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Topic: Siege of Kut

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	The tragedy of Kut \| The Guardian \| Guardian Unlimited
		By then, Kut, a collection of flyblown hovels, with Townshend and his men inside, had been surrounded for more than a month: included in the 13,500 penned inside were some 3,500 Indian non-combatants and 2,000 sick and wounded.
		Kut was the first siege in which aircraft dropped supplies: these ranged from money to millstones to keep the garrison's flour mill going (and thus the Indians' supply of chapatis).
		The Turks abandoned Kut in February 1917, and Baghdad fell in March.
	www.guardian.co.uk /g2/story/0,3604,843481,00.html (1476 words)

	Highbeam Encyclopedia - Search Results for sieges
		Kut, Siege of (December 1915—April 1916) Successful siege of the town of Kut-al-Amara, now in Iraq, by Turkish troops in World War I. Kut-al-Amara is on the River Tigris and was garrisoned by a British imperial force under General Townshend, who had retreated there after his defeat by the...
		Biological warfare at the 1346 Siege of Caffa.
		Siege of Derry: Derry - the city of the sieges; Few events in Irish history have generated such controversy over the decades as the 1688-89 Siege of Derry.
	www.encyclopedia.com /SearchResults.aspx?Q=sieges (885 words)

	Kut
		City in eastern Iraq with 370,000 inhabitants (2005 estimate) on Tigris river, on the junction between the river and the distribution canal Shatt al-Gharraf.
		The economy of Kut is based upon the rich agriculture of the region, of which Kut is the main trade and administrative centre.
		Kut is remembered from the World War 1, for the battle where the British forces were defeated by Ottoman troops.
	i-cias.com /e.o/kut.htm (123 words)

	Siege of Kut (Site not responding. Last check: )
		It was badly mauled in three clashes in January (Sheikh Sa'ad on the 4th, Wadi on the 13th and Hanna on the 21st), the Ottoman army around Kut had called upon Khalil Pasha, who replaced Nur-Ud-Din as commander on January 10 and brought a further 20-30,000 veteran soldiers into the area.
		Following the January losses the British dug in but when Nixon was replaced as MEF commander by Percival Lake in February Aylmer's force was reinforced and had one last push, attacking the Dujaila redoubt on March 8 where nothing was achieved for the loss of 4,000 men.
		Kut was recaptured in February 1917 and the Allied forces went on to take Baghdad in March.
	www.serebella.com /encyclopedia/article-Siege_of_Kut.html (829 words)

	First World War.com - Battles - The Siege of Kut-al-Amara, 1916
		Aware too that his force was exhausted and unable to retreat further Townshend resolved to stay and hold Kut, a town of key importance to the British presence in the region.
		However whereas he was treated as something of an honoured guest (and ultimately was released to assist with the Ottoman armistice negotiations in October 1918), his men were treated with cruelty and routine brutality, with a significant percentage dying while in captivity.
		Baron von der Goltz meanwhile did not live to witness the conclusion of siege operations; he died ten days earlier of Typhus, although rumours persisted (unproven) that he was actually poisoned by a group of Young Turk officers.
	www.firstworldwar.com /battles/siegeofkut.htm (819 words)

	NationMaster - Encyclopedia: Siege of Kut (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Kut offered a good defensive position, it was contained within a long loop of the river.
		Kut (also known as Kut-Al-Imara and Kut El Amara) is a city in eastern Iraq, on the left bank of the Tigris River, about 100 miles south east of Baghdad, at 32.50°N, 45.82°E. In 2003 the estimated population is about 400,000 people.
		Kūt (كوت; also known as Kut-Al-Imara and Kut El Amara) is a city in eastern Iraq, on the left bank of the Tigris River, about 100 miles south east of Baghdad, at 32.50°N, 45.82°E. As of 2003 the estimated population is about 400,000 people.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Siege-of-Kut (2942 words)

	The Siege of Kut-al-Amara, 1915-1916
		He calculated that there were enough supplies in Kut to enable his force to hold out for a month: he was told it might take two months for the relief force to arrive.
		Losses during the fighting during the siege were approximately 2000 and the relieving force lost 23000 in the attempt.
		The decision to stand at Kut was a grave mistake: the initiative, until then always with the British in this campaign, passed to the Turks.
	www.1914-1918.net /meso_bat8.htm (871 words)

	[No title]
		'Townshend of Chitral & Kut' - Biography of Townshend by Erroll Sherson - Wm Heinemann 1928.
		> 'Townshend of Chitral & Kut' - Biography of Townshend by Erroll Sherson - Wm > Heinemann 1928.
		> > 'Townshend of Chitral & Kut' - Biography of Townshend by Erroll > Sherson - Wm > > Heinemann 1928.
	www.wwi-models.org /mail-archive/archive.cci/841 (753 words)

	The Austin Chronicle: News: KUT by the Numbers: That ringing sound you hear? It's the cash register at Austin's public ...
		KUT's average weekly audience has grown from 98,700 in 2000 to 191,900 in 2005, making it one of the highest-rated public radio stations in the country.
		Meanwhile, KUT is also spending more money on local programming than ever before, thanks, in large part, to the creation three years ago of a news department, the station's first real attempt to move into public affairs.
		KUT breaks down the cost of individual programs, but it includes so-called "soft costs," stationwide expenses that are charged to each show.
	www.austinchronicle.com /issues/dispatch/2006-01-20/pols_feature.html (3121 words)

	Colin Baxter/articles
		The force, compelled by the Turks to retreat to Kut al Amara, a village situated on the Tigris, was besieged for nearly five months.
		Despite numerous attempts to raise the siege, Kut finally surrendered on 29 April 1916.
		The siege of Kut is often described as the product of a huge risk being incurred for no little or no military advantage.
	pages.britishlibrary.net /colin.baxter/article01.html (304 words)

	Mesopotamia 1914-1918
		The advance plodded on, until a resounding defeat in November 1915 in front of Ctesiphon led to headlong retreat to Kut-al-Amara.
		The army in Kut became surrounded and besieged; eventually 9,000 (3,000 British and 6,000 Indian troops) surrendered five months later - the greatest defeat and loss in British military history up to that point.
		He introduced new methods, which culminated in a decisive defeat of the Turks in February 1917, and the capture of Baghdad in March 1917.
	www.1914-1918.net /mesopot.htm (1179 words)

	First World War.com - Memoirs & Diaries - The End of the Siege of Kut, April 1916
		Memoirs and Diaries: The End of the Siege of Kut, April 1916
		Was it to share in the joyous festival of Easter, of the resurrection of the God-plan, or was it the growing fear in our hearts that the service would be the last of its kind in Kut, and that the future was so full of uncertainty?
		Be that as it may, there was a very good attendance, and after the morning service the Communion was held.
	www.firstworldwar.com /diaries/siegeofkut.htm (645 words)

	The National Archives \| Exhibitions & Learning online \| First World War \| Battles
		The siege of Kut-al-Amara lasted 147 days, before the 11,800 British and Indian troops inside the garrison town finally surrendered on 29 April 1916.
		In bitterly cold weather and with little medical treatment, many of the soldiers did not survive the winter.
		Report on siege of Kut-al-Amara by Lieutenant H McNeal, Royal Field Artillery, Dec 1915-Apr 1916.
	www.nationalarchives.gov.uk /pathways/firstworldwar/battles/mesopotamia.htm (709 words)

	Highbeam Encyclopedia - Search Results for Siege
		Tobruk, Siege of (1941–42) German siege of British and Commonwealth troops in Tobruk in North Africa in World War II.
		MY GUN SIEGE FLAT ESCAPE; Hostage tells police he slipped through back door barricade.
		New film is under siege from Islamic groups.
	www.encyclopedia.com /SearchResults.aspx?Q=Siege&Offset=10 (912 words)

	Kut
		City in eastern Iraq with 370,000 inhabitants (2005 estimate) on Tigris river, on the junction between the river and the distribution canal Shatt al-Gharraf.
		The economy of Kut is based upon the rich agriculture of the region, of which Kut is the main trade and administrative centre.
		Kut is remembered from the World War 1, for the battle where the British forces were defeated by Ottoman troops.
	lexicorient.com /e.o/kut.htm (152 words)

	The siege of Baghdad
		It is only after a prolonged siege and the possible assassination of its military commander Ali Hassan al-Majid that Basra has begun to feel the weight of British incursions.
		Al Kut, where a large bridge is located on the Tigris, was initially bypassed by U.S. forces who crossed the river at An Numaniyah and Az Zubaydiyah, further north.
		The ideal option would be to employ the "siege of Paris" tactics of 1944, when the then U.S. commander Dwight D. Eisenhower managed to seek the surrender of the local German military leadership after convincing it of the futility of resistance, through a show of force and successful psychological operations.
	www.hindu.com /fline/fl2008/stories/20030425005601400.htm (1706 words)

	This Day in History 1915: Siege of British-occupied Kut, Mesopotamia begins (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Despite outnumbering the Turks two-to-one, Townshend’s troops, made up partially of soldiers dispatched from India, were forced to retreat to Kut, where on December 5 Turkish and German troops began a siege that would last for the next five months.
		Nixon had envisioned Kut as a base for his troops to invade further into the region and eventually provide a pivot point for an ambitious strategy where the Russians would enter the region through Azerbaijan and Persia and join the Allied forces to envelop the enemy.
		Kut fell on April 29, 1916, and Townshend was forced to give up the fight, along with his remaining 10,000 men.
	www.history.com /tdih.do?action=tdihArticleCategory&id=5 (424 words)

	This Day in History 1915: Battle of Ctesiphon in Mesopotamia
		Meanwhile, following their defeat at Kut, Turkish forces had withdrawn to carefully prepared and fortified defensive positions among the ruins of the ancient city of Ctesiphon.
		When Townshend’s troops began their attacks on the night of November 22, they were confronted by companies of largely inexperienced Turkish soldiers entrenched firmly in two lines on either side of the Tigris.
		After attempting four times without success to confront their opponents, suffering heavy casualties in the process, Townshend was forced to give up the fight, along with his remaining 10,000 men, on April 29, 1916.
	www.history.com /tdih.do?action=tdihArticleCategory&id=52136 (507 words)

	The New Yorker: PRINTABLES
		The survivors of the siege were sent on a death march and were press-ganged into work as laborers on a railroad line.
		Just outside the large concrete arches and the military inspection post that serve as the gateway to Kut, we passed an army barracks where uniformed men who seemed to be recruits were being rallied at the roadside, but there was a desultory look to their activity.
		An inscription next to the front gate read, “Kut War Cemetery, 1914-1918.” As I stared in dismay, the man who had guided us from the governor’s office explained, through Muslim, that the poor state of the graveyard was the result of the U.N. sanctions and the lack of diplomatic relations with Great Britain.
	www.newyorker.com /printable/?fact/030324fa_fact (3738 words)

	Random Works of the Web » Blog Archive » Charles Vere Ferrers Townshend
		Educated at Sandhurst, Charles served in the Sudan Expedition of 1884, the Hunza Naga expedition in 1891, and was the garrison commander during siege of Chitral Fort in the North West territories in 1895, for which he was awarded the CB.
		The siege of Kut was a drawn out and bitter affair for the British army.
		Military experts attacked him for not beating the Ottomans at Ctesiphon, for his passivity during the siege of Kut, and for his inaccurate reports which lead to the hasty first relief expedition.
	random.dragonslife.org /charles-vere-ferrers-townshend/5209 (912 words)

	The Hindu : Iraq: on duty once again?
		It had to retreat down the Tigris to Kut ul Amara where some 13,500 British and Indian troops and followers waited out a siege for five months before surrendering to the Turkish forces on May 1, 1916.
		The siege of Kut, it is routinely stated, was harsher for Indian soldiers because "caste prejudice" made them reluctant to eat the horses and mules which kept eating into grain reserves.
		A relieving force made three attempts to lift the siege, with a casualty rate which rose to the heart-rending figure of 33 per cent.
	www.hindu.com /mag/2004/03/21/stories/2004032100160200.htm (1637 words)

	DemocracyRising.US - Invasions
		The survivors of the siege were sent on a death march and were press-ganged into work as laborers on a railroad line.
		Just outside the large concrete arches and the military inspection post that serve as the gateway to Kut, we passed an army barracks where uniformed men who seemed to be recruits were being rallied at the roadside, but there was a desultory look to their activity.
		An inscription next to the front gate read, "Kut War Cemetery, 1914-1918." As I stared in dismay, the man who had guided us from the governor's office explained, through Muslim, that the poor state of the graveyard was the result of the U.N. sanctions and the lack of diplomatic relations with Great Britain.
	democracyrising.us /content/view/237/151 (3746 words)

	Western Front Association Contributed Articles (Site not responding. Last check: )
		After the failure of his assault on Ctesiphon, late in November 1915, Townshend's Anglo-Indian force was forced to retreat, reaching Kut on 3 December.
		With his exhausted infantry unable to travel further, Townshend decided to hold try to hold Kut, a key point in the territory held by the British in Mesopotamia.
		Without hope of relief, the Kut garrison surrendered on 29 April 1916, after a siege of almost 5 months; the defenders' limited food supply had run out and they were faced with imminent starvation.
	www.westernfrontassociation.com /thegreatwar/articles/timeline/kut.htm (333 words)

	Wikipedia: World War I
		October 9, Siege of Antwerp - Antwerp, Belgium fell to German troops.
		But in Mesopotamia, after the disastrous Siege of Kut (1915-16), the British reorganized and captured Baghdad in March 1917.
		Further to the west in Palestine, initial British failures were overcome with Jerusalem being captured in December 1917 and the Egyptian Expeditionary Force under Edmund Allenby going on to break the Ottoman forces at the Battle of Megiddo (September 1918).
	www.factbook.org /wikipedia/en/w/wo/world_war_i.html (3675 words)

	Strategic Insights -- The First World War Mesopotamian Campaigns: Military Lessons on Iraqi Ground Warfare
		Kut was defended by 7,000 Ottomans and thirty-one artillery pieces.
		With the surrender of Kut in 1915, it was not until 1917 that the British resumed offensive operations.
		Millar, Ronald, The Death of an Army: The Siege of Kut 1915-1916 (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1970); 15.
	www.ccc.nps.navy.mil /si/2005/Jun/aboul-eneinJun05.asp (6666 words)

	Worldandnation: From contractors to combat
		The Siege of Kut, as it became known, was overshadowed by other events that spring, including a surge in attacks that would make April 2004 the second deadliest month for coalition soldiers: 140 lives lost.
		In Kut, they began to take out their ire on RTI; rumors spread that it was a Zionist organization, a CIA front.
		In a followup report on the siege, Stokes, the KBR site manager, said certain decisions by the Ukrainian commanders "nearly cost us our lives." He also criticized the British coordinator for refusing to erect barricades that would have made the compound less vulnerable to attack.
	www.sptimes.com /2005/04/03/Worldandnation/From_contractors_to_c.shtml (2332 words)

	cantonrep.com - U.S. Marines clean neglected British World War I cemetery
		KUT, Iraq (AP) — For a day, U.S. Marines traded their rifles for rakes — to care for the final resting places of British soldiers who fought and died in another campaign, more than 80 years ago.
		But the British-led forces were caught in a 147-day siege at Kut, where 11,800 soldiers finally surrendered to Turkish forces on April 29, 1916.
		British forces renewed their northern push in 1917, recapturing Kut and making it to Baghdad, about 100 miles to the northwest, on March 11.
	www.cantonrep.com /printable.php?ID=96129 (554 words)

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