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Topic: Siege of Leiden

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	Leiden - LoveToKnow 1911
		LEIDEN or Leyden, a city in the province of South Holland, the kingdom of the Netherlands, on the Old Rhine, and a junction station 18 m.
		The two branches of the Rhine which enter Leiden on the east unite in the centre of the town, which is further intersected by numerous small and sombre canals, with tree-bordered quays and old houses.
		Leiden is an ancient town, although it is not the Lugdunum Batavorum of the Romans.
	www.1911encyclopedia.org /Leiden (858 words)

	Leiden
		Leiden (also Leyden in English) is a city and municipality in South Holland, The Netherlands.
		The population of Leiden which, it is estimated, reached 100,000 in 1640, had sunk to 30,000 between 1796 and 1811, and in 1904 was 56,044.
		The university of Leiden is a flourishing institution.
	www.ebroadcast.com.au /lookup/encyclopedia/le/Leyden.html (732 words)

	LEIDEN : Encyclopedia Entry
		Leiden is also known as one of the places where some of the Pilgrims (as well as some of the first settlers of New Amsterdam) [1] [2] lived for a time in the early 17th century before their departure to the New World [3].
		The end of the Spanish siege in 1574 is celebrated on 3 October by an annual parade, a day off, a fair and eating the traditional food of herring and white bread and hutspot.
		The chief of Leiden's numerous churches are the Hooglandsche Kerk (or the church of St Pancras, built in the 15th century and containing a monument to Pieter Adriaanszoon van der Werff) and the Pieterskerk (church of St Peter (1315) with monuments to Scaliger, Boerhaave and other famous scholars.
	www.bibleocean.com /OmniDefinition/Leiden (2112 words)

	Netherlands - LoveToKnow 1911
		At the siege and capture of Damietta (1218) it was the contingent of NorthNetherlanders (Hollanders and Frisians under Count William I.
		Dordrecht, Leiden, Haarlem, Delft, Vlaardigen, Rotterdam in Holland, and Middleburg and Zierikzee in Zeeland, repeated with modifications the characteristics of the communes of Flanders and Brabant.
		The The siege dykes were cut, the land flooded, but again and again and relief a relieving force was baulked in its attempts to reach of Leiden.
	www.1911encyclopedia.org /Netherlands (10060 words)

	History
		Although it is true that Leiden is an old city, its claimed connection with Roman Lugdunum Batavorum is spurious; this Roman encampment is actually the modern city of Katwijk.
		Leiden's medieval name was Leithon, and it was governed until 1420 by burgraves, the representatives of the courts of Holland.
		The stronghold of Leiden was located in the county of Holland.
	www.cityofleiden.com /html/history.html (687 words)

	The City of Leiden
		Leiden also offers a varied cultural life with many places to listen to music from all corners of the world or to watch dance and theatre performances.
		Leiden is also a museum city; in addition to other museums, it has four national museums including the extremely modern National Museum for Natural History (Naturalis), and the National Museum of Ethnology.
		Leiden is conveniently located in the political, cultural and economic heart of the Netherlands, which has an excellent public transportation system.
	www.leiden.edu /index.php3?m=&c=161&garb=0.33538417332730713&session= (880 words)

	John of Leiden - HighBeam Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		John of Leiden was attracted to the extreme left of the early Reformation movement through the influence of Thomas Münzer.
		After Matthyszoon's death in the siege, John of Leiden assumed leadership and set up a theocracy in the new Zion.
		When the siege to recover the town, led by the expelled prince bishop, was successful in 1535, the leaders of the new "kingdom of Zion" were barbarously tortured and in the following year executed.
	www.encyclopedia.com /doc/1E1-johnl1eid.html (396 words)

	Leiden, Netherlands, Pictures
		Leiden, city in the western Netherlands, in Zuid-Holland (South Holland) Province, on the Old Rhine River, near The Hague.
		Leiden is also the site of the Leiden University, one of the oldest and most distinguished universities in Europe.
		The citizens of Leiden successfully withstood a five-month siege by the Spanish in 1574 during a Dutch revolt against Spanish rule.
	www.greatestcities.com /Europe/Netherlands/Leiden_city.html (189 words)

	EW: Cossacks - Historical Events (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		On land, however, the Spanish siege of Leiden continued.
		The basic aim of the campaign of 1574 outlined by prince William of Orange was to relieve Leiden.
		His brother Louis of Nassau, having recruited mercenaries in Germany, was to advance to Maastricht, and in case of failure there, to set off for Delft to join William's troops.
	www.cossacks.de /english/encyclopedia/he_b8_mook.htm (246 words)

	Wards homepage dedicated to the town of Leiden
		Leiden is a town with a whole lot of history: in the municipal museum de Lakenhal you can find that out.
		Leiden is also the town with the oldest University of the Netherlands, granted in 1575 by prince William in gratitude because of the courage showed during the siege.
		Leiden is probably the town with the most museums in the Netherlands; since 1998 also the beautifull Naturalis.
	www.xs4all.nl /~edvisser/ward-en.html (278 words)

	History of Leiden University
		Leiden University is the oldest university in the Netherlands.
		It was a gift by the Prince of Holland William of Orange to reward the citizens of Leiden for their courageous defense of the city during the Spanish occupation in the 16th century.
		Leiden University was founded in 1575, as an unexpected gift to the city.
	www.leiden.edu /index.php3?m=2&c=425 (802 words)

	Walking tour of Leiden - Long Route
		One of Leiden’s aldermen, responsible for urban development, considered the ruin an eyesore in the way of the view from a modern commercial property he wanted as a replacement for the medieval houses across the street from the ruin.
		Their pigeons were used during the Siege of Leiden in 1573-1574 to send and bring messages between the people in Leiden and the navy of William of Orange, which eventually was able to sail up to the city walls to relieve the siege, once they had flooded the farmland south of town.
		STADHUIS (Town Hall): façade 1595; represents the attempt to revive Leiden's importance as a commercial center after the Siege of Leiden (1573-4), when half the population died of starvation, and after the fall of Antwerp to Catholic armies in 1585 and the closing of Antwerp's port.
	www.pilgrimhall.org /leidenwalkinglong.htm (3635 words)

	25th Annual Conference of the International Society for Clinical Biostatistics
		This proud facade symbolised the impetuous economic growth of the city, which followed the Relief of the Siege of Leiden in 1574.
		Leiden’s atmosphere is largely determined by its university.
		In 1575 Leiden was the first city in the North of Holland to be given a university in reward for the courageous behaviour displayed by its citizens during the Spanish occupation.
	iscb2004.clinicalresearch.nl /social.htm (770 words)

	John of Leiden Summary
		The Dutch Anabaptist John of Leiden (1509-1536) led the Anabaptist attempt to establish by force a "kingdom of God" in Münster, Germany.
		John of Leiden was then arrested, sentenced to death, and executed with horrible tortures on Jan. 22, 1536.
		The army of Münster was defeated in 1535 by the prince bishop Franz von Waldeck, and John of Leiden was captured.
	www.bookrags.com /John_of_Leiden (905 words)

	Medal, Relief of Leiden - Rijksmuseum Amsterdam - National Museum for Art and History
		This silver medal was struck to commemorate the Relief of Leiden on 3 October 1574.
		On the front the Spanish siege of Leiden is compared with the siege of Jerusalem by the king of Assyria.
		Depicted on the reverse of the medal is a view of Leiden above a map of the defenses and the retreat of the Spanish army.
	www.rijksmuseum.nl /aria/aria_assets/NG-VG-1-406?lang=en (108 words)

	Asherbooks Rare Books (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		The engravings in the text show the pincipal buildings and other sights in Leiden, including the University Library (interior and exterior), the medieval fortress, the botanical garden, the anatomy theatre, etc. Among the additions to this edition is a nearly full-page biography of Rembrandt (p.
		The second edition normally omitted a series of six folding engraved plates by Willem de Haan, depicting the events surrounding the 1574 siege of Leiden (included in the first and third editions), but they have been added to the present copy of the second edition, so that it offers the best of all editions.
		Small tear in the folding map of Leiden and some browning (caused by the stub) on one edge of another plate, a small hole in one text leaf, the corner of one text leaf restored (without loss of text) and a few marginal blemishes.
	www.asherbooks.com /832_v.html (504 words)

	Dirk van Duijvenbode - The family name Van Duijvenbode
		Because of the siege of the city, communication was not possible in the usual manners.
		In the last week of the siege several letters, by pigeons delivered, were received in the occupied city, in which the tactics to be used against the Spaniards were explained and city council and citizens were encouraged.
		Postma, Annemarie: Leiden Gebeiteld, Uitgave Dienst Bouwen en Wonen, municipality of Leiden, Leiden 1993.
	home.versatel.nl /van.duijvenbode/en/duijv.htm (2373 words)

	Leiden : Introduction \| Frommers.com
		A visit to Leiden is in the nature of a pilgrimage (pardon the pun) for Americans, for it was here that the Pilgrim Fathers found refuge during the long years they waited to sail to a fresh beginning in the New World.
		For the Dutch, the high point in Leiden's history is surely its display of heroism during the 5-month siege by the Spanish in 1574.
		Leiden is also known in artistic circles as the birthplace of Rembrandt, Jan Steen, and Lucas van Leyden.
	www.frommers.com /destinations/leiden/1498010001.html (327 words)

	AmericanHeritage.com / The Dutch Door to America
		Life in Leiden was agreeable, but Pilgrims worked about the effect of Dutch permissiveness on their children as well as about a loss of their English heritage.
		The Leiden American Pilgrim Museum, at Beschuitsteeg 9, behind the Hooglandsekerk, where numerous Pilgrims who remained behind were buried, is run by Jeremy Dupertuis Bangs, an American and a former curator of the Plimouth Plantation museum in Massachusetts.
		Life in Leiden was fairly agreeable, but Pilgrim parents worried about the effect of Dutch permissiveness on their children as well as about a lack of converts, loss of their English heritage, and continuing economic duress: even their children had to work hard.
	www.americanheritage.com /articles/magazine/ah/1999/2/1999_2_102.shtml (4789 words)

	Leiden, Netherlands
		Leiden is a city and municipality in South Holland (Zuid-Holland), The Netherlands.
		Leiden flourished in the 16th and 17th centuries due mainly to the weaving industry (mainly broadcloth).
		In 1574, the city of Leiden overcame a siege by the Spaniards, an event which is still celebrated annually on October 3.
	www.sacred-destinations.com /netherlands/leiden.htm (538 words)

	April 2: To the Dutch, it's `hutspot' 9
		The Siege of Leiden (also Lyden) was part of this revolutionary struggle.
		The siege also led to the creation of a national dish that is served on October 3, called hutspot.
		This is Dutch "hutspot," to be served on October 3, to commemorate the lifting of the siege.
	www.dailytidings.com /2002/news0415/columnists/columnists-08.php (537 words)

	WHKMLA : History of the Netherlands - The Dutch Revolt, 1572-1609
		The Spanish now laid siege to LEIDEN; when the Geuzen opened the floodgates and the water level rose, the Spanish had to withdraw and the city was saved.
		The Spanish army was superior on the battlefield and experienced in laying siege; BRUGES, YPRES and GHENT fell in 1584, BRUSSELS and ANTWERP in 1585.
		As commander of the Dutch army, Maurice took a number of Spanish-held fortresses by siege : Nijmegen and Zutphen, 1591; Steenwijk and Coevorden, 1592; Groningen, 1594; Oldenzaal, Enschede and Grol, 1597, thus clearing the stretch to the north of the Rhine from Spanish troops.
	www.zum.de /whkmla/region/lowcountries/dutchrevolt.html (1676 words)

	Siege of Leiden - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The city of Leiden had plenty of food stored for the siege which started in October 1573.
		The leader of the rebels, William the Silent, Prince of Orange, tried to help Leiden by sending an army into the Netherlands.
		The Spanish cannons became wet and the siege could not be continued.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Siege_of_Leiden (653 words)

	Butterflies and Wheels Article
		In Leiden, bread and fish brought in to revive the city’s starving survivors (half the people had died) gave a parallel with the New Testament story of the feeding of the five thousand (Matt.
		Leiden’s Thanksgiving on October 3 is not the only source (all agrarian communities have harvest thanksgivings), but it is one of the important sources for understanding how the Pilgrims chose to give form to their thankful rejoicing together in a more special manner.
		They thanked God for their preservation during their first year in Plymouth, where, as in Leiden’s siege, half the community had died, leaving the survivors to hope for and depend on divine protection and providence.
	www.butterfliesandwheels.com /articleprint.php?num=94 (1538 words)

	WHKMLA : Dutch Revolt, (1566) 1579-1648
		Spanish forces laid siege to Haarlem, the capital of Holland (Dec. 1572); the city surrendered July 12th; the defenders were executed.
		The siege of Alkmaar (Aug.-Oct. 1573) was abandoned; on Oct. 11th 1573 a Spanish fleet on the Zuiderzee was defeated by the Watergeuzen, her commander taken prisoner.
		In 1624 the Spaniards laid siege to Breda; the city fell in 1625.
	www.zum.de /whkmla/military/16cen/dutchrevolt.html (1935 words)

	English Pages - Mare 14, 11 December 2003
		Naturally, they chose Leiden because Leiden University was established by their ancestor and pater patriae, William of Orange, in gratitude for the heroic resistance during the siege of Leiden, 1573 to 1574.
		Leiden University is threatened by heavy weather: millions must be saved during the coming years.
		According to a recent survey, some 1,000 persons at the universities and academic institutions of Leiden, Amsterdam and Utrecht are active in Asian Studies: professors and other academic staff members teach and carry out research, supported by hundreds of museum curators, publishers, archivists, librarians, documentalists, ICT specialists, and technical and secretarial staff.
	www.leidenuniv.nl /mare/2003/14/englishpages.html (1999 words)

	VVV Leiden
		In de Gouden Eeuw was Leiden met al zijn rijkdom en academische faam de tweede belangrijkste stad van Nederland.
		Leiden is niet voor niets… de Stad van Ontdekkingen.
		In Leiden hangt tussen de historische gevels een moderne sfeer van winkelen, terrassen en uitgaan, de sfeer van de Leidenaar met zijn uitgesproken Bourgondische inslag.
	www.hollandrijnland.nl /leiden (369 words)

	Rijnsburg (ZH): reformed church or Laurentiuskerk
		The importance of the church is illustrated by the fact that many members of the court of Holland were buried here.
		In 1573 or 1574, during the siege of Leiden, the abbey and church were largely destroyed by the protestants.
		In 1578, the area had become protestant by then, work began on a new church behind the surviving tower, where the southern side-aisle used to stand.
	archimon.tripod.com /zuid-holland/rijnsburgherv.html (245 words)

	Who Was Arminius?
		He was the 12th student to enroll in the school that honored the heroic resistance of Leiden to Spanish siege in 1574.
		When two vacancies in the theological faculty at the University of Leiden had to be filled in 1603, people of influence in the government thought Arminius ought to be appointed, but strict Calvinists objected, unsettled by too many questions about Arminius' orthodoxy.
		The disagreement was resolved when both sides agreed to allow the one remaining member of the faculty, Franciscus Gomarus, to interview and evaluate Arminius for this position.
	www.members.aol.com /twarren20/arminius.html (2460 words)

	Netherlandic Treasures - Historical Sources
		A short description of the siege of Leiden, 1573-1574.
		This is one of a raft of similar publications, which served as news reports, spawned by the decades of war in the Low Countries.
		Prince William of Orange rewarded Leiden's citizens for their successful resistance to Spanish attack with the establishment of the University of Leiden in 1575.
	www.lib.umich.edu /spec-coll/netreasures/historical.html (835 words)

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