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Topic: Siege of Jerusalem (1099)

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	CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Jerusalem (A.D. 71-1099)
		Jerusalem is the "daughter of Sion" (Jeremiah 6:2, etc.).
		The frontiers of this new patriarchate, as established by Chalcedon, are to the north the Lebanon, to the west the Mediterranean, to the south Sinai (Mount Sinai was certainly originally included in its boundaries), to the east Arabia and the desert.
		It was inevitable that the Christians of Jerusalem should try to help their fellow-countrymen to reconquer the land that had been Roman and Christian; inevitable, too, that the Moslems should punish such attempts as high treason.
	www.newadvent.org /cathen/08355a.htm (7448 words)

	Jerusalem - History
		Saladin succeeded in expelling the Crusaders and recaptured Jerusalem for the Muslims in 1187.
		Teddy Kollek, Jerusalem’s mayor for 28 years, called the reunification of the city "the practical realization of the Zionist movement's goals." Today, a museum devoted to promoting dialogue and coexistence, the Museum on the Seam, is located at the junction of East and West Jerusalem.
		Jerusalem is one issue on which the views of Israelis are unanimous: The city must remain the undivided capital of Israel.
	www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org /jsource/vie/Jerusalem1.html (2752 words)

	Siege of Jerusalem (1099) - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		After the successful siege of Antioch in June of 1098, the crusaders remained in the area for the rest of the year.
		The city was well-prepared for the siege, and the Fatimid governor Iftikar ad-Daula had expelled most of the Christians.
		The siege quickly became legendary and in the 12th century it was the subject of the Chanson de Jérusalem, a major chanson de geste in the Crusade cycle.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Siege_of_Jerusalem_(1099) (1639 words)

	HISTORY OF JERUSALEM
		It was his intention to transform Jerusalem into a Greek metropolis and his desecration of the Temple that provoked a Jewish insurrection; the ensuing revolt, headed by the Hasmonaeans and led by Judah Maccabee, succeeded in liberating Jerusalem.
		Jerusalem was governed by Roman procurators residing in Caesarea, and ceased to function as the capital of Judea -- although the municipal government remained in the hands of the Jewish high priest and Sanhedrin (rabbinical council), which fulfilled the functions of a municipal council.
		Jerusalem was established as the capital of the Latin Kingdom in the Holy Land.
	www.shalomjerusalem.com /jerusalem/jerusalem3.htm (2778 words)

	Siege Of Jerusalem - First Crusade
		Siege of Jerusalem (1099) Proceeding down the coast of the Mediterranean, the crusaders encountered little resistance, as local rulers preferred to make peace with them and give them supplies rather than fight.
		Meanwhile siege engines were constructed and seven days later on July 15, the crusaders were able to break the siege and enter the city.
		The Crusade of 1101 and the establishment of the kingdom Crusade of 1101 Having captured Jerusalem and the Church of the Holy Sepulchre, the crusading vow was now fulfilled.
	mywebpage.netscape.com /AAS2593/first-crusade/siege-of-jerusalem.html (626 words)

	Crusades - MSN Encarta
		The siege of Jerusalem culminated in a bloody and destructive Christian victory in July 1099, in which many of the inhabitants were massacred.
		The result was the establishment of the Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem, first under Godfrey of Bouillon, who took the title of Defender of the Holy Sepulchre, and then under his brother Baldwin, who ruled as king.
		The most famous were the Knights of St. John of Jerusalem, called Hospitalers, and the Poor Knights of Christ and of the Temple of Solomon, called Templars.
	encarta.msn.com /encyclopedia_761561210/Crusades.html (2677 words)

	Reference.com/Encyclopedia/Siege of Jerusalem (70)
		The Siege of Jerusalem in the year 70 was a decisive event in the First Jewish-Roman War, followed by the fall of Masada in 73.
		This was the end which Jerusalem came to by the madness of those that were for innovations; a city otherwise of great magnificence, and of mighty fame among all mankind.
		Christians believe that the events surrounding the siege and the destruction of Jerusalem are the fulfillment of the prophecy of Daniel 9, referred to by Jesus approximately 40 years before the event took place.
	www.reference.com /browse/wiki/Siege_of_Jerusalem_(70) (1275 words)

	SIEGE OF JERUSALEM: Introduction
		As an artifact of late-medieval England, Siege of Jerusalem provides a remarkable document on the brutality of siege warfare that was on the minds of Englishmen in the so-called interim period of the Hundred Years' War; and it exposes as well numerous crises within the Christian Church, particularly the increasing economic uses of crusader politics.
		That is, the destruction of Jerusalem came to symbolize the failure of the Old Law of the Jews and the triumph of the New Law of the Christians.
		Siege of Jerusalem is, in the main, a compilation from three primary sources: Vindicta salvatoris (the basis for lines 1-200 and 1297-1340), Roger d'Argenteuil's Bible en François (for lines 201-788), and Ranulf Higden's Polychronicon (for lines 789-1296).
	www.library.rochester.edu /camelot/teams/livint.htm (17756 words)

	Siege of Jerusalem
		Do not trouble thyself about the unfinished siege of Archas; let it not weigh upon thee that this city, or others which are on the journey, are not taken at present, because a fight will soon come upon thee in which these and many other cities shall be captured.
		Duke Godfrey and the Count of Flanders and the Count of Normandy besieged the city from the north side, that is from the church of St. Stephen, located in the center of the city, southward to the angular tower next to the tower of David.
		Jerusalem, the city of our redemption and glory, delights with inconceivable joy, because through the effort and incomparable might f of the sons of God it has been liberated from most cruel pagan servitude.
	www.ordotempli.org /siege_of_jerusalem.htm (10451 words)

	Siege of Jerusalem (70) - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-18)
		The Siege of Jerusalem in the year 70 was a decisive event in the First Jewish-Roman War, followed by the fall of Masada in 73.
		This was the end which Jerusalem came to by the madness of those that were for innovations; a city otherwise of great magnificence, and of mighty fame among all mankind.
		Christians believe that the events surrounding the siege and the destruction of Jerusalem, are the fulfillment of Jesus' prophecy, cast approximately 40 years before the event took place.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Siege_of_Jerusalem_(70) (1298 words)

	Anonymous: Siege of Jerusalem (1380) - Free Online Books @ PreteristArchive.com
		Jerusalem came under the control of Alexander the Great shortly after he conquered the Persians in 334, and Judaea passed into the hands of the Ptolemies during the breakup of Alexander's empire following his death, but little direct action was taken against the Jews or the Second Temple.
		Siege of Jerusalem is historical in its setting, religious in its convictions, and romantic in its conventions.
		Siege of Jerusalem, perhaps as much as any other work in the tradition, uses and blends material from all of these traditions to produce a chronicle-like poem that functions within several audience-oriented contexts.
	www.preteristarchive.com /Books/1380_huchown_sege_intro.html (12237 words)

	GODFREY OF BOUILLON. The Columbia Encyclopedia: Sixth Edition. 2000 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-18)
		He fought for Holy Roman Emperor Henry IV against Pope Gregory VII and against Rudolf of Swabia and was rewarded (c.1082) with the duchy of Lower Lorraine, which he claimed through his mother.
		He played a minor role at Nicaea and Antioch, but achieved prominence in the siege of Jerusalem (1099) and was elected ruler of the city after its capture.
		As the first Latin ruler of Jerusalem, he became the central figure of various legends, and his deeds were glorified in the chansons de geste.
	www.bartleby.com /aol/65/go/GodfreyB.html (200 words)

	HWC, First Crusade (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-18)
		Jerusalem is a city on a hill or bluff, in the middle of wide deserts.
		Jerusalem was held by Arab, not Turkish, defenders.
		Siege engines could be built only by dragging great logs from the distant mountains, harassed by Arab marauders all the while.
	history.boisestate.edu /westciv/crusades/16.htm (303 words)

	tripoli (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-18)
		The King of Jerusalem held bailliage of Tripoli for 10 years, during the Counts captivity.
		His successor was named Bohemond, the second son of Bohemond III of Antioch, and it is assumed he was in charge of Tripoli when Saladin began his campaign in Syria.
		A Sicilian fleet was at port in Tripoli, which prevented a siege of that city.
	www.medievalcrusades.com /tripoli.htm (1123 words)

	Old City travel guide - Wikitravel (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-18)
		The Old City of Jerusalem is that part of Jerusalem surrounded by the impressive 16th century Ottoman city walls and representing the heart of the city both historically and spiritually.
		The church was used as a hospice during the Siege of Jerusalem in 1099.
		An 1873 model of Jerusalem is on display in an underground cistern near the exit.
	wikitravel.org /en/Jerusalem/Old_City (7275 words)

	TheHistoryNet \| Ancient and Medieval Wars \| First Crusade: Siege of Jerusalem (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-18)
		And, indeed, for centuries Jerusalem, sacred to Jew, Christian and Muslim alike, had been the center of attention for a succession of conquering armies--which made life anything but a paradise for its populace.
		As the Crusaders drew near Jerusalem, the governor blocked or poisoned all wells that lay outside the walls, moved all animals inside and expelled all Christians, regardless of denomination.
		An eclipse of the moon on June 5 was seen as a favorable sign from God, and their morale was high on the 7th, when they first spotted the domes and walls of Jerusalem from the Mosque of the Prophet Samuel atop the hill normally referred to by pilgrims as Montonjoie, the Joyous Mountain.
	www.historynet.com /wars_conflicts/ancient_medieval_wars/3028446.html?featured=y&c=y (1380 words)

	The First Crusade Captures Jerusalem
		It was on this date, July 15, 1099, that the First Crusade, or "Campaign of the Cross," achieved its objective and captured Jerusalem and the Holy Sepulcher.
		Once the Muslim citizens of Jerusalem lost control of their city, the Crusaders then proceeded, with the zeal of fundamentalist fanaticism, to massacre thousands of unarmed men, women and children.
		This Crusade began in 1096 and the siege of Jerusalem began on 7 June 1099.
	www.ronaldbrucemeyer.com /rants/0715almanac.htm (694 words)

	Celebrate Jerusalem - Timeline
		King David establishes Jerusalem as the capital of the Kingdom of Israel
		Jerusalem is conquered by the Seleucids of Syria
		Jerusalem falls to the Persians (614), Byzantines (629) and Arab Muslims (638)
	www.jafi.org.il /education/jerusalem/timeline.html (234 words)

	The Crusader and Ayyubid Period
		On 15 July 1099 Jerusalem fell to the Crusaders after a five week siege and the victors proceeded to massacre the city's Muslims and Jews.
		To the south was the quarter occupied by the Hospitalers (warrior knights who initially undertook to protect and guide pilgrims, and to lodge them in their vast Jerusalem hospice, and eventually became part of the Kingdom's defenses).
		Jerusalem remained an unprotected, unwalled city until Suleiman the Magnificent rebuilt its defenses.
	jeru.huji.ac.il /ef1.htm (380 words)

	The Age of Chivalry - Peter the Hermit 1050-1115 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-18)
		Despite this blot on his character the Christian leaders of Antioch sent him to meet the leader of the Turks, Kűr-Bugha of Mosul, who was attempting to recapture the city, to propose that they settle the conflict by a duel.
		At the siege of Jerusalem Peter was one of several clerics who preached sermons on the Mount of Olives in order to embolden and hearten the spirits of the crusaders.
		Peter returned to Europe between 1100 and 1102 with the Count of Montaign, a baron of the territory of Liege and founded the Augustinian monastery of Neufmoutier, which was built as a result of the fulfilment of a vow made by Peter if they survived the voyage to Flanders.
	www.taoc.co.uk /content/view/26/43 (999 words)

	History - Order of Malta in the UK
		Built upon an older Arab structure, it was the knights' chief stronghold by 1144 and finally fell during a siege in 1271.
		The Siege of Malta was, in the first instance, a defensive battle, and certainly a bloody one.
		Knights of Malta fought at the Siege of Candia (in Crete) in 1668, and at the Conquest of Belgrade in 1689.
	www.orderofmalta.org.uk /history.htm (3101 words)

	Siege of Jerusalem, 9 June-18 July 1099
		Having fought their way through the Turks, the Crusaders found themselves faced at Jerusalem by the Fatamids of Egypt, a much less dangerous foe, whose armies were weaker man for man than either the Turks or the Crusaders.
		The Crusaders built siege towers, and after marching round the city behind their priests, launched their main attack, under Godfrey of Bouillon and his brother Baldwin, at St. Stephen's Gate in the north wall, and a second attack, under Count Raymond at the Jaffa Gate in the west wall.
		However, most sources suggest that the Muslim, Jewish and even some Christian occupants of Jerusalem were killed in the first rush of blood lust.
	www.historyofwar.org /articles/battles_jerusalem1099.html (377 words)

	History of the White Race: Chapter 21 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-18)
		The governor of Jerusalem, Iftikhar ad-Duala, was confident he could hold off the Crusaders until a relief army arrived from Islamic held Egypt.
		Finally three siege towers were built - out of sight of the besieged city's non-White garrison - and wheeled into place on the night of 13 July, to the recorded great astonishment of the city's defenders.
		In terms of this treaty, Jerusalem was returned to the Christians and a ten year cessation of hostilities was agreed.
	www.stormfront.org /whitehistory/hwr21.htm (3867 words)

	Siege of Jerusalem - Picture - MSN Encarta
		Siege of Jerusalem - Picture - MSN Encarta
		The western European Christian armies of the First Crusade surrounded the city of Jerusalem in June 1099.
		In mid-July, after a long siege, the Crusaders took the city by storm and massacred many of its inhabitants.
	encarta.msn.com /media_461539912/Siege_of_Jerusalem.html (44 words)

	kingsofjerusalem
		Balian of Ibelin was also captured at this time, but begged permission to return to Jerusalem to look after his ailing wife, the former wife of Amaury.
		The Sultan was having trouble with his Arab neighbors and saw the Crusaders as a possible deterrent to any of his neighbors who may have thought of invading his territories.
		By this treaty, Jerusalem was to be restored to the Crusaders and Frederick II was to be King of Jerusalem, with the truce to last for about ten years.
	www.medievalcrusades.com /kingsofjerusalem.htm (1396 words)

	The Crusades, Ted Thornton, NMH, Northfield Mount Hermon
		Christians were furious when the Muslim Fatimid caliph al-Hakim destroyed the Church of the Holy Sepulchre in Jerusalem (Jesus' tomb) in 1009.
		On June 7th, 1099, some forty thousand Crusaders, of whom about twenty thousand were effective troops, stood before the gates of Jerusalem.
		1244 Jerusalem was retaken from the Crusaders by the Mamluks.
	www.nmhschool.org /tthornton/mehistorydatabase/crusades.htm (1215 words)

	Crusader Hierosolyma (1099-1187)
		Roger of Hoveden: The Fall of Jerusalem in 1187
		Hierosolyma, as the Latins call it, is at the heart of pope Urban II.'s call to liberate the holy places from the "infidels." In response, Frank (French) nobles take up the cross in form of the sword.
		Next to crusader architecture, notably in the thoroughly reconstructed Church of the Holy Sepulchre, it is the crusading institutions, some of which exist until today, that continue to express the sense of the Latin West to have been called upon by Christ to protect the Holy City.
	www.bu.edu /mzank/Jerusalem/p/period5.htm (172 words)

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