-Calais (218 words)

	Knighthood, Chivalry & Tournament Glossary of Terms
		Calais: An important port in Picardy, on the French side of the straight of Dover, an English possession from 1347 to 1558 after Edward III took the town in August 1347.
		At the end of an eleven month siege, the town capitulated, on the condition that six prominent men be presented to him barefoot, bearing the town's keys.
		Edward III used them at the siege of Calais in 1346, but the new weapon did not achieve any military significance until the late 15th century.
	www.chronique.com /Library/Glossaries/glossary-KCT/gloss_c.htm (6657 words)

	Asherbooks Rare Books
		With a double-line border around the map itself and around a blank panel (8 cm wide) to its left, presumably intended for the title and the key to the features lettered A-W (omitting J and U) in the map.
		A manuscript map of Calais and the surrounding land, representing the siege that resulted in Spain's capture of the city from France on 17 April 1596.
		This map may be contemporary with the siege itself.
	www.asherbooks.com /S252_v.html (470 words)

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