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Topic: Siege of Malta (1565)

	Siege of Malta (1565) - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The siege is one of the greatest sieges in the history of the world, fought by unequal forces on the small island of Malta which commands the sea-routes at the centre of the Mediterranean.
		Malta was defended by four fortresses, three around Grand Harbour controlled by the Knights, Fort St Elmo, Fort St Angelo, and Fort St Michael, and the old capital city of Mdina, on high ground in the central part of Malta.
		The siege, alongside the Battle of Lepanto and the Siege of Vienna, was a turning-point in European history, marking the end of the expansion of the Ottoman Empire in Europe.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Siege_of_Malta_(1565) (1003 words)

	Great Siege
		Malta, a less attractive island than Rhodes, was at least a self-contained, defendable unit; but to hold Tripoli as well at that time would have meant stretching their small forces beyond their capacity.
		The Bishop of Malta was to be chosen from three nominees by the King of Sicily, who was to hold sovereignty over the islands, while Maltese rights and privileges were to be preserved.
		Learning the truth, they made one more assault on Malta but the fresh opposing forces were too much for their dispirited men and on 8 September, the feast of the Birth of the Virgin, the Turks sailed home with only a quarter of their army intact, leaving Malta to its tattered peace.
	www.pynchon.pomona.edu /v/siege.html (1956 words)

	JS Online: Malta filled with beauty
		In 1565, a handful of European knights and the local population successfully defended Malta against the bulk of the Ottoman Empire.
		Valletta was built immediately after the Great Siege of 1565, and was named after Jean Parisot de la Valette, Grandmaster of the Knights of St. John at the time of the Ottoman siege.
		The events of 1565 are described in fascinating detail by Ernle Bradford in his book "The Great Siege: Malta 1565," but in sum, 700 knights and a few thousand ordinary Maltese civilians defended the island from an Ottoman invasion force estimated at more than 30,000.
	www.jsonline.com /dd/destnat/sep01/malta02090101.asp?format=print (2336 words)

	About Malta
		The Maltese archipelago, composed of the islands of Malta, Gozo, and Comino is situated in the Mediterranean and lies 93 kilometres South of Sicily(Italy) and 288 kilometres from the nearest coast on North Africa.
		Malta became an island some 10,000 years ago with the end of the ice age and the first inhabitants appeared some 7,000 years ago during the Neolithic period.
		Malta was captured by the Arabs in 870 AD, who developed agriculture and Melita, the capital city, became known as Mdina.
	www.business-line.com /abtmalta.htm (546 words)

	Malta History 1000 AD - present
		Malta had lost 219 Knights and 9,000 inhabitants, yet de Valette's genius quickly rekindled the islanders' spirit with a massive peacetime project; the building of a fortified city.
		Malta, however, was not rid of its most dangerous adversary until the battle of Lepanto (1571) which dealt the Ottoman fleet a fatal blow.
		Malta had to be defended but the early months saw much damage as the islands' air defenses, initially composed of three Gloster Gladiator biplanes which the locals immediately christened Faith, Hope and Charity, were brought up to scratch with the inclusion of Hurricane and Spitfire fighters.
	www.carnaval.com /malta/history/knights (2869 words)

	MALTA
		The Knights, eventually became known as the Knights of Malta and gave Malta the heritage of the Maltese Cross, the eight-pointed cross which was a symbol used by the knights to denote the eight obligations or aspirations of the knights.
		Malta was to remain a colony of the U.K. until it became independent in 1964.
		Malta played a pivotal role during the last World War and was granted the George Cross by King George for the bravery the Maltese people showed during numerous attempts by the Italians and the Germans to capture the islands.
	www.maltagozo.com /history.html (1242 words)

	Merlins Over Malta - The Defenders Returned! (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		The second Great Siege of Malta was truly a pivotal event in the war in Europe and was vital to the Allies eventual victory.
		Spitfires were flown into Malta from the carrier HMS Eagle on the 7th March 1942 to augment the obsolescent Hawker Hurricanes valiantly holding the fort.
		The defence of Malta was an All Arms maximum effort; Royal Navy, Royal Air Force, Army, Merchant Navy all contributing to their limits together with the people of Malta battling in a fight to the finish, a fight that triumphed.
	www.merlinsovermalta.com /worldwar2 (1030 words)

	Malta - World Travel Guide (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Malta is an island country in the Mediterranean Sea that lies south of the island of Sicily, Italy.
		Malta and Tunisia are discussing the commercial exploitation of the continental shelf between their countries, particularly for oil exploration.
		Malta is, generally, quite a safe country with little in the way of violent crime or political disturbances.
	www.world-travel-guide.net /index.php?title=Malta (1845 words)

	Hill Museum & Manuscript Library \| New page template (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		The Siege of Malta in 1565 began in May with the arrival of 40,000 Ottoman Turks led by Dragut, the Governor of Tripoli.
		The Siege of Malta, 1565; translated from Spanish by Henry Alexander Balbi; with a foreword by Harry Luke (Copenhagen, 1961).
		Its purpose was to suppress heresy in the Catholic Church in Malta.
	www.hmml.org /centers/malta/hospitallers/hospitallers.asp (1741 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		The fortress city of Malta on its Grand Harbour, the Marsa, was flanked by rocky hilltops and defended from spits of rock.
		Plunging into the water, they were met, in a series of hand-to-hand swimming combats, by naked Maltese, armed literally to the teeth, with daggers and knives in theirs mouths, who as sons of the sea in their own native element grappled fiercely with the invaders and preserved the boom intact.
		Malta had indeed been lost, in his old age, through the want of so strong and united a command as had won him the island of Rhodes, in his youth, from the same implacable Christian enemy.
	www.tughranet.f2s.com /malta.htm (2783 words)

	Siege: Malta 1940-1943 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Four hundred years after the Great Siege of 1565, Malta was revisited by a remarkably similar set of circumstances as the Axis forces of Hitler and Mussolini swept through Europe and North Africa in the early 1940's.
		Bradford's book, unlike his account of the 1565 siege, is much more of a factual military history of the period and for that reason it is not as entertaining or intense a read.
		As in 1565, the full force of the enemy's anger and frustration was brought to bear on Malta and the book is full of statistics and detail about the many maritime and airborne encounters between the British and Axis combatants.
	www.armchairfans.co.uk /books/0850529301 (323 words)

	History [aboutmalta.com]
		Malta immediately joined the United Nations as a sovereign state and on the 13th of December 1974 became a republic.
		The Great Siege of Malta 1565 is a docu-drama in two 45 minute episodes released for worldwide television to coincide with the 900th Anniversary of the foundation of the Hospitalier Order of the Knights of St. John of Jerusalem, of Rhodes and of Malta.
		Malta earned this unique honour for the heroic resistance of its civilian population in the face of one of the harshest sieges of the Second World War.
	www.aboutmalta.com /history/8settemb.shtml (1160 words)

	WHKMLA : Ottoman Siege of Malta, 1565
		Malta, on the other hand, was the object of Muslim raids, as in the case of the raid on Gozo in 1551.
		From a Turkish perspective, the Siege of Malta was a success, insofar it had caused the christians to spend great effort in the defense of Malta; when Ottoman forces attacked the Aegaean Islands - Chios (Genoese), Naxos etc. (Venetian), little effort was made to defend them (1566).
		The Great Siege of Malta 1565 may very well be regarded the last historic episode in which a force mainly consisting of knights won a decisive victory.
	www.zum.de /whkmla/military/16cen/malta1565.html (520 words)

	Amazon.com: Great Siege: Malta 1565 (Wordsworth Military Library.): Books: Ernle Bradford (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		The Fortifications of Malta 1530-1945 (Fortress) by Charles Stephenson
		In 1565 the Ottoman Empire was at its peak.
		He determined to obliterate the Knights of Malta.This reconstruction of the Siege of Malta brings history vividly alive, and carries the reader through the many battles, the heroism and the hunger to the relief which came, nearly too late, and the final victory.
	www.amazon.com /Great-Siege-Wordsworth-Military-Library/dp/1840222069 (1940 words)

	The Chalcedon Foundation - Faith for All of Life
		He said, “Nothing is better known than the siege of Malta.” In this dark age of historical ignorance, with abysmal historic mental lapses and pandemic historic amnesia, the siege of Malta in 1565 ranks as one of the most forgotten events ever.
		Malta is a springboard to Italy, and from Malta Paul went to Rome where he wrote several of the New Testament epistles.
		Malta was all that stood between the Islamic East and the Christian West.
	www.chalcedon.edu /articles/article.php?ArticleID=175 (2359 words)

	Amazon.co.uk: The Great Siege: Malta, 1565 (Wordsworth Military Library): Books: Ernle Bradford (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		This reconstruction of the Siege of Malta brings history alive, and carries the reader through many battles, the heroism and the hunger to the relief which came, nearly too late, and the final victory.
		"The Great Siege" is a fascinating study of the events surrounding the attempt in 1565 by the Moslem Turks to conquer Malta,drive out the Christian Knights of St John and establish an Islamic hegemony over the Mediterranean,with a view to using the island as a base for further expansion into Southern Europe.
		Malta was to become very important in a subsequent war and displayed the same heroism again.
	www.amazon.co.uk /Great-Siege-Wordsworth-Military-Library/dp/1840222069 (1329 words)

	Malta travel guide - Wikitravel (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Malta [1] is an island country in the Mediterranean Sea that lies south of the island of Sicily, Italy.
		In 1565, Suleiman the Magnificent, sultan of the Ottoman Empire, mounted a great siege of Malta with a fleet of 180 ships and a landing force of 30,000 men.
		There is the regular ferry service between Ċirkewwa on Malta and Mġarr on Gozo, it goes every 45 minutes in the summer and almost as often in the winter, The trip there is free, but to go back to Malta costs 2 Lira.
	wikitravel.org /en/Malta (2542 words)

	Cloggie :: Booklog :: The Great Siege: Malta 1565
		From Malta, the Knights of St. John could and did raid Ottoman convoys, not to mention attack its possessions or that of its allies in Northern Africa.
		It is therefore no surprise that Soleyman took the decision in 1564 to conquer Malta, ending the threat of the Order as well as gaining a valuable jumping off points for further conquests in the Eastern Mediterranean.
		is better described as the story of the siege of Malta, than as the history of it.
	www.cloggie.org /books/great-siege.html (612 words)

	World Heritage Sites in Malta (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		The city was built after the Great Siege of Malta in 1565, which checked the advance of Ottoman power in southern Europe, it was named after Grand Master de la Valette of the Knights of St.
		The knights had a long series of grand masters, then the island of Malta was taken by the French in 1798, but a Maltese revolt against the French garrison led to Valletta's seizure by the British in 1800.
		Its prime location in the Mediterranean caused it to be subjected to severe bombing raids during World War II and after withstanding another great siege the entire islands population was awarded the highest British civilian award, the George Cross.
	www.thesalmons.org /lynn/wh-malta.html (195 words)

	Siege - Castle Quest
		A detailed history of the greatest medieval siege, includes background history, excerpts from an eyewitness written account, details of tactics, manouvres, weaponry, armour, dress, chivalric attitude, politics.......
		There is a book which illustrates the variety of excellent paintings of the Siege from various sites in Valletta, though as far as I'm aware it's only available in Malta.
		1565, the great Siege of Malta, Joseph Ellul, 1992, published by author, no ISBN illustrated, and like most Maltese publications is available in English, French and German.
	www.castlesontheweb.com /quest/Forum10/HTML/000071.html (253 words)

	Charting the Great Siege of Malta: Melita nunc Malta (1565).(Map Of The Month)(Brief Article) Geographical - Find ...
		This anonymous map of the Great Siege of Malta by Ottoman Turkish forces, was published in Rome in August 1565.
		The islands of Malta and Gozo were granted by the Hapsburg Emperor Charles V to the Knights Hospitalers of St John of Jerusalem in 1530.
		Malta was a thorn in the Ottomans' side and, in May 1565, they laid siege to the island.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_hb3120/is_200411/ai_n7778533 (273 words)

	OPFOR: September 11thâ¦ 1565
		And so it was that on Tuesday, September 11th 1565, the Ottoman Turks were driven from the Malta by the stalwart defense of a small group of living anachronisms and the islandâs own brave inhabitants.
		The greatest military force in the Mediterranean was broken on the walls of the islandâs fortresses, and the swords, spears and shields of the islanders and the Knights.
		Malta was very strategic, the Knights inflicted huge damage on Turkish shipping in the Western Med, just as in the 1940s Malta was used a base to sink many ships from Italy reinforcing Rommel's armies in Africa.
	op-for.com /2006/09/september_11th_1565.html (7804 words)

	Siege of Malta 1565 [FPS], 1843831406, £14.99/$24.95, 224pp, 2005 (via CobWeb/3.1 planetlab2.netlab.uky.edu) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		The siege of Malta was a crucial moment in the long struggle between Islam and Christendom for domination of the Mediterranean, fought out by unequal forces on the small island which commands the sea-routes at the centre of that sea.
		The Knights of St John were a survival from the medieval world, the largest of the surviving crusading orders, and they had been driven out of their base on Rhodes in the eastern Mediterranean after a great onslaught by the Turks in 1522.
		The extraordinary drama that unfolded after the first appearance of the Turkish fleet in the summer of 1565 is told in his own words, giving equal credit to the courage and leadership of the Knights and the grim determination of the ordinary people of Malta.
	www.boydell.co.uk.cob-web.org:8888 /43831406.HTM (433 words)

	Re-enactment - Birgu (Vittoriosa) - Malta Festivals (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		While the Knights of St. John celebrated the Great Siege with a service in St. John conventual church in Valletta, the Universita’ of Vittoriosa and the clergy at St. Lawrence church commemorated the dead while celebrating the Madonna tal-Vitorja by a procession whereby an effigy of the Holy Virgin was carried around the town.
		During the ceremony the names of Maltese heroes of the siege were eulogized.
		The re-enactment of the erection of the statue on top of the stone pillar was held on Sunday 9th October at 11.00 hrs at Victory Square in Vittoriosa (Birgu).
	www.maltafestivals.com /index.pl/historic_cities_birgu_renactment (341 words)

	Men of Faith, Men of Abnegation (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		These ideas were resplendent at the Siege of Malta in 1565, the theme of Nicholas Prata’s book: Angels in Iron.
		At that time Suleiman the Lawgiver, one of the greatest emperors of the Ottoman Empire, invaded Malta, hoping to eradicate the Hospitallers and use the island as a staging point for an invasion of Italy.
		This was exemplified at the Siege of Malta when the fort St. Elmo, shattered by weeks of relentless cannon fire, was on the verge of collapse.
	www.tfp.org /TFPForum/TFPRecommends/Books/angels_in_iron.htm (616 words)

	Great Siege of Malta-1565 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		The siege of St Elmo, 27th May 1565
		The "Piccolo Soccorso" or reinforcement of Birgu on the night of 5th July 1565
		The siege of Birgu at the Post of Castile, 6th July 1565
	www.aragon10.free-online.co.uk /grandmasters/greatsiege1565.html (98 words)

	Malta City Tours
		During this excursion, we visit the Azur window at Dwejra, the citadel in Victoria, the bay of Xlendi and we also stop at a spectacular cultural experience were Gozo’s history throughout the centuries is brought back to life.
		– Tour to the south of Malta for a visit of Marsaxlokk, which waterfront is filled with the local type of fisher boats, the ‘luzzu’, painted in traditional reds, blues and yellows.
		As the evening comes to an end this experience will be further enhanced by a visit to the Knights of Malta spectacle that will give us an insight of various episodes that have given Malta the fascination that is unique.
	www.southtravels.com /europe/malta/citytours.html (911 words)

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