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	Constantinople - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Constantinople was located strategically between the Golden Horn and the Sea of Marmara at the point where Europe met Asia, and was highly significant as the successor to ancient Rome and the largest and wealthiest city in Europe throughout the Middle Ages.
		Constantinople was officially renamed İstanbul by the Republic of Turkey in 1930.
		Constantinople appears as a dusty faded capital, shorn of its glories, in William Butler Yeats' 1926 poem Sailing to Byzantium.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Constantinople (2522 words)

	List of sieges - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		A siege is a prolonged military assault and blockade on a city or fortress with the intent of conquering by force or attrition.
		Siege of Syracuse (213–212 BCE) - the Roman siege
		Siege of Jerusalem (70 CE) - the Roman siege of Titus
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/List_of_sieges (420 words)

	Fall of Constantinople - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Fall of Constantinople was the conquest of the Byzantine capital by the Ottoman Empire under the command of Sultan Mehmed II, on Tuesday, May 29, 1453.
		In 1453 the "empire" consisted of little more than the city of Constantinople itself and a portion of the Peloponnese (centered on the fortress of Mystras); the Empire of Trebizond, a completely independent successor state formed in the aftermath of the Fourth Crusade also survived on the coast of the Black Sea.
		Scholars consider the Fall of Constantinople as a key event ending the Middle Ages and starting the Renaissance because of the end of the old religious order in Europe and the use of cannon and gunpowder.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Fall_of_Constantinople (1793 words)

	ipedia.com: Siege Article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Sieges usually involve surrounding the target and blocking the provision of supplies, typically coupled with artillery bombardment, sapping and mining to reduce fortifications.
		A siege tower could also be used: a substantial structure built as high, or higher than the walls, it allowed the attackers to fire down upon the defenders and also advance troops to the wall with less danger than using ladders.
		Although siege warfare had moved out from an urban setting because city walls had become ineffective against modern weapons, trench warfare was nonetheless able to utilize many of the techniques of siege warfare in its prosecution (sapping, mining, barrage and, of course, attrition) but on a much larger scale and on a greatly extended front.
	www.ipedia.com /siege.html (3733 words)

	Fourth Crusade - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		While the papal representative to the crusade, Peter Cardinal Capuano, endorsed the move as necessary to prevent the crusade's complete failure, pope Innocent was alarmed at this development and wrote a letter to the crusade leadership threatening excommunication; this letter was concealed from the bulk of the army and the attack proceeded.
		According to a pre-arranged treaty, the empire was apportioned between Venice and the Crusade's leaders, and the Latin Empire at Constantinople was established.
		Boniface was not elected as the new emperor, although the citizens seemed to consider him as such; the Venetians thought he had too many connections with the former empire because of his brother's land holdings, and instead placed Baldwin of Flanders on the throne.
	www.wikipedia.org /wiki/Siege_of_Constantinople_%281204%29 (1867 words)

	Fall of Constantinople (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		The Fall of Constantinople was the conquest of that Greek city by the Turks under the command of Ottoman Sultan Mehmed II on Tuesday May 29 1453.
		In the "empire" consisted of little more than city of Constantinople itself and a portion the Peloponnese (centred on the fortress of Mystras); the Empire of Trebizond a completely successor state formed in the aftermath of Fourth Crusade also survived on the coast the Black Sea.
		Mehmed nicknamed "the Conqueror " and Constantinople became new capital of the Ottoman Empire.
	www.freeglossary.com /Fall_of_Byzantium (1340 words)

	Constantinople
		Constantinople could not afford them out of normal revenue and hence the funds to pay for them had to be raised form abnormal taxation which crippled trade and industry of every kind - at the same time during which very heavy war taxation was to pay for Justinian's and Belisarius' campaigns.
		Then in AD 866 the Synod of Constantinople gave the imperial reply to their patriarch's excommunication by formulating the pronouncement which marked the irrevocable parting of the church in the east from the church in the west.
		Constantinople itself would most likely have fallen were not to have been for the stubborn resistance against the Ottoman Turks by the Slavonic states, and more so, by the devastating advance of Tamerlane in Central Asia.
	www.roman-empire.net /constant/constantinople.html (13388 words)

	Fall of Constantinople - InfoSearchPoint.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Before the siege of the city began, the Ottomans were at peace with the Byzantine Empire.
		Mehmed had a castle built outside the walls of Constantinople on the European side of the Bosporus, which would act as a base for the final assault on the city (this castle was called Rumeli Hisar, the "castle of Rome").
		Mehmed was nicknamed "the Conqueror," and Constantinople, renamed Istanbul, became the new capital of the Ottoman Empire.
	www.infosearchpoint.com /display/Siege_of_Constantinople (928 words)

	Fall of Constantinople, 1453
		However, despite all the indications and the realization that a new siege of Constantinople was to begin at any moment, the two Italian Republics, under political and economic pressures at home, reacted without much enthusiasm.
		Constantinople was finally his and he intended to make it the capital of his mighty Empire.
		The Venetian surgeon Nicolo Barbaro was present in the city throughout the siege and witnessed the events described by him in his diary.
	www.greece.org /Romiosini/fall.html (5206 words)

	The Siege of Constantinople (1)
		Constantinople stood on a triangular peninsula dividing the Bosphorus from the Sea of Marmora, a strategic position that commands the narrow waterway linking the Black Sea and the Mediterranean.
		He was thoroughly trained in science, which had enabled him to immediately perceive the feasibility of the siege weapon a Christian engineer had offered to build for him, Urban's huge cannon that was already contending with the city's walls.
		The vizier, another friend of Constantinople, was still a man of great influence and he was present at the siege now.
	www.geocities.com /Athens/Academy/5990/byzantine/byzantine01.html (727 words)

	The great siege of Constantinople (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		The siege of Constantinople, in which scarcely 7,000 soldiers had to defend a city sixteen miles in extent against the powers of the Ottoman Empire, commenced on April 6, 1453.
		Constantinople, desolated by bloodshed, was re-peopled and re-adorned by Mahomed.
		The siege and sack of Otranto by the Turks put an end to all thoughts of a crusade, and the general consternation was only allayed by the death of Mahomed II in the fifty-first year of his age.
	www.publicbookshelf.com /public_html/Outline_of_Great_Books_Volume_I/siegeofc_ga.html (1397 words)

	CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Constantinople
		Constantinople occupies one of the most beautiful and advantageous sites in the world, uniting as it does Europe with Asia and putting in communication the Black Sea and all Southern Russia with the greater part of Europe and Asia, and even with distant America.
		Constantinople had, therefore, to sustain numberless sieges; it was attacked in 378 by the Goths, by the Avars and Persians during the reign of Heraclius (610-41), by the Arabs during the reign of Constantine Pogonatus (668-85), and again by the Arabs under Moslemeh in 717; many times also by Bulgarians, Patzinaks, Russians, and Khazars.
		The first period of the schism was coeval, especially at Constantinople, with a remarkable literary revival, inaugurated as early as the tenth century by the Macedonian dynasty and carried to its perfection under the Comneni and the Palæologi.
	www.newadvent.org /cathen/04301a.htm (7407 words)

	PlanetPapers - Fall of Constantinople
		By 350 A.D., Constantinople was one of the world’s greatest capitals.
		Constantinople was defended successfully, but the empire suffered heavy losses and continued to loose land.
		Constantinople’s sea defense was cut by warships and gunpowder helped break through the heavily fortified city.
	www.planetpapers.com /Assets/3755.php (853 words)

	Istanbul
		Constantinople was for centuries one of the most important cities in the world.
		This palace, situated on the tip of old Constantinople, was the political centre of the Ottoman Empire for 4 centuries.
		1261: Constantinople is conquered by Michael 8 Palaeologus, and reestablished as capital of the Byzantine Empire.
	i-cias.com /e.o/istanbul.htm (1661 words)

	Siege of Constantinople (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		The siege of Constantinople heralded the era for a new kind of warfare.
		Constantinople was taken by the armies of the fourth crusade in 1204 and was turned into the sacred capital of the Orthodox church.
		Because of the Constantinople's great walls, Mohammed's Janissaries could not take it themselves so they asked for the services of a gun founder, Urban of Hungary, to help build them some cannon.
	intranet.whitefriars.vic.edu.au /public/faculties/sose/students/Allan%20G%20Web/SoC.htm (210 words)

	The Decline And Fall Of The Roman Empire Chapter 68
		A circumstance that distinguishes the siege of Constantinople, is the re-union of the ancient and modern artillery.
		Grief and terror of Europe, A.D. The importance of Constantinople was felt and magnified in its loss: the pontificate of Nicholas the Fifth, however peaceful and prosperous, was dishonoured by the fall of the Eastern empire; and the grief and terror of the Latins revived, or seemed to revive, the old enthusiasm of the crusades.
		The siege and sack of Otranto by the Turks diffused a general consternation; and Pope Sixtus was preparing to fly beyond the Alps, when the storm was instantly dispelled by the death of Mohammed the Second, in the fifty-first year of his age.
	www.ccel.org /g/gibbon/decline/volume2/chap68.htm (12892 words)

	Ø Wilson's Almanac free daily ezine \| The Fall of Constantinople \| Constantinople Istanbul Turkey volcano ...
		At the first hour of the night, there appeared a wonderful sign in the sky, which was to tell Constantine the worthy, emperor of Constantinople, that his proud empire was to come to an end.
		Constantinople (now Istanbul) fell to the Turks, or, as it is said in the Muslim world, Constantinople was
		Yet the antagonists of the siege of Constantinople had the minds of the Middle Ages era, and the effect of ‘ominous’ heavenly wonders probably affected the outcome.
	www.wilsonsalmanac.com /constantinople.html (1316 words)

	Constantinople
		The siege of Constantinople by the Turks in 1453, depicted in a 16th-century fresco.
		This time, with an overwhelming superiority of troops, and with the aid of a gigantic cannon which succeeded in breaching the city walls, the Turks took Constantinople, thus bringing to an end nearly 1,500 years of empire (Roman and Byzantine).
		Constantinople (modern Istanbul, Turkey) was the impregnable bastion of the Eastern Roman Empire and the Byzantine Empire, its successor, until it fell to the Turks on 29 May 1453 after a nearly two-month siege and became the capital of the Ottoman Empire.
	www.tiscali.co.uk /reference/encyclopaedia/hutchinson/m0067433.html (292 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		The sack of Constantinople, which was the only real “achievement” of the 4th Crusade, was perhaps the most shameful episode of the entire crusading era.
		The time is 17 July, 1203 AD You will need the crusader counters from Acre in the Art of Siege Quad and the map, rules, Byzantine counters, except the Venetians and Ottoman siege tower counters from Siege of Constantinople that appeared in S&T #66.
		The Combat strength on the Crusader combat units is used for both attack and defense, their movement is as shown, their morale is as follows: knights, mounted or not, are ‘1’, men at arms are ‘2’, all others are ‘3’.
	grognard.com /variants1/fourthcrusade.doc (1416 words)

	Constantinople Falls to the Ottoman Turks (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		The transformation of the Ottoman Turks from a refugee horde to a mighty military force was a testament to the remarkable leadership of the Ottomans in that period and to their highly effective governance structure.
		By 1529 the Ottoman army was at the gates of Vienna, the geographic center of Europe.
		That unsuccessful siege was repeated in 1681, provoking at last a unified response from the major powers of Western Europe.
	www.boglewood.com /timeline/ottomans.html (274 words)

	Muslims Attack Constantinople: 717-718
		In August of 717, the Arab siege of Constantinople commenced.
		Leo III had successfully defended Constantinople and his theme system was now completely operational and provided continued strength against future Arab raids, none of which threatened Constantinople again during his reign.
		Image of the wall of Constantinople from Romiosini: Hellenism in the Middle Ages "The Fight to Survive" maintained by Nikoloas Provatas and Yiannis Papadimas.
	www.thenagain.info /WebChron/EastEurope/ConAttack.html (472 words)

	Fall of Constantinople - Background
		Constantinople had been part of the Christian Byzantine Empire under the leadership of Constantine XI.
		At the time of the siege of Constantinople, the Byzantines were estimated to have had 7,000 to 10,000 troops and the Ottomans between 80,000 and 150,000.
		The Ottoman capitol prior to the capture of Constantinople was at Andrianpole (modern Edirne), which is in Thrace, on the modern border of Turkey and Greece a little south of Bulgaria.
	homepage.mac.com /hkaufman/foc.html (1957 words)

	OTTOMAN WEB SITE - 700th Anniversary of the OTTOMAN EMPIRE (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		But the Ottomans could not have managed to breakthrough the massive walls of the city and the siege had turned out to be just a blockade.
		With the Hungarian raid to the Turkish lands, the siege was withdrew.
		Bayezid besieged Constantinople for the second time in 1395, because he was informed that another Crusade was emerged against him, this siege was failed, too.
	www.osmanli700.gen.tr /english/sultans/04siege.html (160 words)

	The Walls of Constantinople (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		With 80,000 soldiers-including 15,000 of the Sultan's elite Janissary corps-Serbian miners, various siege engines, and a fleet of some 300 to 400 ships, it was a formidable force, though hardly anything the city had not seen many times before.
		If the ultimate outcome of the siege of Constantinople was ever in doubt, Mehmet's solving the problem of the barrier chain made it inevitable.
		Constantinople was reborn as Istanbul, and as the capital of the Ottoman Empire, its fortunes were reversed.
	www.thehistorynet.com /mh/blconstantinople/index2.html (1275 words)

	The Siege of Constantinople in 1453 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		One of the most important events in world history, the fall of Constantinople marked the end of the Byzantine Empire and the beginning of the Ottoman.
		In 1453, Mehmed II (1451-1481), the Ottoman Sultan historically known as Mehmed the Conqueror, led an army of 150,000 Turks which besieged Constantinople from April 5th to May 29th, 1453.
		In the final assault the Byzantine Emperor Constantine IX was killed, and the city fell.
	www.deremilitari.org /resources/sources/siegeofconstantinople.htm (197 words)

	Siege and fall of Constantinople, 2 April-29 May 1453 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Constantinople, siege and fall of, 2 April-29 May 1453
		By 1453 Constantinople was the only remnant of the Byzantine Empire, left as an hostile fortress in the heart of the Ottoman Empire.
		The great walls of Constantinople were still the strongest in Europe, and their failure was one of the earliest triumphs of gunpowder artillery.The Ottoman sultan, Mahomet II, hired a Hungarian gun-founder, who made him a over sixty guns, including eleven larger guns that proved to be key to the siege.
	www.rickard.karoo.net /articles/battles_constantinople1453.html (188 words)

	The Siege of Constantinople (1453), according to Nicolo Barbaro
		The Megaduke, the most important man in Constantinople apart from the Emperor, was guarding the shores on the side of the harbour, and he had a hundred horses in reserve, which were kept by him so that he could use them to send help wherever necessary in the city.
		But when the men in these ships saw that the Christians had lost Constantinople, and that the standard of Mahomet Bey the Turk was raised over the principal tower of the city, and that the standards of Saint Mark and of the Emperor had been cut down and lowered, then they all disembarked.
		When we set sail for Constantinople, the whole of the Turkis fleet was unarmed and all the captains and crews had gone into the city to sack it.
	www.deremilitari.org /resources/sources/constantinople3.htm (9208 words)

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