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	List of sieges - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Siege of Jerusalem (701 BCE) - the Assyrian siege of Sennacherib
		Siege of Gibraltar (1374) - sixth siege of Gibraltar, by the Nasrid in the Reconquista
		Siege of Gibraltar (1467) - ninth siege of Gibraltar, by the Duke of Medina Sidonia
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/List_of_sieges (1025 words)

	Nicaea
		Nicaea (now İznik) is a city in Anatolia (now part of Turkey) which is known primarily as the site of two major meetings (or Ecumenical councils) in the early history of the Christian church.
		Nicaea (Greek Nikaia) was originally founded around 310 B.C. by the Macedonian king Antigonus, who had taken control of much of Asia Minor upon the death of Alexander the Great (under whom he served as a general).
		The church of Haghia Sophia was built by Justinian in the middle of the city in the 6th century, and it was there that the Second Council of Nicaea met in 787 to discuss the issues of iconography.
	www.ebroadcast.com.au /lookup/encyclopedia/ni/Nicaea.html (886 words)

	The Walls of Nicaea
		Nicaea, today Iznik, is located on the shore of a lake close to the Asian coast of the Marmara Sea, in the historical region called Bithynia.
		Although Nicaea had been inhabited since the most ancient time, an earthquake destroyed it in AD 123 and the town was redesigned and rebuilt under Emperor Hadrian.
		Nicaea played a great role in the history of Christianity when in 325 and in 787 it hosted two of the seven ecumenical councils recognized by all churches.
	members.tripod.com /romeartlover/Nicea.html (1502 words)

	Crusades - LoveToKnow 1911 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		For a thousand years, from the Hegira in 622 to the siege of Vienna in 1683, the peril of a Mahommedan conquest of Europe was almost continually present.
		Their first operation was the siege of Nicaea, defended by a Seljuk garrison, but eventually captured, with the aid of Alexius, after a month's siege (June 18).
		The siege was long protracted; the mass of the pilgrims were anxious to proceed to Jerusalem, and, as the altered tone of the author of the Gesta sufficiently indicates, thoroughly weary of the obstinate political bickerings of Raymund_and Bohemund.
	www.1911encyclopedia.org /C/CR/CRUSADES.htm (16692 words)

	Constantinople
		Leo's son in law, the father of Leo II, was to be regent, during the boy's childhood.
		Alexander was the younger brother of Leo VI and the third son of Basil.
		Nicaea, the capital of Roum, was eminently near the Bosporus.
	www.roman-empire.net /constant/constantinople.html (13388 words)

	Islam and Europe Timeline (355-1291 A.D.)
		Son of Charles Martel and father of Charlemagne, in 0759 Pippin would capture Narbonne, the last Muslim stronghold in France, and thereby drive Islam out of France.
		Son of Charles Martel and father of Charlemagne, in 759 Pippin captured Narbonne, the last Muslim stronghold in France, and thereby drove Islam out of France.
		Arslan is the son of Togrul Beg, conqueror of Baghdad who made himself ruler of the Caliphate, and great-grandson of Seljuk, founder of the Seljuk Turkish empire.
	www.thelatinlibrary.com /imperialism/notes/islamchron.html (7477 words)

	Wikinfo \| Nicaea
		Several other of Alexander generals (known together as the Diadochi) later conspired to remove Antigonus, and after defeating him the area was given to Thessalian general Lysimachus (Lysimakhos) (circa 355 BC-281 BC) in 301 BC as his share of the lands.
		The church of Haghia Sophia was built by Justinian I in the middle of the city in the 6th century (modelled after the larger Hagia Sophia in Constantinople), and it was there that the Second Council of Nicaea met in 787 to discuss the issues of iconography.
		After the European armies laid siege to the city and penetrated the walls, they were surprised to awake the next morning to see the Greek flags of Emperor Alexius I flying over the city.
	www.wikinfo.org /wiki.php?title=Nicaea (914 words)

	William III Taillefer, Pons, William IV and Ramon IV, Count of Toulouse
		He was present at the siege of Nicaea and the Battle of Dorylaeum in 1097, but his first major role came in October of 1097 at the siege of Antioch.
		He was ill during the second siege of Antioch by Kerbogha, and so missed an outbreak of bogus miracles, which culminated in the discovery of the Holy Lance by a monk named Peter Bartholomew.
		William was deposed in the same year by Raymond's eldest son Bertrand, and the county remained in the possession of the counts of Toulouse throughout the 12th century.
	www.languedoc-france.info /19020103_ramoniv.htm (1298 words)

	Godfrey of Bouillon
		Duke of Lower Lorraine and first King of Jerusalem, son of Eustache II, Count of Boulogne, and of Ida, daughter of Godfrey the Bearded, Duke of Lower Lorraine; b.
		Far from directing the crusade, he appears to have taken an obscure part in the siege of Nicæa and the battle of Dorylæum (1 July, 1097).
		At the siege of Antioch he consented to obey the orders of Bohemond, and after the capture of the city he had to give up the castle which his followers had taken (July, 1098).
	www.catholicity.com /encyclopedia/g/godfrey_of_bouillon.html (1838 words)

	Millers Church History by Andrew Miller - Chapter 20
		He is represented by the chroniclers as remarkable for the depth of his piety and the mildness of his character in ordinary life; but wise in counsel, and bold as a lion in the battlefield.
		Nicaea was besieged, and yielded in about five weeks, but they were greatly disappointed of their expected plunder.
		The siege lasted forty days, but they were forty days of great suffering to the besiegers; especially from the fierce thirst produced by the midsummer sun of that parched country.
	www.the-tribulation-network.com /ebooks/millers/miller20.htm (7927 words)

	godfrey of bouillon (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		He was the second son of Eustace II, count of Boulogne, and Ida, daughter of Godfrey II, Duke of Lower Lorraine.
		He fought for Henry, however, both on the Elster and in the siege of Rome, and in 1082 was given the duchy of Lower Lorraine.
		Godfrey was active in the siege of the city, and on July 15, 1099, he was one of the first to enter the city, which was the scene of a general massacre of Muslims and Jews.
	www.crusades-history.com /Godfrey-of-Bouillon.aspx (884 words)

	Siege of Nicaea - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Nicaea – Dorylaeum – Antioch – Jerusalem – Ascalon
		Nicaea, located on the eastern shore of Lake Ascanius, had been captured from the Byzantine Empire by the Seljuk Turks in 1077, and formed the capital of the Sultanate of Rüm.
		The crusaders left Nicaea on June 26, in two contingents: Bohemund, Tancred, Robert Curthose, Robert of Flanders, and Taticius in the vanguard, and Godfrey, his brother Baldwin of Boulogne, Stephen, and Hugh of Vermandois in the rear.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Siege_of_Nicaea (937 words)

	CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Nicaea
		Captured by the Seljukids at an unknown date, perhaps subsequent to the revolt of Melissenus against Nicephorus Botaniates, it was afterwards ceded to the Turks by Alexius Comnenus.
		In June, 1097, the city was taken, after a memorable siege, by the Crusaders and ceded by them to the Greek Emperor Alexius I. It was retained, but with great difficulty, during the twelfth century.
		After the capture of Constantinople by the Latins in 1204 Nicaea, restored, fortified, and embellished, became until 1261 the capital of the new Byzantine Empire of the Lascari or Palaeologi.
	www.newadvent.org /cathen/11043a.htm (556 words)

	ANISTORITON: Viewpoints (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Nicaea was a place of vital importance to the safety of both the Crusaders and Constantinopole.
		Nicaea was heavily fortified by four miles of walls and two hundred and forty (240) towers manned by a strong garrison.
		Five days after leaving Nicaea, that is on July 1, 1097, the division led by Bohemund, on its way to Dorylaeum, suffered a surprise attack by Kilij Arslan who had hastily gathered his forces and was also assisted by another Turkish Prince; Ghazi Ibn Danishmend.
	www.anistor.co.hol.gr /english/enback/v991.htm (3321 words)

	The Age of Chivalry - Empire of Nicaea 1204-1261 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Founded by Theodore I Laskaris, son-in-law of Alexios III Angelos Komnenos, the Empire of Nicaea was situated in north-western Anatolia and at its height controlled the western rim of Asia Minor as well as Thrace and southern Macedonia with the city of Nicaea (Iznik) as the capital.
		The Empire of Nicaea was now in effect a Byzantine ‘empire in exile’ and to reflect this Theodore set up a range of institutions along Constantinopolitan lines.
		The town of Nicaea was blessed with powerful walls and the empire itself benefited greatly from a prosperous economy of grain produce from the riverine valleys and craft production and trade from a dozen key cities.
	www.taoc.co.uk /content/view/33/45 (913 words)

	The Counts of Toulouse and the County of Tripoli
		Count Raymond III of Tripoli, who reigned from 1152 to 1187, was an important figure in the history of the Kingdom to the south, due to his close relationship to its Kings (his mother Hodierna was a daughter of Baldwin II of Jerusalem) and to his own position as Prince of Galilee through his wife.
		He was the son of William IV of Toulouse and Adelaide (the daughter of Pons III of Toulouse), and so was also nephew of Raymond IV of Toulouse.
		He was the eldest son of Raymond IV of Toulouse, and had ruled Toulouse since Raymond left on the First Crusade in 1095.
	www.languedoc-france.info /19020104_tripoli.htm (3391 words)

	A History of the General Councils - AD 325 through AD 1870 - Mgr. Philip Hughes
		He was crowned on March 25, 717, and just four months later the siege of Constantinople began; huge armies of Mohammedans on the land side, and a vast fleet in the sea of Marmora and the Black Sea.
		His son, who succeeded as Constantine V, was to reign for thirty-five years, and to show himself as capable as his father had been.
		Coming to the crucial point, "We define," the decree states, "that, as with the priceless, life-giving cross,[16] so with the venerable and holy images, they may be set up in their various forms in the churches, on the sacred vessels and vestments, on the walls; likewise in private houses, and along the wayside....
	www.christusrex.org /www1/CDHN/coun8.html (5636 words)

	Tancred
		He was the son of Marquess Odo and Emma, probably the daughter of Robert Guiscard.
		Unlike Bohemund, he was the only one of all the leaders who refused to take the oath of fidelity demanded by Alexis Comnenus.
		He played an important part in the siege of Nicæa, and later, during the difficult march through Asia Minor, he led the way southwards and captured Tarsus which Baldwin tried in vain to wrest from him (Sept., 1097).
	www.catholicity.com /encyclopedia/t/tancred.html (493 words)

	First Crusade, 1096-1099
		The siege of Nicaea lasted from 14 May-19 June 1097, and just when the crusaders were about to break into and sack the city, Alexius negotiated its surrender and managed to get troops into the city, once again souring relations between the Byzantines and the crusaders.
		The siege was ended on 28 June, when the massively outnumbered crusaders sallied from the city, with at most 15,000 combatants.
		The remaining 12,000 crusaders reached Jerusalem in far too weak a condition to maintain a siege similar to that at Antioch, and the siege of Jerusalem (9 June-18 July 1099) was dominated by preparation for the successful assault, which defeated the more numerous Fatimid defenders.
	www.historyofwar.org /articles/wars_crusade1st.html (811 words)

	Medieval Sourcebook: The Siege and Capture of Nicea 1097
		Meanwhile, we came to Nicaea, which is the capital of all Romania, on the fourth day, the day before the Nones of May, and there encamped.
		The city of Nicaea is very strongly fortified by nature, as well as by art.
		It has on the west a very large lake flowing up to the wall; on the remaining three sides is a moat filled with the overflow of certain little streams; in addition, it is encircled by walls so high that neither the assaults of men nor the attacks of any machine are feared.
	www.fordham.edu /halsall/source/cde-nicea.html (2580 words)

	Nicaea
		When the army arrived, Kilij Arslan had left his family at Nicaea and was a thousand miles away fighting the Danishmend for control of Melitene.
		Alexius also knew that the Nicaea could never be truly be truly surrounded unless there was a naval blockade.
		The crusaders were well rewarded for their efforts - it had been a long, hard siege, and many had died.
	www.medievaltymes.com /courtyard/nicea.htm (740 words)

	chronological 1095 - 1099
		• Edgar of Scotland, son of Malcolm III of Scotland defeats, blinds, and imprisons Donald III of Scotland.
		Nicaea is at this time under the control of Kilij Arslan (Dawud Kilij Arslan Suleyman ibn Kut al-Mish), sultan of the Seljuk Turkish state of Rhum (a reference to Rome).
		During this siege Crusaders learn to chew on the reeds known to Arabs as sukkar - this is their first experience with sugar and they come to like it.
	www.allcrusades.com /CHRONOLOGICAL/chrono-1095-1099.html (3373 words)

	First Crusade
		After the submission of Nicaea, which the crusaders left on 26 June 1097, Steven of Blois had written home that unless Antioch proves a stumbling block we hope to be in Jerusalem in five weeks time (ibid:50), yet they did not reach Jerusalem for a further two years.
		By that time those laying siege were worse off than those inside the city, many had deserted and some were so hungry that they had reportedly turned to cannibalism.
		There was careful planning and preparation for the attack on Jerusalem, after the initial failure to penetrate it, such as the building of siege towers, which required a unity of purpose, symbolised by the ritualistic act of walking barefoot round the walls of Jerusalem.
	www.geocities.com /Athens/Olympus/9767/firstcrusade.html (2814 words)

	Roman timeline from 364AD to 476AD
		The army marched on to Nicaea, the nearest city of any consequence, and a meeting of civil and military officials was convened to choose a new emperor.
		As the son of a soldier, Theodosius was legally obliged to enter upon a military career.
		The best explanation for the death of Theodosius the Elder is that he had tried to intervene on behalf of his son, and Valentinian had had him executed as a result, most probably during the early new year of 375.
	myweb.tiscali.co.uk /temetfutue/timeline/tl_Imperial-e.htm (19562 words)

	Siege of Antioch
		She then said, "I warn you, son, in the names of all the gods and by your great kindness, not to enter into battle with the Franks, because you are an unconquered knight, and I have never at all heard of any imprudence from you or your army.
		For we know well enough, son, that you are mighty in battle, and valiant and resourceful, and that no host of Christians or pagans can have any courage before your face, but are wont to flee at the mention of your name, as sheep flee before the wrath of a lion.
		Her son said "(Even) if such is the case, I will not refrain from fighting with them." Thereupon, when his mother heard that he would in no way yield to her advice, she returned, a very sad woman, to Aleppo, carrying with her all the gifts that she could take along.
	www.ordotempli.org /siege_of_antioch.htm (15046 words)

	Siege of Nicaea, 14 May-19 June 1097
		The danger Byzantium stood in is amply demonstrated by the presence of the Seljuk Turks at Nicaea, a major fortified city only fifty miles from Constantinople.
		The city was strongly defended by four miles of walls, and it's position on a lakeside made it very difficult to blockade.
		The Crusaders eventually settled down for a proper siege, but even then their efforts to undermine the walls resulted in failure when a tunnel being dug under the walls collapsed early, allowing the defenders to repair the damage.
	www.historyofwar.org /articles/battles_nicaea.html (214 words)

	Book XI (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		After approaching Nicaea by these routes they apportioned its towers and the intervening curtains among themselves, as they intended to carry on the assault on the walls by regular succession so that mutual competition should cause the siege to be conducted very vigorously.
		But, as he still delayed and the siege had by now been carried on for many days from dawn till sunset, and they saw that their affairs were in a very bad way, they decided after discussion that it would be better to surrender to the Emperor than be taken by the Franks.
		And on their way they took several of the maritime fortresses, but those, which were very strong and would have necessitated a lengthy siege, they passed by for the present as they were anxious to reach Jerusalem.
	www.earth-history.com /Europe/eur-alexiad-book-11.htm (10241 words)

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