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Topic: Siege of Edessa

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	Historical Battles (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		siege of Wladimir 1099 siege of Arca 7.6.-15.7.1099 siege and conquest of
		Brescia 1439 siege of Meaux 1439 siege of Avranches 1439 conquest of
		of Trapezunt 1462 siege of Gibraltar 1463 siege of Jaicza 1463 conquest of
	britishbattles.homestead.com /files/index/HistoricalBattlesconsolidated.htm (8731 words)

	EDESSA
		It is situated on a limestone ridge, an extension of the ancient Mount Masius in the Taurus mountains of southern Anatolia, where the east-west highway from Zeugma (in the vicinity of modern Birecik) on the Euphrates to the Tigris met the north-south route from Samosata (Somaysa@tá) to the Euphrates via Carrhae (H®arra@n).
		The fact that coins were minted at Edessa under Antiochus IV suggests a degree of autonomy and importance in the Seleucid period.
		In 492-538/1097-1144 the city was the capital of the Crusader county of Edessa.
	www.iranica.com /articles/v8/v8f2/v8f205.html (1038 words)

	Edessa, Mesopotamia
		Edessa is the historical name of a town in northern Mesopotamia, refounded on an ancient site by Seleucus I Nicator.
		Edessa was at first more or less under the protectorate of the Parthians, then of Tigranes of Armenia, then from the time of Pompey under the Romans.
		Traces of Hellenistic culture were soon overwhelmed in Edessa, whose dynasty employs Syriac legends on their coinage, with the exception of the Roman client-king Abgar IX (179-214), and there is a corresponding lack of Greek public inscriptions (Bauer 1971, ch.
	www.mlahanas.de /Greeks/Cities/EdessaMesopotamia.html (1279 words)

	Edessa (Sanliurfa)
		The origins of Edessa are not entirely clear, but its original name, Urhai, may suggest connections with the Hurrians, a nation (or linguistic community) in eastern Anatolia and northern Mesopotamia as early as the late third millennium BCE.
		After the death of Alexander on 11 June 323, the city was contested by his successors: Perdiccas, Antigonus Monophthalmus, and Eumenes visited Edessa, but eventually, it became part of the realm of Seleucus I Nicator, the Seleucid empire, and capital of a province called Osrhoene (the Greek rendering of the old name Urhai).
		To them, Harran and Edessa were important religious centers too, and there is a local legend that the prophet Ibrahim (Abraham) was born in a cave near the fortress of Edessa.
	www.livius.org /ea-eh/edessa/edessa.html (1025 words)

	Fall of Edessa
		The count of Edessa, Joscelyn II, was at odds with the prince of Antioch.
		The catapults and siege engines weakened the fortifications; the continual shooting of arrows tormented the citizens incessantly; and the besieged were given no respite.
		It was announced, meanwhile, and the news was also spread by rumor, that the city of Edessa, a city faithful to God, was suffering the agonies of a siege at the hands of the enemy of the faith and the foe of the Christian name.
	www.ordotempli.org /fall_of_edessa.htm (1621 words)

	The Ecole Initiative: Edessa in the Parthian Period
		Edessa stands on the Silk Road, which begins on the Mediterranean coast at one of the Seleucid capitals, Antioch; passes across the Euphrates; and through Edessa reaches the Assyrian city of Nisibis.
		Edessa and the surrounding region of Osrhoene was one among several areas of the Seleucid kingdom that gained a considerable independence after the defeat of Antiochus VII Sidetes in
		Christianity in Edessa was closely connected with Judaism, thus Addai, (Thaddeus, one of the seventy, sent to Edessa by Judas Thomas) stays in the house of a Judaean merchant Tobias (Eusebius, Ecc.
	www2.evansville.edu /ecoleweb/articles/pedessa.html (3447 words)

	Highbeam Encyclopedia - Search Results for Edessa (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		Edessa EDESSA [Edessa], ancient city of Mesopotamia, on the site of modern Åanluurfa, Turkey.
		1131, Latin king of Jerusalem (1118-31), count of Edessa (1100-1131); cousin and successor of Baldwin I. He accompanied Godfrey of Bouillon on the First Crusade and was captured (1104) by the Muslims.
		On the bus from Florina to Edessa, Greece, 2003 (PAR258764)
	www.encyclopedia.com /articles/03957.html (613 words)

	Crusader assault on Antioch
		Raymond urged a close siege which would prevent the army being dispersed, and it was his counsel that prevailed.
		This gate controlled the road to the port of St Symeon, and the struggle to control the area in front of it was to form a crucial part of the siege.
		Because of this and other actions, there was now a steady flow of food from Edessa and from Cyprus along roads and through ports controlled by the crusaders.
	www.brighton73.freeserve.co.uk /firstcrusade/Events/Sieges/antioch-siege1.htm (1873 words)

	Siege Of Jerusalem - First Crusade (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		Siege of Jerusalem (1099) Proceeding down the coast of the Mediterranean, the crusaders encountered little resistance, as local rulers preferred to make peace with them and give them supplies rather than fight.
		As with Antioch the crusaders put the city to a lengthy siege, in which the crusaders themselves probably suffered more than the citizens of the city, due to the lack of food and water around Jerusalem.
		Meanwhile siege engines were constructed and seven days later on July 15, the crusaders were able to break the siege and enter the city.
	mywebpage.netscape.com /AAS2593/first-crusade/siege-of-jerusalem.html (626 words)

	Memoirs of Popular Delusions Vol. 2 - Section VI (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		The siege of Damascus was accordingly commenced, and with so much ability and vigour that the Christians gained a considerable advantage at the very outset.
		For weeks the siege was pressed, till the shattered fortifications and diminishing resistance of the besieged gave evidence that the city could not hold out much longer.
		The siege was abruptly abandoned, and the foolish crusaders returned to Jerusalem, having done nothing to weaken the enemy, but every thing to weaken themselves.
	www.worldwideschool.org /library/books/relg/socialeccltheology/MemoirsofPopularDelusionsV2/chap6.html (4834 words)

	The Image of Edessa
		Prosperous Edessa, astride a major east-west caravan route, was ruled by King Abgar V from 13 to 50.
		The "Image of Edessa disappears from history until a disastrous flood in 525 which "destroyed public buildings, palaces, churches, and much of the city wall, and drowned one-third of the population.
		The fact is that from the end of the VIIth century, coins were struck in Constantinople by Justinian II during the first part of is reign (685-695) bearing an effigy of Christ's Face as imprinted on the Holy Shroud.
	www.mystae.com /restricted/reflections/messiah/edessa.html (3845 words)

	Warfare in the Crusader States (1104-1127), according to the Chronicle of Matthew of Edessa
		The Chronicle of Matthew of Edessa is considered by scholars to be a primary source of major importance for the history of the Near East during the period of the early Crusades.
		The Christians of the city of Edessa endured many hardships, because the inhabitants of Harran had cut off the retreat of the remnants of the Frankish troops, encircling the mountain and the plain and slaughtering ten thousand fugitives.
		After an eleven-year siege [it was actually seven years], the inhabitants were exhausted by violent assaults and had sustained a drawn-out blockade; for Baldwin, the king of Jerusalem, and Bertram, a relative of the great count Saint Gilles, had put them in dire straits.
	www.deremilitari.org /resources/sources/edessa.htm (7172 words)

	RAMELLI: Possible historical traces in the Doctrina Addai
		in Edessa, claims that he used the local archives, and in particular some records written down by the scribe Labûbna, the son of Senaq, the son of Abshadar, and says that the royal archivist, Hannān, had testified to their accuracy: in fact, he appears in the narrative as a contemporary of the events narrated.
		[17] In the Doctrina the loyalty of Edessa to Rome from the political point of view, stressed throughout the document, might also be a retrojection of the political situation of Edessa under the Romans' rule in the first half of the third cent.
		Moreover, in the Doctrina, the Acta Maris, 2, and the Peregrinatio Aegeriae, 19, 9, Jesus promises the invincibility of Edessa, a clause absent in Eusebius and Moses.
	bethmardutho.cua.edu /hugoye/Vol9No1/HV9N1Ramelli.html (12793 words)

	[No title]
		It is true, indeed, that the text of Procopius ascribes the double deliverance of Edessa to the wealth and valor of her citizens, who purchased the absence and repelled the assaults of the Persian monarch.
		He was ignorant, the profane historian, of the testimony which he is compelled to deliver in the ecclesiastical page of Evagrius, that the Palladium was exposed on the rampart, and that the water which had been sprinkled on the holy face, instead of quenching, added new fuel to the flames of the besieged.
		The most ambitious aspired from a filial to a fraternal relation with the image of Edessa; and such is the veronica of Rome, or Spain, or Jerusalem, which Christ in his agony and bloody sweat applied to his face, and delivered to a holy matron.
	www.ccel.org /g/gibbon/decline/decline5.txt (17883 words)

	Evagrius Scholasticus, Ecclesiastical History (AD431-594), translated by E. Walford (1846). Book 4
		About the same time Edessa, a large and flourishing city of 198 Osroene, was inundated by the waters of the Skirtus, which runs close by it; so that most of the buildings were swept away, and countless multitudes that were carried down by the stream, perished.
		Chosroes ordered his troops to collect a great quantity of wood for the siege from whatever timber fell in their way; and when this had been done before the order could well be issued, arranging it in a circular form, he threw a mound inside with its face advancing against the city.
		In this way elevating it gradually with the timber and earth, and pushing it forward towards the town, he raised it to a height sufficient to overtop the wall, so that the besiegers could hurl their missiles from vantage ground against the defenders.
	www.ccel.org /p/pearse/morefathers/evagrius_4_book4.htm (7710 words)

	Memoirs of Extraordinary Popular Delusions, Volume Two
		The siege was protracted for eight days, during which the Christians suffered the most acute agony from the want of water.
		Certain it is, however, that he was the means of raising the siege of Antioch, and causing the eventual triumph of the armies of the Cross.
		In connexion with this siege, the chronicler, Raymond d'Agilles, (the same Raymond, the chaplain, who figured in the affair of the Holy Lance,) relates a legend, in the truth of which he devoutly believed, and upon which Tasso has founded one of the most beautiful passages of his poem.
	worldebooklibrary.com /eBooks/WorldeBookLibrary.com/pop2.htm (21664 words)

	The Siege of Lisbon
		The crusaders were persuaded to join the siege of Lisbon, which was held by the Muslims.
		The events here in Portugal demonstrate plainly that the motives of spiritual and material rewards (remission of sins, plus plunder) were at least as important as the idea of liberating the Holy Land.
		In papal terms, and in the view of the Palestinian barons, these northern crusaders' job was scarcely begun, for they were to help in the recovery of Edessa specifically and more generally to help drive back the Muslims throughout Outremer.
	www.medievaltymes.com /courtyard/the_siege_of_lisbon.htm (423 words)

	SHROUD OF TURIN - SKEPTICAL INQUIRER - EDESSA TO CONSTANTINOPLE
		In 944, Emperor Romanus I sent an army to remove the Edessa Cloth and transfer it to Constantinople.
		The most significant record of the cloth may be in a sermon preached by Gregory Referendarius, the archdeacon of Hagia Sophia in Constantinople, on the occasion of the transfer of the cloth.
		The sermon, which was recently discovered in the Vatican Archives and translated from the ancient Greek by Mark Guscin, reveals, explicitly, that the Edessa Cloth contained a full length image, one that was believed to be of Jesus.
	www.skepticalspectacle.com /history05.htm (124 words)

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		He was to invite Jesus to Edessa, to heal him from disease.
		It was there till year 525 and was brought out in display again in Edessa.
		In 944, Romanus I of Byzantine wanted to bring the Shroud to Constantinople and after laying siege on Edessa he did (Whanger pg 6).
	academic.scranton.edu /student/matarazzom2/background.htm (692 words)

	Collegamento pro Sindone - Main events
		In his Ecclesiastic History, Eusebius tells that Abgar V Ukama (the Black), king of Edessa at the time of Christ, was ill. When he knew about the existence of Jesus of Nazareth who made miracles, sent him a messenger to ask him to go the court of Edessa.
		A parallel tradition is contained in the Addaï Doctrine (perhaps a deformation of the name of the apostle Judas Taddheus) dated to the end of 4th century or, according to other authors, to the period of the siege of Edessa in 544.
		The face of Edessa, since the 6th century was copied on the icons and since the 7th century was reproduced on the Byzantine coins; in these cases as well, there are more than 100 points of congruence.
	www.shroud.it /EVENTS.HTM (2839 words)

	WebRoots Library U.S. Miscellaneous (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		It is worth preserving, as shewing the spirit of the age and the source of the extraordinary courage manifested by the crusaders on occasions of extreme difficulty.
		His offers were, that if by their means he was re-established in his father's dominions, he would place the Greek church under the authority of the Pope of Rome, lend the whole force of the Greek Empire to the conquest of Palestine, and distribute two hundred thousand marks of silver among the crusading army.
		The siege was forthwith commenced, and carried on with considerable energy, until the crusaders gained possession of a tower, which projected into the middle of the stream, and was looked upon as the very key of the city.
	www.webroots.org /library/usamisc/mepd0009.html (19718 words)

	Siege of Antioch
		And since already in the third month of the siege food was bought too dearly, Bohemund and the Count of Flanders were chosen to lead an army into Hispania for food, the Count and the Bishop of Puy being left as a guard in the camp.
		Then, seeing no reason for their flight, they returned to the siege after they bad run a short distance, blaming their own timidity; and, as if to atone for the disgrace of the flight they bad made, they attacked more violently and again were more violently terrified by the might of God.
		After this, when I had set forth for food to a certain fortress which is near Edessa, on the first day of Lent at cockcrow, St. Andrew appeared to me in the same garb and with the same companion with whom he had come before, and a great brightness filled the house.
	www.ordotempli.org /siege_of_antioch.htm (15046 words)

	Medieval Sourcebook: William of Tyre: Deeds Done Beyond the Sea
		They were the Lord Baldwin, Count of Edessa, who succeeded Godfrey in the kingdom; and the Lord Eustace, Count of Boulogne, who was his father's namesake, successor to his father as Count and inheritor of the paternal estate…The third was Lord William, a famous man, no less virtuous and energetic than his father and brothers.
		After a three-month siege an agreement was reached whereby both of the invaders were to withdraw and Amalric was to be reimbursed by Shawar for his trouble.
		The sixth of the Latin kings of Jerusalem was the lord Baldwin IV, son of the lord King Amalric of illustrious memory and of the Countess Agnes, daughter of the younger Count Jocelin of Edessa.
	www.fordham.edu /halsall/source/tyre-cde.html (16596 words)

	The Fire and the Portrait
		The Shroud is known to have been exposed to fire only once prior to the close of the sixth century; i.e., during the Persian siege of Edessa in 544 and, therefore, it is likely that the damage occurred on that occasion.
		In that year, the Persians, under King Chosroes I, laid siege to Edessa and constructed a huge timber tower from which missiles could be fired down upon the city.
		While it is possible that, at some point during its centuries-long portraitization, the Shroud was dismantled, refolded, and subjected to fire damage, this particular era in sindonic history was one of great reverence for the holy and palladian virtues of the cloth and extreme care would have been exercised to protect it from harm.
	www.shroud.com /markwar2.htm (4473 words)

	Chart of the Syro-Phoenician Church from 525 A.D. till 1724
		Justinian decreed that a dam should be built to protect Edessa from flood waters and he funded the project.
		Edessa was besieged by the Persian king who was repulsed and bought off with 200 pounds of gold.
		According to [41], the date of the siege of Edessa was the summer of AD 539, however [33] has AD 544.
	www.phoenicia.org /historychartchristian.html (9732 words)

	The_Romance_Anais3.html
		Camped before the walls of Edessa to the south were another 100,000 Arab troops, and approaching from the east were another 50,000 Abbassid troops waiting, as it were, like wolves, hoping to clean up after the coming confrontation.
		Edessa was a formidable city and had last been penetrated in the sixth century.
		He was bandaged in Edessa and treated as best they could from rubbings of the Unicorn Horn, until his fever broke, and then put back on his way, to return to his wife and son in Anjou, where he ruled as Grail King for several years more.
	www.maravot.com /The_Romance_Anaisfille3.html (21038 words)

	The Cradle of Mankind: Life in Eastern Kurdistan
		At least it is historically certain that the Gospel was brought to Edessa almost within the Apostolic ages; and that Edessa formed the main distributing centre for the preachers who evangelized the East.
		Under its new suzerains Edessa took rank as an important frontier fortress, and stood many a siege in the long-drawn wars between the kings of the Sassanid Persians and the Emperors of Byzantine Rome.
		But Edessa has acquired one peculiar interest in the eyes of Western historians from the fact that it was the easternmost conquest that was ever achieved by the Crusades.
	www.aina.org /books/com/com.htm (18421 words)

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