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Topic: Siege of Louisbourg

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	Exhibitions/Warfare/The Siege of Louisbourg
		Louisbourg, on Île Royale (Cape Breton Island), a purportedly impregnable fortress, was designed to serve as a blockade at the entrance to Canada.
		In 1745, during the War of the Austrian Succession, Louisbourg was placed under siege by troops from New England, backed by the English naval forces.
		But in 1758, a new siege, which lasted 60 days, was imposed by the English army and naval forces.
	www.champlain2004.org /html/11/13_e.html (185 words)

	Louisbourg
		Louisbourg, 18th-century fortified town, capital and major settlement of the French colony of Île Royale (Cape Breton I), 1713-58.
		Louisbourg was besieged in 1745 during the WAR OF THE AUSTRIAN SUCCESSION by troops from New England supported by the Royal Navy, and in 1758 by the British army and navy.
		The fall of Louisbourg, with the capture of Québec in 1759 and Montréal in 1760, ended France's military and colonial power in N America, although SAINT-PIERRE AND MIQUELON, acquired by France in 1763 after the SEVEN YEARS' WAR, partly replaced Île Royale as a base for the fishing industry.
	www.thecanadianencyclopedia.com /index.cfm?PgNm=TCE&TCE_Version=A&ArticleId=A0004781&mState=1 (570 words)

	The Second Siege of Louisbourg
		The fire on the rest of the fortifications of Louisbourg was marvelously true, and incessant; and as of late years they had been somewhat neglected, and in many places sea-sand had been used with the mortar in their construction, the effect of the English fire was more rapidly apparent.
		An attempt was made by the Governor of Louisbourg to procure a cessation of fire against a particular part of the works, behind which he said was the hospital for the sick and wounded.
		The expenditure of ammunition by the Royal Artillery during the siege was as follows:-13,700 round shot, 3340 shell, 766 case shot, 156 round shot fixed, 50 carcasses, and 1493 barrels of powder.
	www.1stroyals.org /louisbourg.html (0 words)

	Spartanburg SC \| GoUpstate.com \| Spartanburg Herald-Journal (Site not responding. Last check: )
		While Louisbourg's construction and layout was acknowledged as having superior seaward defences, its landward defences were vulnerable to siege batteries as they were overlooked by a series of low rises.
		In late March, the naval forces began to blockade Louisbourg, however the ice fields of the Gulf of St. Lawrence were being swept by winds off Louisbourg that spring, presenting a considerable hazard to wooden-hulled sailing ships.
		Amherst launched the siege of Louisbourg at daybreak on June 8, 1758.
	www.goupstate.com /apps/pbcs.dll/section?category=NEWS&template=wiki&text=Fortress_Louisbourg (2155 words)

	Fortress of Louisbourg Siege of 1758
		Louisbourg was defended by 10 naval vessels and nearly 7000 soldiers and sailors.
		Louisbourg's defenders were ready and eager to meet any invaders.
		The capture of Louisbourg and the destruction of all the remaining forts and outposts in Nova Scotia, New Brunswick and Prince Edward Island sealed the fate of the now isolated Quebec.
	www.louisbourg.ca /fort/siege1758.htm (1433 words)

	Siege of Leningrad - Search Results - MSN Encarta
		The siege was finally lifted by advancing Soviet armies in January 1944, by which time some 1.25 million citizens had perished as a result of the blockade.
		Leningrad, Siege of, also known as the 900-Day Siege, blockade by German forces of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics’ (USSR) second largest...
		Yorktown, Siege of, name applied to two different military actions, one at the end of the American Revolution, the other during the American Civil...
	encarta.msn.com /Siege_of_Leningrad.html (177 words)

	Louisbourg 1758 (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The fortress of Louisbourg was built beside a fine harbour with an entrance still further defended by a fortified island.
		Louisbourg harbour faces east, runs in west-ward nearly a mile, and is over two miles from north to south.
		The war had not been going well, and this victory at Louisbourg was the first that the British people could really rejoice over with all their heart.
	www2.marianopolis.edu /quebechistory/encyclopedia/Louisbourg1758.html (2599 words)

	Louisbourg
		The administrative center was called Louisbourg in honor of King Louis XIV and had the great advantage of being located on an ice-free harbor.
		Louisbourg was of particular concern to New England shipping and fishing interests, since it served as the base for French privateers.
		The fall of Louisbourg was a pivotal event in the war, giving the British control of the mouth of the St. Lawrence River and opening the door to the fateful Quebec campaign of the following year.
	www.u-s-history.com /pages/h556.html (768 words)

	CM Magazine: Louisbourg Under Siege
		The siege of Louisbourg covers four short decades of history from 1720 to 1760.
		While Louisbourg was not established for settlement but for commerce and a naval base, the video offers a glimpse into the lifestyle of a colony of France.
		In 1745, Louisbourg became a magnet for the New England colonies which were determined to remove their commercial rival.
	www.umanitoba.ca /outreach/cm/vol4/no7/louisbourg.html (510 words)

	Siege of Louisbourg
		Louisbourg was destined to fall to a New England army in 1745 and a professional British Army in 1758.
		The 1745 siege was conducted by an army raised by the colonial governments of New England who raised, equipped, supplied and transported their army to Louisbourg in the summer of 1745.
		The siege of 1758 was as a result of the British Government's strategy of weakening France by capturing her overseas Empire.
	www.juniorgeneral.org /donated/rod/Louisbourg.html (0 words)

	Louisbourg 1758 — www.greenwood.com
		Louisbourg represented a major threat to Anglo-American plans to invade Canada.
		The British army that besieged Fortress Louisbourg was larger than the one that was to lay siege to Quebec the following year.
		René Chartrand's text explains the background to the siege including the earlier naval operations, and the expulsion of the Acadian French populace from Nova Scotia in 1755 which resulted in unprecedented levels of "partisan" warfare on the western borders of Nova Scotia.
	www.greenwood.com /catalog/C8639.aspx (266 words)

	As I Please - 4,000 Yankees Attack Canada
		Men who were not misfiring the cannons might be wrestling, drinking, wasting ammunition with target practice, raiding local homes or playing an early version of tennis -- much to the chagrin of their general -- who dared not inflict harsh discipline for fear of losing control.
		When, a few years later, the British again battled France and retook Louisbourg and razed it to the ground, he was appointed Lieutenant General, but died in 1759 and was buried in Kittery.
		Among the souvenirs taken from the first siege, according to historian Joe Frost, was the bell from a Louisbourg church.
	www.seacoastnh.com /arts/please092702.html (1734 words)

	The Seige of Louisbourg, 1758 by Larry Ostola
		The damage was soon repaired, however, and the siege resumed with the British batteries on the far side of the Fortress finally opening fire on the town.
		The next phase of the siege of Louisbourg focussed on the destruction of five French ships protecting the harbour.
		These colours are put up near the west door of the cathedral, as a lasting memorial of the success of his majesty’s arms, in the reduction of the important fortress of Louisbourg, the islands of Cape Breton and St. John.
	www.militaryheritage.com /louisbg.htm (0 words)

	Reviews of 'Louisbourg 1758: Wolfe's first siege (Campaign)'
		Rene Chartrand has added a volume on the British siege and capture of Fortress Louisbourg in 1758 to complement his earlier volume on the Battle of Ticonderoga.
		The maps and artwork are excellent, although one minor exception is a map that clearly denotes all the major features within Fortress Louisbourg, such as the gates and bastions.
		Louisbourg is a National Park which includes an extensive, although not complete, recreation of the famous fortress-city.
	www.usingenglish.com /amazon/us/reviews/1841762172.html (719 words)

	Louisbourg, 1758
		But it was not nearly strong enough to attempt a sea-fight off Louisbourg, and three smaller fleets that were meant to join it were all smashed up off the coast of France by the British, who thus knew, before beginning the siege, that Louisbourg could hardly expect any help from outside.
		The fortress of Louisbourg was built beside a fine harbor with an entrance still further defended by a fortified island.
		Louisbourg harbor faces east, runs in westward nearly a mile, and is over two miles from north to south.
	www.canadiangenealogy.net /chronicles/louisbourg1758.htm (2705 words)

	FORTRESS OF LOUISBOURG TIMELINE SITE: 1780
		Louisbourg was occupied by New England militia from 1747-48.
		Louisbourg was returned to France at the Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle in 1748 in exchange for British retention of Madras (India).
		Louisbourg, which had continued to act as the administrative centre for such official activities as circuit court, was named provincial capital in 1784.
	fortress.uccb.ns.ca /TimeLine/1780.htm (1485 words)

	Cape Breton Island: Louisbourg
		Louisbourg was important because of the fishery and as a hub for international trade between the France, the West Indies, Quebec, Acadia and New England.
		The Louisbourg lighthouse is located at the entrance of the harbour.
		Louisbourg Harbour is a protected area but you may visit with a guide.
	louisbourg.com /sights.html (518 words)

	Siege of Louisbourg - Picture - MSN Encarta
		In the early 1700s the town of Louisbourg on Cape Breton Island was a French fortress.
		In 1758 the British captured the fortress and gained control of the island.
		This 18th-century color engraving by Charles Ince depicts the fortress during the siege.
	encarta.msn.com /media_461513242/Siege_of_Louisbourg.html (71 words)

	Siege of Knoxville - Search Results - MSN Encarta
		Knoxville, Siege of, in the American Civil War (1861-1865), an attempt by the Southern Confederates to drive the Union forces out of the city of...
		The city is located on the Tennessee River, in a broad valley that lies between the...
		Fortification and Siege Warfare, related branches of the art of military engineering.
	ca.encarta.msn.com /Siege_of_Knoxville.html (117 words)

	Siege and fall of Louisbourg, 2 June-27 July 1758 (Canada)
		Louisbourg guarded French access to their Canadian colony and it's capture left the colony isolated, and very hard to reinforce.
		The French had fortified the obvious landing places, and when the British attempted to land on 8 June, they were close to a disasterous repulse when two junior officers noticed a small and rocky creek that the French had not fortified, and diverted the assault into that gap.
		The last French hope was their ships of the line, whose's guns were able to threaten the siege, but on 21 July one lucky shot hit the powder store on one of the five, and the fire spread to two more.
	www.historyofwar.org /articles/battles_louisbourg.html (430 words)

	History Channel Classroom
		In the film, several historians mention that the sequence of events around the two sieges of the fortress laid the groundwork for two significant historical events.
		As the siege is ongoing, file your stories documenting the progress of the battle.
		Present it from the perspective of a young child or youth living in the town as the New Englanders or the British lay siege to the fortress.
	www.history.com /classroom/canadianclass/louisbourg.html (419 words)

	Louisbourg 1758 : Wolfe's First Siege
		The 1758 siege of Louisbourg was the most extensive siege operation ever attempted by the British forces in North America up to that time.
		René Chartrand's text explains the background to the siege including the earlier naval operations, and the expulsion of the Acadian French populace from Nova Scotia in 1755 which resulted in unprecedented levels of "partisan" warfare on the western borders of Nova Scotia.
		The course of the siege will be examined in detail, highlighting the key moments including silencing the Island Battery, taking Green Hill, etc. The story is largely based on first-hand accounts from the journals of several participants including Amherst and of French Governor Drucour's, whose excellent account has never been published.
	www.troupesdemarine.org /outils/biblio/fiches/lv000279.htm (512 words)

	Fortress Louisbourg Association ~Association de la Forteresse-de-Louisbourg - Publications
		The first comprehensive examination of the religious aspects of life in the French stronghold of Louisbourg during the 18th century.
		A narrative of the First Siege of Louisbourg, with extracts from French and English Diaries.
		Word of this war reached Louisbourg reached Louisbourg in early May. Before the end of the month an expedition from the capital of Isle Royale had captured the British fishing settlement at Canso.
	fortressoflouisbourg.ca /catalogue/publications.html (1235 words)

	Louisbourg
		The command of the land forces was given to General Jeffrey Amherst, a man of singular ability, bravery and discretion, whose fame has been somewhat eclipsed by that of the hero of Quebec, but whose services to his country cannot be too highly estimated.
		The fleet was under command of Admiral Boscawen, an officer of distinguished courage, and consisted of 23 ships-of-the-line and 18 frigates.
		The French, who had fortified the line of coast, made a stout resistance, but the heroism of Wolfe, and the courage of the soldiers whom he led, broke their line of defense and seized the key of the position, so that they were obliged to retreat.
	www3.telus.net /charlotte_taylor/Folder1/Louisbourg.htm (924 words)

	AmericanHeritage.com / Yankee Gunners at Louisbourg
		To New Englanders, Louisbourg was a frowning menace, never to be forgotten, lying grim and ominous just over the horizon—symbol of the threat which, as New England folk saw it, was implicit in French power in the North Country.
		Louisbourg had two principal outworks—the seemingly impregnable Island Battery situated on an outcrop in the middle of the harbor entrance, and an ominous work known as the Grand Battery, across the harbor from the fortress itself.
		Yet the siege, one of the most desperate and gallant exploits in the annals of warfare, an artillery epic, was far from futile.
	www.americanheritage.com /articles/magazine/ah/1955/2/1955_2_50.shtml (3810 words)

	MHS William Pepperrell Papers, 1664-1782 : Guide to the Microfilm Edition (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Terms of surrender of the fortress of Louisbourg, Cape Breton sent to Pepperrell by Louis Dupont Duchambon.
		The papers of William Pepperrell, commander of the Louisbourg expedition during King George's War, range from 1664-1782, with the bulk spanning 1745-1746.
		The papers document the 1745 expedition against the French at Louisbourg, and include military orders and reports, regiment lists, returns, correspondence regarding strategies, commission and discharge requests, accounts of payments and receipts from soldiers, reports on supplies, receipts and invoices on provisions.
	www.masshist.org /findingaids/doc.cfm?fa=fa0054 (664 words)

	- Welcome to Louisbourg -
		Wrecks of French man-of-war from the siege of 1758 lie at the bottom of the sea, off the coast of Louisbourg.
		Louisbourg Harbour is a protected area but you may dive with a guide.
		The Louisbourg Lighthouse is located at the entrance of the harbour.
	www.louisbourgtourism.com /things_to_do.html (0 words)

	NFB - Collection - Louisbourg Under Siege (Site not responding. Last check: )
		In 1758 the British laid siege to the fortress once again, this time razing it after its capture.
		Using stunning footage of the fortress and a re-creation of the 1745 Battle of Louisbourg, this beautifully shot documentary brings to life a turning point in North American history.
		The colonists' assault on Louisbourg played a pivotal role in the emergence of the US as a nation.
	www.nfb.ca /trouverunfilm/fichefilm.php?id=33339&v=h&lg=en&exp=43888 (185 words)

	USMHWeb22
		A colonial force of 4,200 Massachusetts-Bay militia under the command of William Pepperell, in conjunction with a fleet commanded by Sir Peter Warren, began a siege of the French fort of Louisbourg situated on Cape Breton Island in Nova Scotia.
		The siege would last forty-nine days with the English and colonists being successful in obtaining a surrender of the French on 16 June, 1745.
		The Siege of Louisbourg was the only significant battle of King George's War.
	www.motherbedford.com /USMHWeb22.htm (1013 words)

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