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	Fortification and siegecraft - LoveToKnow 1911
		At the siege of Marseilles, described by Caesar, special methods of attack had to be employed on account of the strength of the engines used by the besieged and their frequent sallies to destroy the siege works.
		The experience of such sieges as that of Chateau Gaillard, and still more that gained in the Crusades, the larger garrisons at the disposal of the great feudal lords, and the importance of the interests which they had to protect in their towns, led to a freer style of design.
		Rimpler, who was present at the siege of Candia (taken by the Turks in 1669) and died at that of Vienna in 1683, exercised a great influence.
	www.1911encyclopedia.org /Fortification_and_siegecraft (18198 words)

	List of sieges - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Siege of Jerusalem (701 BCE) - the Assyrian siege of Sennacherib
		Siege of Gibraltar (1349–1350) - fifth siege of Gibraltar, by Alfonso XI in the Reconquista
		Siege of Gibraltar (1374) - sixth siege of Gibraltar, by the Nasrid in the Reconquista
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/List_of_sieges (1038 words)

	[No title]
		Siege of Jerusalem (70 CE) - the Roman siege of Titus
		Siege of Gibraltar (1467) - ninth siege of Gibraltar, by the Duke of Medina Sidonia
		Siege of Gibraltar (1506) - tenth siege of Gibraltar, by the Duke of Medina Sidonia
	portable-apps.subiectiv.com /portable.php?title=List_of_sieges (985 words)

	VENIVA - Cenni storici: la guerra di Candia (1645-1669)
		The war of Candia, which began in 1644, was instead located in the Mediterranean which had lost its centuries-old supremacy.
		The interests of the continental powers had moved towards the Atlantic and Northern Europe, and the naval power of the Venetians and the Spaniards was dramatically diminished by piracy.
		A siege which was to last 28 months began on 22 May. In the assaults sorties that followed, 108,000 Turks and 29,088 Christians lost their lives.
	www.multimedia-sa.gr /veniva/uk/main/p2.htm (574 words)

	Candia
		Candia was a minor port called Heraclium by the Romans not far from Cnossus, the ancient capital of the Minoan civilization.
		This is due to the admiration for the resistance of Candia during more than twenty years of siege (1647-1669): an admiration eventually shared by the attackers themselves.
		The resentment against the Turkish occupation which lasted until 1897 and nominally until 1913 led to the cutting of a minaret/lighthouse built by the Turks on the ramparts of the fortress.
	members.tripod.com /romeartlover/Candia.html (370 words)

	Candia Hotel
		Candia is a town located in Rockingham County, New Hampshire.
		In response, 60,000 Ottoman Turks led by Yussut Pasha disembarked on Venetian Crete and occupied Chania (La Canea) and Rethimno (Rettimo).
		During the siege, the Venetians tried to raise European and Papal support for their defense of the island.
	www.artistbooking.com /trips/30/candia-hotel.html (708 words)

	DECLINE & FALL
		This important art was preserved at Constantinople, as the palladium of the state: the galleys and artillery might occasionally be lent to the allies of Rome; but the composition of the Greek fire was concealed with the most jealous scruple, and the terror of the enemies was increased and prolonged by their ignorance and surprise.
		The Romans were assured of a short respite by the welcome news, that the siege of Gayeta had been raised, and that a part of the enemy, with their sacrilegious plunder, had perished in the waves.
		Yet in the siege of Amorium about seventy thousand Moslems had perished: their loss had been revenged by the slaughter of thirty thousand Christians, and the sufferings of an equal number of captives, who were treated as the most atrocious criminals.
	matrix.csustan.edu /XLib/History/Decline/volume2/chap52.htm (14487 words)

	[No title]
		A brilliant victory was the reward of his heroic conduct: the enemy were repulsed and the ditches filled with their dead bodies.
		The siege, resumed some time after, lasted longer than that of Troy, and each campaign was marked by fresh attempts on the part of the Turks to carry succor to their army and by naval victories gained by the Venetians.
		Candia had cost the Turks twenty-five years of efforts and more than one hundred thousand men killed in eighteen assaults and several hundred sorties.
	www.aboutrealstuff.com /books/taow/page-fk.htm (724 words)

	Clinton Goveas :: Wikipedia Reference
		June 22 - Roux de Marsilly publicly tortured to death in Paris accused of plotting the assassination of King Louis XIV of France.
		June 25 - Francois de Vendome, Duke of Beaufort, disappears during a battle in the siege of Candia in Crete
		September 6 - Francesco Morosini, capitano generale of the Venetian forces in the siege of Candia, surrenders to the Ottomans
	www.clintongoveas.com /wikipedia/?title=1669 (400 words)

	7. Other States. 2001. The Encyclopedia of World History
		The Candian War, during the earlier part of which the Venetians won resounding naval victories at the Dardanelles.
		The war ultimately centered on the siege of Candia (Crete) (1658–69).
		France came to the aid of Venice and the Venetians themselves put up a tough defense, but by the peace settlement they lost Candia to the Ottomans.
	www.bartleby.com /67/745.html (359 words)

	[No title]
		The magnificent heroism of the Knights at the siege raised their fame throughout Europe to the highest pitch, and the siege was rightly regarded as one of the first decisive checks received by the Ottoman conquerors.
		When it was necessary, as at the twenty-five years' siege of Candia (1644-1669), the Knights displayed once more that magnificent heroism that had made their name ring throughout the world.
		Year after year volunteers flocked to Candia to save the last Christian outpost in the Levant, but it was all fruitless, and in 1669 the island, with the exception of three ports, was surrendered to the Turks--their last important conquest in Europe, and the final term of their advance.
	www.ibiblio.org /pub/docs/books/gutenberg/1/2/0/3/12034/12034-8.txt (15964 words)

	Chapter More Conquests By The Arabs. of History of The Decline And Fall of The Roman Empire by Gibbon
		A series of bloody and undecisive combats is nothing more than an anticipation of what would have been effected in a few years by the course of nature; but I shall briefly prosecute the conquests of the two emperors from the hills of Cappadocia to the desert of Bagdad.
		The sieges of Mopsuestia and Tarsus, in Cilicia, first exercised the skill and perseverance of their troops, on whom, at this moment, I shall not hesitate to bestow the name of Romans.
		In the double city of Mopsuestia, which is divided by the River Sarus, two hundred thousand Moslems were predestined to death or slavery, a surprising degree of population, which must at least include the inhabitants of the dependent districts.
	www.bibliomania.com /2/1/62/109/25694/21.html (842 words)

	The Decline And Fall Of The Roman Empire: Chapter 52 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		The confidence of soldiers and fanatics may indeed be excused, since the calm historian of the present hour, who strives to follow the rapid course of the Saracens, must study to explain by what means the church and state were saved from this impending, and, as it should seem, from this inevitable, danger.
		Second siege of Constantinople, A.D. Whilst the caliph Walid sat idle on the throne of Damascus, whilst his lieutenants achieved the conquest of Transoxiana and Spain, a third army of Saracens overspread the provinces of Asia Minor, and approached the borders of the Byzantine capital.
		This important art was preserved at Constantinople, as the palladium of the state: the galleys and artillerymight occasionally be lent to the allies of Rome; but the composition of the Greek fire was concealed with the most jealous scruple, and the terror of the enemies was increased and prolonged by their ignorance and surprise.
	www.ccel.org /g/gibbon/decline/volume2/chap52.htm (15398 words)

	Jomini on Modern Maritime Expeditions
		Venice might have driven of f the Turks by sending twenty thousand men to Candia; but Europe rendered her but feeble support, and she had already called into active service all the men fit for war she could produce.
		Finally, the celebrated Coprougli, placed by his merits at the head of the Ottoman ministry, resolved to take the personal direction of this war which had lasted so long: he accordingly proceeded to the island, where transports had landed fifty thousand men, at whose head he conducted the attack in a vigorous manner.
		In this memorable siege the Turks exhibited more skill than previously: their artillery, of very heavy caliber, was well served and, for the first time, they made use of trenches, which were the invention of an Italian engineer.
	www.shsu.edu /~his_ncp/JominiME.html (4098 words)

	History Of the Knights of Malta (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Further reinforcements were, through his exertions, sent from Malta to assist the besieged Venetians in Candia, and the brilliant and glorious deeds of the Maltese contingent under the Knights of St. John increased the renown in which they were held throughout Europe.
		The prolonged war in Candia did not in any way interrupt those successful naval expeditions which, while rendering the flag of the Order a terror to the Infidel, greatly contributed to the prosperity of the island.
		It was during the rule of this Grand Master that the magnificent painting of the roof of St. John's Church was begun by the celebrated artist Matthias Preti, known as the Calabrese, and as a recompense for his valuable services he was received into the ranks of the fraternity.
	coins.mos.net.au /17-rcotoner-history.htm (356 words)

	The Dead media Project:Working Notes:06.2
		"(...) it is said that during the siege of Acre by Lion- Hearted Richard of England, the town kept up communication with Saladin, the Saracen leader, by pigeon.
		Another good story is that during the siege of Ptolemais the crusaders captured a pigeon carrying to the city news that the sultan was bringing an army to its relief, and would arrive in three days.
		The captors substituted a forged letter in which the sultan was made to say that he could do nothing at the moment, and released the bird again; and by this the town was so much discouraged that it promptly surrendered.
	www.deadmedia.org /notes/6/062.html (1087 words)

	Tuscan Sons - Alternate History Discussion Board (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		For it had hit the command area of Henry’s forces and killed several of the nobles commanding sections of the army in the siege of Milan but the greatest prize was that of Henry IV himself.
		Leaving his brother Godfrey to siege Urbino (weakened from the uprising from the year before) Boniface marched his forces to Bimini in record time and negotiated with the citizens of the city who, although they didn’t control the entire city, held the fortress and several key gates.
		The highest casualties during the siege of Jerusalem came when one of the siege towers got caught in a ditch and was toppled by a boulder launched from the city’s walls which killed over two hundred.
	www.alternatehistory.com /discussion/showthread.php?t=31338 (16690 words)

	Memoirs of Madame de Montespan — Volume 6 eBook
		The siege of Candia, and a thousand other distinguished actions, in which he had immortalised himself, called him to this exalted position, which I dare to say he has even rendered illustrious.
		The Comte d’Aubigne’s saying was no less successful on that account, and his sister, who did not approve at all of this scandalous scene, had the good sense to condemn her most ridiculous gamester, and to make excuses for him to my brother and me.
		It would be useless for him to rebut the charge; all his aims, all his political work, all his sieges, all his battles, all his bloody exploits prove it.
	www.bookrags.com /ebooks/3852/14.html (557 words)

	Crete Lost to the Ottoman Turks (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		The first thrust of the Turkish campaign was directed at capturing the port cities of Canea and Suda.
		By the summer of 1647 the Turkish forces were laying siege to the capital city of Candia.
		Incredibly, that siege was to last for 22 years, becoming one of the most celebrated military engagement of the 17th century.
	www.boglewood.com /timeline/creteloss.html (242 words)

	Crete
		The Turks during this period (824) made their attempt to gain a foothold on the island by fortifying Irkalion and forming an independent state with Candia (Irkalion) as the capital.
		The Siege of Candia lasted for 21 years due to a combined effort of Venetian and Greek military might.
		Candia eventually fell and the Turks controlled the island.
	home.comcast.net /~apollophotos/photos/greece/crete/history.html (2995 words)

	Historic Intent: Lodovico Ughi's Topographical Map of Venice
		Francesco Morosini, the last of the warrior Doges, led the battle against the Turks in the War for Candia or Crete which was lost to the Venetians after 465 years of occupation in 1669.
		The siege of Candia lasted for twenty-two years in which the Venetians, though from time to time aided by European allies, stood alone in the defence of the town and the encroachment of the Turks into Western Europe.
		At top right is the depiction of an allegorical Venice, triumphantly sailing on the sea pulled by dolphins, sea animals, and divinities, with the lion of St. Mark at her feet, symbolizing her marriage to the Queen of the sea and the riches she derives from it.
	aic.stanford.edu /conspec/bpg/annual/v13/bp13-04.html (4015 words)

	Venetian Fortresses in Crete
		In the XVIIth century the population of Crete was divided into four tiers: a) the Venetian noble families b) the Cretan noble families (including some Jewish families) c) the citizens of the three main towns (Candia, La Canea and Rettimo) d) the rest of the population.
		During the siege a local painter prepared a book for the Venetian Senate showing all the towns, ports and castles of the island in an effort to "market" the need for defending the island: below the first page of the book.
		The first war ended in 1669 with the negotiated surrender of Candia: Venice retained the possession of three fortresses (Grambusa, Souda and Spinalonga) on islets, which protected natural harbours where the Venetian ships could stop during their route eastwards and in addition was compensated for the loss of Candia by an expansion in Dalmatia.
	members.tripod.com /romeartlover/Creta.html (750 words)

	The Siege of Constantinople (1453), according to Nicolo Barbaro
		Here begins the story of the siege of the city, and now there follows the battles from day to day, as shall be seen from what follows.
		The galley of Candia with Zacaria Grioni, the knight, as master, was captured.
		Our Bailo, Jeruolemo Minoto, had his head cut off by order of the Sultan; and this was the end of the capture of Constantinople, which took place in the year one thousand four hundred and fifty-three, on the twenty-ninth of May, which was a Tuesday.
	www.deremilitari.org /resources/sources/constantinople3.htm (9208 words)

	Francesco Morosini at AllExperts (via CobWeb/3.1 planetlab2.cs.columbia.edu) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Morosini first rose to prominence as Captain-General of the Venetian forces on Crete during the siege of Candia by the Ottoman Empire.
		During the siege of Athens in 1687, his artillery partly destroyed the Parthenon, and he oversaw the looting of many of the surviving sculptures.
		In the summer of 1688 Morosini, now having been proclaimed Doge, attacked Negropont, but was unable to capture it, and was forced to return to Venice when plague broke out among his troops.
	experts.about.com.cob-web.org:8888 /e/f/fr/Francesco_Morosini.htm (238 words)

	History Of the Knights of Malta
		Exasperated by the reiterated and obstinate refusals of the young Knight, the Sultan ordered his head to be cut off and his body flung into the sea.
		The siege of Candia, which had lasted for twenty-five years, and in which the Knights of Malta bore so great and heroic a part, was brought to a close in 1670, and the Turkish flag waved triumphantly over -the ramparts of Crete.
		In order to avenge themselves for the ready support that the Order had accorded to the Venetians throughout the memorable siege, at once took steps to further ensure the security of the island.
	coins.mos.net.au /18-ncotoner-history.htm (632 words)

	Knights of malta - Order of St. John
		An attacking Turkish force of 180 warships carrying almost 30,000 men was repelled by 600 knights and some 6000 soldiers and volunteers led by the intrepid Grand Master Jean de la Valette.
		The Siege of Malta was, in the first instance, a defensive battle, and certainly a bloody one.
		Knights of Malta fought at the Siege of Candia (in Crete) in 1668, and at the Conquest of Belgrade in 1689.
	www.holiday-malta.com /resort/malta/history/knightsofmalta3.htm (1630 words)

	mehmed4 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		In 1666, he sent reinforcements to Candia and 1669, after a twenty-five-year siege, Candia and all of Crete fell to the Ottomans.
		The second Ottoman siege of Vienna was lifted when the Polish army under the control of John Sobieski attacked the Ottomans from behind.
		The second siege had resurrected the Holy League, now comprised of Venice, Austria, and Poland, with additional help from Safavid Persia.
	www.stfrancis.edu /hi/webpage/subgroup/mehmed4.html (568 words)

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