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	Siege of Port Arthur - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		The Siege of Port Arthur (1 August 1904-2 January 1905), the deep-water port and Russian naval base at the tip of the Liaotung Peninsula in Manchuria, was the longest and most vicious land battle of the Russo-Japanese War.
		Port Arthur was widely regarded as one of the strongest fortified positions in the world.
		The shelling of Port Arthur began on 7 August 1904 by a pair of land-based 4.7 inch guns, and was carried on intermittently until 19 August 1904.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Siege_of_Port_Arthur (3507 words)

	Learning from History - World Affairs Board
		The Japanese fleet blockaded the Russian squadron in Port Arthur.
		The siege of Port Arthur opened in September with heavy Japanese attacks on the strong northeastern forts guarding the road and rail line into the port.
		Port Arthur had become, said a Russian journalist, "a living hell." Only 5,000 Russians were still under arms; 15,000 lay sick or wounded.
	www.worldaffairsboard.com /showthread.php?t=3608 (1002 words)

	The History of the Russian Navy. The Russo-Japanese War.
		On the eve of the Battle of Port Arthur, at the Korean port of Chemulpo, the Japanese had already blockaded the first-rated cruiser Varyag [Viking] and the gunboat Koreyets.
		The situation changed in Port Arthur on 24 February with the arrival of Vice-Admiral Stepan Makarov, appointed Commander-in-Chief of the Pacific Fleet.
		Admiral Togo established a close sea blockade of Port Arthur and landed the Japanese army on the Kwantung Peninsula.
	www.navy.ru /history/hrn10-e.htm (3340 words)

	The Siege of Port Arthur (1904-05)
		The city of Port Arthur (Lüshunkou), located at the southern extremity of the Liaodong Peninsula commanding the entrance to the Bohai Gulf, became a fulcrum of historic conflict a century ago when the Russians and Japanese fought a fierce and bloody war over control of the strategic harbor and the surrounding territory in southern Manchuria.
		Port Arthur has an excellent landlocked, deep-water harbor with a back harbor and a basin suitable for drydocking and cleaning ships.* It is surrounded by lofty peaks perfect for fortification with long-range cannon to protect the approaches by land and sea.
		Port Arthur remained under Japanese rule until the end of WW II, when Stalin's troops barged in to take their surrender and loot all they could of the great industrial base Japan had built up in Manchuria since 1905.
	www.cityofart.net /bship/port-arthur.html (2086 words)

	Eric Margolis \| Foreign Correspondent : Eric Margolis : PORT ARTHUR - THE GREAT SIEGE
		The assault against Port Arthur opened in September with heavy Japanese attacks on the strong northeastern forts guarding the road and rail line into the port.
		Desperate to relieve Port Arthur, Czar Nicolas II ordered the Russian Baltic Fleet under Adm. Rozhestvensky, based in St Petersburg and Krondstadt, to steam three quarters of the way around the globe to succor the beleaguered fortress.
		Port Arthur had become, said a Russian journalist, `a living hell.’ Only 5,000 Russians were still capable of combat.
	www.ericmargolis.com /archives/2004/10/port_arthur_the.php (1502 words)

	List of sieges - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Siege of Jerusalem (701 BCE) - the Assyrian siege of Sennacherib
		Siege of Gibraltar (1374) - sixth siege of Gibraltar, by the Nasrid in the Reconquista
		Siege of Gibraltar (1467) - ninth siege of Gibraltar, by the Duke of Medina Sidonia
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/List_of_sieges (950 words)

	STRATEGY AND POLICY
		The greatest risks to Russia were the loss of her forward operating bases such as Port Arthur and Japan continuing with her invasion of Korea and Manchuria.
		She should have continued mining operations outside of Port Arthur like she did in May 1904, which resulted in the loss of two Japanese battleships, a cruiser and several smaller craft; reducing the number of Admiral Togo's fleet by a third.
		Ultimately, Port Arthur's fall resulted in a huge psychological blow which led to widespread protests and strikes in Russia, "Bloody Sunday", and ultimately the Tsar's reputation and standing within the Russian empire.
	www.russojapanesewar.com /torelli-1.html (2264 words)

	The Siege
		The outer defence perimeter of Port Arthur consisted of a line of fortified hills, the most prominent among these being Hsiao-ku-Shan and Ta-ku-Shan near the Ta-ho River in the east, and Namako Yama, Akasaka Yama, 174 Meter Hill, 203 Meter Hill and False Hill in the west.
		Back at Port Arthur Nogi had now ordered the construction of trenches, and also the commencement of tunnelling operations under the walls of the Russian forts to permit mines to be planted to blow them up.
		Meanwhile in Port Arthur, Stössel held a council of war at which he was advised that the port could only hold out until the middle of January 1905.
	home.clara.net /graymo/port_arthur/05_siege.htm (2865 words)

	Russo-Japanese War (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		For the Japanese, Port Arthur was a crucial point that needed to be controlled if the Japanese were going to conduct military operations in Manchuria.
		The ensuing Siege of Port Arthur by the Japanese army and navy from 1 August 1904 - 2 January 1905 (See also Port Arthur - The Great Siege and The fall of Port Arthur (Part 2)) became the crucial battle of the war.
		Port Arthur finally surrendered after the Russian commander decided, on humanitarian rather than military grounds, that the garrison should surrender rather than subject the troops and the civilian population to further suffering.
	novaonline.nv.cc.va.us /eli/evans/HIS242/Notes/Russo-JapaneseWar.html (989 words)

	[No title]
		The Russian defender of Port Arthur in the siege operations was General Stoessel, a valiant soldier who was placed in a most exacting and trying position, and by the force of circumstances was compelled finally to surrender.
		Supported by France and Germany, she informed Japan that the Liao-tung peninsula (on which stands Port Arthur), if in Japanese hands, must constitute a perpetual menace to the capital of China and render the independence of Korea illusory, and by the threat of using force she compelled Japan to abandon her hard-won conquest.
		The Russian railway was rushed south to Port Arthur across Manchuria, in defiance of all the promises, pledges, and assurances which Russia had given to Japan forts were erected, garrisons established, and the country treated as a Russian province.
	www.angelfire.com /ca6/minuteman/chapter158.htm (3710 words)

	They Knew Not Where They Were Going or Why by Laurence M. Vance
		The Russo-Japanese War began on the night of February 8, 1904, with the Battle of Port Arthur, a port on the Liaotung peninsula in Manchuria that served as the primary base for the Russian fleet in the Pacific.
		Port Arthur, which took its name from British Royal Navy Lieutenant William C. Arthur, was a strategic seaport coveted by Russian and Japan.
		Although the immediate cause of the war was the Japanese naval attack on Port Arthur, the Russo-Japanese War was preceded, as are most wars, by interventionism.
	www.lewrockwell.com /vance/vance45.html (660 words)

	Eric Margolis \| Foreign Correspondent : PORT ARTHUR - THE GREAT SIEGE
		A Japanese expeditionary army under venerable samurai general, Yasusuke Nogi, landed on the Liaotung Peninsula, and captured the small port of Dalny (today the booming Chinese resort city of Dalian), 50 kms north of Port Arthur.
		Nogi’s army, totaling 80,000-90,000, quickly marched south and invested Port Arthur, which was defended by 47,000 Russian troops, Cossacks, and sailors.
		These bitter siege operations eerily presaged the murderous battles for Verdun’s forts in 1916, and Canadian mining operations in 1917 at Messines in Flanders against German fortified positions.
	www.ericmargolis.com /archives/2004/10/port_arthur_the_1.php (1530 words)

	CNN.com - Port Arthur site of tragic beauty - Apr 26, 2006
		In the harsh physical conditions that prevailed in southern Tasmania, many of Port Arthur's inmates died during its five decades as a penal settlement between 1830 and 1877.
		But the Port Arthur name was permanently seared into the Australian psyche 10 years ago, when it was the site of a gun massacre in which 35 innocent people were murdered by one man, Martin Bryant.
		The head of the Port Arthur historic site authority, Stephen Large, earlier told CNN that an open invitation had been extended to anyone interested in attending, via national advertising.
	edition.cnn.com /2006/WORLD/asiapcf/04/12/australia.portarthur (1255 words)

	A High Price for Glory
		The outer defensive perimeter at Port Arthur ran across a line of fortified hills to the north and east of town.
		General Nogi's siege operations at Port Arthur took the form of trenching and tunnelling operations aimed at digging under the walls of Russian fortifications and planting explosives to blow them apart.
		The siege of Port Arthur continued unabated throughout the month of December and the strain within the Russian command took its toll.
	www.koreanhistoryproject.org /Ket/C32/E3206.htm (5588 words)

	The RMS Republic Gallery :: 1904-1905 Russo-Japanese War (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		The Russian minelayer Amur sunk at Port Arthur as a result of bombardment by Japanese land based artillery during the siege of Port Arthur (December 1904).
		The Russian pre-dreadnought battleship Poltava sunk at Port Arthur as a result of bombardment by Japanese land based artillery during the siege of Port Arthur (December 1904).
		The Russian pre-dreadnought battleship Retvizan sunk at Port Arthur as a result of bombardment by Japanese land based artillery during the siege of Port Arthur (December 1904).
	www.rms-republic.com /gallery/Russo-Japan (157 words)

	Russo Japanese War (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Her military had been recently modernized and although it was not as large as the Russians it was more than adequate to face the forces that Russia had in the Pacific.
		The Japanese needed to neutralize the Russian fleet at Port Arthur and so on the night of February 8, 1904, the Japanese fleet began the war with a surprise torpedo attack on the Russian ships at Port Arthur.
		In August, the Russian fleet attempted to break out from Port Arthur but they were intercepted and defeated at the Battle of the Yellow Sea.
	home.comcast.net /~glennwatson550/worksheets/russojapwar.html (521 words)

	Expanding the Fight
		The mission of the 2nd Army was to land on the south coast of Manchuria between Takushan (modern Gushan) and Dairen, cut the communication lines between Port Arthur and the main Russian army and advance along the railway against Liaoyang.
		Despite Vice Admiral Togo's recent reports, Japanese Imperial Headquarters was unsure whether Port Arthur had been sufficiently blockaded to prevent large Russian ships from interfering with the troop landings and assumed that torpedo attacks against the transports was a certainty.
		Within hours after Admiral Togo's fleet made its unsuccessful attempt to blockade Port Arthur on the night of May 4, Alekseev received word from Russian reconnaissance patrols in the area that the Japanese were landing troops near Pitzuwo.
	www.koreanhistoryproject.org /Ket/C32/E3204.htm (2636 words)

	WikiMiki.net - 1905 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		The war was fought principally over possession of the town of Port Arthur (aka Lushun and Ryojun) and the Liaodong Peninsula, plus the railway from the port to Harbin.
		A series of indecisive naval engagements followed, in which the Japanese were unable to attack the Russian fleet successfully under the land guns of the harbor and the Russians declined to leave the harbor for the open seas, especially after the death of Admiral Stepan Osipovich Makarov on April 13.
		Port Arthur finally fell on January 2, 1905, after a series of brutal, high-casualty assaults.
	1905.en.wikimiki.net (10164 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		In late May, the Japanese gained control of Nashan Hill and later the port of Dairen, which meant that Port Arthur was surrounded and cut off.
		As the siege tightened, fighting moved to Manchuria, as the Japanese sought to drive the Russians out of the resource-rich Chinese province.
		The Russians gave up Port Arthur and the southern half of Sakhalin Island and evacuated Manchuria, clearly opening that province to Japanese exploitation, but the Japanese largely were not satisfied with the concessions gained at the peace table.
	ebookpreview.abc-clio.com /ebooks/1576077330/pg_767.asp (824 words)

	NewspaperARCHIVE.com - Search old newspapers (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		The news of the sur- render of Port Arthur created a profound impression here, and was the universal theme of conversation in official and Ciiplomsitic quarters and with the public generally.
		I -Berlin, Jan critics treat the i surrender of Port Arthur as ihe begin- ning of a new phase of the war, lib- erating Gen Xogi'.s army for co-opera- tion with the armies before Mukden and removing causes for anxiety for the Japanese who are now able to risk more in attacking Gen. Kuro- patkin.
		The story of the operations around Port Arthur, which has at last fallen into the hands of the Japanese, is one of re- peated fighting-, boih by land and sea, of the most desperate and thrilling charac- ter.
	www.newspaperarchive.com /newspapers1/na0010/379423/4061452.html (3980 words)

	Port Arthur massacre (1894) - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		With the Beiyang Fleet eliminated, the Japanese navy began a siege of Port Arthur while the Japanese Second Army advanced on the city through Manchuria and the Japanese First Army landed in North Korea to form another advance by land.
		What followed was a massacre of remnant inhabitants of Port Arthur by the storming Japanese troops, though the scale and nature of the killing continues to be debated.
		By the time of the assault on Port Arthur, a number of western reporters were "embedded" in the Japanese Second Army.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Port_Arthur_massacre_(1894) (664 words)

	Retrenchment - LoveToKnow 1911
		A modern example may be found in the siege of Port Arthur in 1904.
		When early in the siege Fort Panlung fell into the hands of the Japanese, the Russians connected up the two adjacent first-line forts to a fort in the rear by means of new works, the whole forming a rough semicircle facing the lost fort.
		This retrenchment prevented the Japanese from advancing, and remained in the hands of the defenders up to the fall of the whole line of forts.
	www.1911encyclopedia.org /Retrenchment (118 words)

	NOGI, KITEN, COUNT (18... - Online Information article about NOGI, KITEN, COUNT (18... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		siege, seat, ultimately from sedere, to sit, cf.
		siege of Port Arthur by the third See also:
		CORPS (pronounced as in French, from which it is taken, being a late spelling of tors, from Lat.
	encyclopedia.jrank.org /NEW_NUM/NOGI_KITEN_COUNT_1849_.html (254 words)

	Japan Russia War 1904-1905
		The garrison's military leadership proved divided, however, and on Jan. 2, 1905, in a gross act of incompetence and corruption, Port Arthur's Russian commander surrendered the port to the Japanese without consulting his officers and with three months' provisions and adequate supplies of ammunition still in the fortress.
		At Nossi-Bé, near Madagascar, Rozhestvensky learned of the surrender of Port Arthur to Japanese forces and proposed returning to Russia; but, expecting naval reinforcements, which had been sent from the Baltic via Suez early in March 1905 and which later joined him at Camranh Bay (Vietnam), he decided to proceed.
		According to the terms of the treaty, which was mediated by U.S. President Theodore Roosevelt, the defeated Russians recognized Japan as the dominant power in Korea and turned over their leases of Port Arthur and the Liaotung Peninsula, as well as the southern half of Sakhalin Island, to Japan.
	www.onwar.com /aced/data/romeo/russojapanese1904.htm (1248 words)

	Japan-in-America: Russo-Japanese War (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		On February 9, Vice-Admiral Togo led the Japanese fleet in an attack on the Russian vessels at Port Arthur, including some bombardment of the town itself.
		In August, 1904 the Japanese undertook the siege of Port Arthur, which was heavily fortified and protected by electrified wire, entrenched defensive positions, and even planks filled with protruding nails.
		The peace terms had Russia agreeing to recognize that Korea was in Japan’s sphere of influence and to turn over Port Arthur, the Liaotung Peninsula, and half of the island of Sakhalin to Japan.
	www.indiana.edu /~jia1915/war.html (761 words)

	The Siege of Port Hudson--About this Lesson (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		This lesson is based on the National Register of Historic Places registration file, "Port Hudson Battlefield," and other primary sources about the siege.
		Port Hudson State Commemorative Area is located in East Feliciana Parish adjacent to the old town site of Port Hudson, Louisiana.
		Port Hudson State Commemorative Area is open from 9:00 a.m.
	www.cr.nps.gov /nr/twhp/wwwlps/lessons/71hudson/71about.htm (359 words)

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