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Topic: Siege of Gibraltar

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	Siege of Gibraltar (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		The Siege of Gibraltar was a military action during the War of the Spanish Succession during which the fortress of Gibraltar was captured by allied British and Dutch forces after a three days’ siege, on July 24, 1704.
		The Spaniards quickly assembled an army to recapture the place, and a new siege opened in October 1704 by troops of France and Spain under the marquess of Villadarias.
		A notable incident during the siege was the attempt made by 500 French and Spanish volunteer grenadiers to surprise the garrison on October 31.
	usapedia.com /s/siege-of-gibraltar.html (313 words)

	GIBRALTAR - LoveToKnow Article on GIBRALTAR
		Population.The inhabitants of Gibraltar are of mixed race; after the capture of the town by the British nearly the whole of the former Spanish population emigrated in a body and founded, 6 m.
		Gibraltar being primarily a fortress and naval base, every effort, in view of war contingencies, is made by the authorities to prevent the natural increase of the population.
		A notable incident of this siege was the gallant attempt made by 500 chosen volunteers to surprise the garrison (3 1st of October), an attempt which, at first successful, in the end failed disastrously.
	www.1911encyclopedia.org /G/GI/GIBRALTAR.htm (7258 words)

	Brief history of Gibraltar
		It was during the capture of Gibraltar by the Castillians (1309-1333) that the streets of the lower town were constructed and Gibraltar became a substantial city.
		Gibraltar became a Bristish garrison in 1830 and was declared a colony.
		Gibraltar has been a fortress for centuries and evidence of this is to be found all over the rock, from guns to battlements and gun turrets.
	www.idealspain.com /Pages/Information/GibHistory.htm (532 words)

	History of Gibraltar - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Following the fall of the Roman Empire, Gibraltar was visited by the Vandals and later the Goths.
		Many important objects of Gibraltar's history were taken by those who chose to leave, including a statue of the Holy Crowned Virgin Mary, and the historical documents signed by the Spanish Catholic Monarchs in 1502, granting Gibraltar's coat of arms.
		This led to the closure of the Spanish consulate and to the imposition of restrictions on freedom of movement between Gibraltar and Spain.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Siege_of_Gibraltar (2415 words)

	History - Gibraltar - Europe
		Gibraltar and ancient Abila (now Mount Acho at Ceuta, a Spanish exclave in Morocco) form the classical Pillars of Hercules, which were crowned with silver columns by Phoenician mariners to mark the limits of safe navigation for the ancient Mediterranean peoples.
		In 1309 Gibraltar was captured by the Castilians but was regained by the Moors in 1333 and held until 1462, when it finally passed from Moorish possession.
		After the sacking of Gibraltar by the Algerian corsair Barbarossa II (Khayr ad-Din, 1483?-1546) in 1540, the Rock was furnished with strong defenses by command of Holy Roman Emperor Charles V. On July 24, 1704, during the War of the Spanish Succession, Gibraltar was captured by combined English and Dutch forces.
	www.countriesquest.com /europe/gibraltar/history.htm (532 words)

	Probert Encyclopaedia: Battles (1700-1799) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		The siege of Acre was an unsuccessful French siege from the 17th of March to the 21st of May 1799 of a seaport and town in Palestine, 130 km north-west of Jerusalem, during Napoleon Bonaparte's abortive attempt to carve out a French empire.
		The siege was then resumed, with seven more assaults being made without success, while the defenders made a number of sorties, and Napoleon finally raised the siege and departed on the 21st of May.
		The Siege of Gibraltar was an unsuccessful combined French and Spanish siege of the British-held fortress of Gibraltar from 1779 to 1783 during the American War of Independence.
	www.probertencyclopaedia.com /FB6.HTM (2638 words)

	Welcome To The Rock of Gibraltar!
		Gibraltar is situated at the southern end of Europe with a land frontier to Spain on its northern front.
		Gibraltar's history and environment are as captivating as its people; its formation millions of years before and the myths surrounding its dominant presence, to the territory's status today as a prominent tourism and business destination.
		Gibraltar is a British Dependent Territory that is self-governing in all matters except foreign policy to which it reverts to the British Crown.
	gibraltar.costasur.com (753 words)

	Gibraltar - Spain Travel (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		To the voyager entering the straits of Gibraltar, the "rock" presents a bare and almost barren aspect, especially, when the summer suns have dried up the verdure; but as he approaches he discovers a considerable clothing of vegetation, and closer acquaintance reveals the existence of an extensive flora.
		Gibraltar was known to the Greek and Roman geographers as Calpe or Alybe, the two names being probably corruptions of the same local (perhaps Phoenician) word.
		The most memorable siege of Gibraltar, indeed one of the most memorable of all sieges, was that which it sustained from the combined land and sea forces of France and Spain during the years 1779-1783.
	www.oldandsold.com /articles14/travel-307.shtml (610 words)

	gibraltar in promotion site web australia advertising by optimization consultant (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		(for details on gibraltar's status in the eu, see special member state territories and their relations with the eu.) defence defence is the responsibility of the united kingdom.
		gibraltar is one of the most densely populated territories in the world, with approximately 4,245 people per km 2 (10,979 per sq mile).
		gibraltar celebrates its national day annually on 10th september, the date chosen to commemorate the 1967 referendum which was the first act of self-determination of the people of gibraltar.
	trance-portal.net /gibraltar_in_promotion_site_web/gibraltar_in_promotion_site_web.html (1463 words)

	CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Gibraltar
		Gibraltar was besieged, in 1309, and retaken from the Moors by Alonzo de Guzman.
		In this, the twelfth siege of Gibraltar, the attacking party had a great preponderance of numbers, but the fortress successfully resisted all their efforts to capture it.
		Guido Remigio Barbieri, a former Benedictine, born in 1836, was consecrated Bishop of Theodosiopolis and Vicar Apostolic of Gibraltar in 1901.
	www.newadvent.org /cathen/06550a.htm (908 words)

	Official Government of Gibraltar London website (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Arms consisting of a triple-towered castle with a golden key dependent from the centre were granted to "The Most Loyal City of Gibraltar" by Ferdinand and Isabella in the year 1502.
		In 1869, a Circular despatch was sent to all Colonies requesting that a sketch of the Arms or Badge to be adorned in the centre of the Union Jack used by the Governor should be supplied to the Colonial Office.
		The flag of Gibraltar is an elongated banner of the Arms of Gibraltar, granted by Royal Warrant Queen Isabella of Castille on the 10th July 1502.
	www.gibraltar.gov.uk /natsymbols.asp (458 words)

	Articles - Gibraltar (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		The Governor of Gibraltar refused the ultimatum on 1 August.
		The army garrison is provided by the Royal Gibraltar Regiment, originally a part-time reserve force which was placed on the permanent establishment of the British Army in 1990.
		Its terrain is a narrow coastal lowland bordering the 426-metre-high Rock of Gibraltar.
	www.worldhammock.com /articles/Gibraltar (1500 words)

	gibraltar - gibraltar tourist information and the official gibraltar country portal (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		At the end of the Great Siege in 1783, the defeated Commander of the French and Spanish troops, the Duc de Crillon, on being shown the fortifications that had led to the defeat of his troops commented, "These works are worthy of the Romans".
		Work did not stop with the end of the Siege, but instead of continuing straight towards the 'Notch', a tunnel was driven downwards and a large chamber opened under the 'Notch' called St George's Hall, where a battery of seven guns was instilled.
		It was in St George's Hall that Lord Napier of Magdala - Governor of Gibraltar - is said to have given a banquet in honour of General Grant, ex-president of the United States of America.
	www.gibraltar.gi /tourism/gibraltar_siege_tourism.asp (885 words)

	Expatica's Spanish news in English: Gibraltar under siege again?
		The Commission say lower corporate tax in Gibraltar amounts to state aid, but we are convinced that Gibraltar can establish a different tax from the UK and still remain within the EU’s state aid rules.
		Gibraltar is as much a part of Britain's history and heritage as Britain is of ours.
		Donna Seruya, whose father was a former minister for tourism and economic development in Gibraltar, said she favoured the "status quo" as the way forward, she was not averse to an agreed solution with Spain.
	www.expatica.com /source/site_article.asp?subchannel_id=82&story_id=5967 (1036 words)

	grand
		Spaniards besiege Gibraltar with attrition and Newcastle with usure(+).
		Turks forces Mameluks to retreat from Delta, and sieges produce: El Alamein honors of war, Suez surrenders, Aswan breach, Cairo usure(+), Akaba usure(+) and Damietta attrition.
		Sieges of Aberdeen produces breach, but Brits hold on, and Hull usure(+).
	www.saunalahti.fi /~virranko/Period7.html (1432 words)

	MercoPress - Falklands-Malvinas & South Atlantic News
		He said that the first move in efforts to rebuild alliances with Britain and the United States was to lift the “siege” of Gibraltar and court Gibraltarians - a radical departure from Spain’s traditional policy towards the Rock.
		Gibraltar and the recent Anglo-Spanish statement are expected to dominate conversation at the annual Anglo-Spanish “tertulia” being held in Madrid this week.
		Gibraltar Tourist Board participated in the Turisport 2004 tourism trade fair which was held in Sileda, Santiago de Compostela from 14th to 17th October 2004.
	www.falkland-malvinas.com /Detalle.asp?NUM=4534 (2397 words)

	The Great Siege Tunnels
		The Governor, General Elliot (later called Baron Heathfield of Gibraltar) is said to have offered a reward to anyone who could tell him how to get guns onto a projection from the precipitous northern face of the Rock known as the 'Notch'.
		Work did not stop with the end of the Siege, but instead of continuing straight towards the 'Notch', a tunnel was driven downwards and a large chamber opened under the 'Notch' called St George's Hall, where a battery of seven guns where installed.
		The Great Siege Tunnels have been brought to life with the installation of various exhibitions within its chambers re-enacting some scenes lived in these tunnels throughout their unique history.
	www.gibraltar.gov.gi /tourism/great_siege.htm (782 words)

	WHKMLA : History of Gibraltar, 1704-1789
		In 1706, Gibraltar was proclaimed a FREE PORT by Queen Anne; the Treaty of Utrecht assigned Gibraltar to Britain (although this is still contested by Spain).
		Britain and Spain signed the Treaty of Sevilla in 1729; Gibraltar continued to be a problem in Anglo-Spanish relations due to the lack of specificity in the formulations of the 1713 Treaty of Utrecht.
		In 1782, Gibraltar had a population of 3,000 garrison, 1,426 garrison dependants, 1,733 civilians.
	www.zum.de /whkmla/region/spain/gib17041789.html (394 words)

	Boston.com / A&E / Theater/Arts / Fogg exhibit reveals the toil behind some Copley treasures
		In 1783, Copley was chosen over West to paint "The Siege of Gibraltar," a giant work, two stories high, still in the Guildhall Art Gallery of the Corporation of London.
		Instead, he put "The Siege" in a giant tent, charged admission to see it, and offered viewers the chance to buy an engraving of the picture, thus lining his pockets while disseminating the image and adding luster to his reputation.
		The Fogg couldn't bring over "The Siege of Gibraltar," but the museum does own three preparatory portraits Copley made for it during a visit to Hanover to record the faces of the German officers who had participated in the battle.
	www.boston.com /ae/theater_arts/articles/2004/05/30/fogg_exhibit_reveals_the_toil_behind_some_copley_treasures?pg=2 (912 words)

	Gibraltar Local Information Services - Gibraltar News
		The notion that Gibraltar depends on the Campo, as if the Campo did not depend on Gibraltar, is being questioned on the other side to show that the Madrid attitude is political in nature.
		Gibraltar as we know it today, a law abiding dependent territory of the U.K. With a new Democratic Constitution granted in 1969, adhering to the traditions of Westminster, has been in the making since 1704.
		Gibraltar has became a parasite state of Spain with no real industry, no fishermen, only banks that take advantage of the special taxes of the colony and do not care too much where the money come from.
	www.panorama.gi /archive/990222.html (3393 words)

	Gibraltar Tour
		During the American War Of Independence, France and Spain made an all out attempt to recapture the Rock frm the british in Gibraltar's fourteenth siege, always called the Great Siege, which lasted frm July 1779 to February 1783.
		Gradually the enemy advanced their trenches on the isthmus, until in 1782 the enemy were so close to the Rock that none of the existing batteries in Gibraltar could not fire upon them.
		The governor, General Elliot is said to have offered a reward to anyone who could tell him how to get cannons on the steep north face of the Rock, known as the "Notch".
	www.gibraltar-rock-tours.com /tunels.htm (251 words)

	'Gibraltar, A City Under Siege' exhibition
		Whilst it is true that during the early part of the British occupation most of the population were members of the Armed Forces, and in particular the Army, the civilian population also contributed to the war effort and played an important role in the life of the garrison.
		The buildings in which this exhibition is housed are probably one of the first buildings ever constructed by the British in Gibraltar thus dating back to the beginning of the 18th Century.
		Originally it is thought that they were built as magazines to store ammunition and that the courtyard in the centre, part of which can still be seen today, was used as a laboratory to prepare ammunition.
	www.gibraltar.gov.gi /tourism/city_under_siege.htm (359 words)

	Talking about Gibraltar - Part 1 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		This has resulted in increased media coverage with full page advertisments in the UK press stating the case for Gibraltar, and a large demonstration locally showing the strength of feeling.
		Gibraltar is classified as a 'British Overseas Territory' by the British Government.
		Joe Bossano, Leader of the Opposition A Former Chief Minister of Gibraltar and a long term opponent of the Brussels process, speaking to the crowd outside the Governors residence at the end of the noisy, but peaceful, demonstration marking the visit of Jack Straw, The British Foreign Minister.
	www.gibtalk.net /part1.htm (936 words)

	Pilot Guides.com: Travel Writers: Gibraltar Photo Journal By Jack Cox
		This was Gibraltar's 14th Siege and has come to be known as the Great Siege.
		Gradually the enemy advanced their trenches on the isthmus, until in 1782 the enemy were so close to the Rock that none of the existing batteries in Gibraltar had room to open fire.
		The Great Siege Tunnels, 2.5sq meters in cross section, were cut into The Rock by sheer hard work and guts.
	pilotguides.com /community/travel_writers/gibraltar_photo_journal.php (1002 words)

	Royal Navy
		By Treaty of Versailles, 1783, Spain agreed to forego her claim to Gibraltar in return for Minorcan and Florida (latter sold by Spain to USA in 1809).
		To "celebrate the siege of Gibraltar" is merely an excuse to have a drink.
		As the 13 sieges of Gibraltar have covered so great a period it is safe to regard any day in the year as an anniversary of a siege of Gibraltar.
	www.royal-navy.mod.uk /rn/print.php?page=4748 (2378 words)

	Lord Heathfield of Gibraltar (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		In 1775 George Augustus Eliott, Lord Heathfield (1717 - 1790), was appointed Governor of Gibraltar.
		During the siege of 1779-83 he held the British fortress against Spanish attack, and was made Baron Heathfield in 1787.
		He is shown at Gibraltar during the siege, symbolically holding the key to the fortress, with a view to the peninsula in the background; a cannon points steeply down towards the sea and the sky is darkened by smoke.
	www.nationalgallery.org.uk /cgi-bin/WebObjects.dll/CollectionPublisher.woa/wa/work?workNumber=NG111 (120 words)

	JewsGilbraltar2
		A.B.M. Serfaty in his most interesting work on the Jews of Gibraltar tells us that the ancestors of the Jews of Gibraltar were the Jews of Spain, the Sephardim who were expelled from that country by order of Isabella and Ferdinand.
		But the numerical decline has meant that the future for the Jews of Gibraltar is far from certain.This report from Sylvia Smith begins with Abraham Beniso, a cantor at one of the Rock's four Synagogues.
		Maseb Balilo: All sectors of the civilian community were second class citizens in colonial Gibraltar, where the military were the first class, and I think that is why perhaps to support each other, the different sectors of the community backed each other and put up a common front to reply to the inequalities.
	www.haruth.com /JewsGilbraltar2.html (1181 words)

	29 Cdo Regt RA - 23 (Gibraltar) Bty History (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		It was during this siege that Capt. Stracheys died on 14th June 1762.
		The Company remained in Woolwich until 1779 where the Company was sent to assist in the siege of Gibraltar.
		The Siege began on the 21st June 1779 with the closing of the frontier between the mainland and Gibraltar by the Spanish authorities.
	www.army.mod.uk /29cdoregtra/23bty.htm (1136 words)

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