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Topic: Siege of Syracuse

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	Syracuse (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		Syracuse was settled in 734 B.C. by Corinthian colonists led by the aristocrat Archias.
		Syracuse became the seat of the Roman government in Sicily, and remained such until the Byzantine epoch.
		Furthermore, the men of Syracuse proved to have the gift of leadership, with the result that when the Syracusans were ruled by tyrants they lorded it over the rest, and when set free themselves they set free those who were oppressed by the barbarians”.
	idcs0100.lib.iup.edu /AncGreece/syracuse.htm (3341 words)

	Wars of Carthage and Syracuse
		Although decisively defeated by Syracuse and its allies at the battle of Himera in 480 BC, the city-state of Carthage continued to enjoy remarkable economic prosperity.
		In further campaigns in the ensuing ten years, Syracuse and her allies repulsed a new attack from Carthage and then moved offensively with a territorial expansion of her own, seizing--temporarily--territory in the "toe" of the Italian mainland across the Strait of Messina.
		Syracuse was reduced to a sphere of dominance in eastern Sicily, and events were set in motion for the appearance of a new and overwhelming player on the scene: the Roman Empire.
	www.boglewood.com /sicily/carthage.html (557 words)

	Syracuse, Italy
		Syracuse, capital of the province of the same name and the see of an archbishop, lies on the south coast of Sicily, partly on an island off the coast.
		Syracuse thereby became the capital of an east Sicilian state and enjoyed a period of great prosperity, coupled with rigorous measures such as the re-settlement in Syracuse of people from Gela or Kamarina.
		In 751 Syracuse was removed from the jurisdiction of the Pope and placed under the control of the Patriarch of Constantinople.
	www.planetware.com /italy/syracuse-i-si-sy.htm (1794 words)

	Siege of Syracuse
		Siege of Syracuse (414-413): one of the most important campaigns during the Peloponnesian War.
		Because Thucydides' account of the siege of Syracuse is a literary masterpiece, the war has always remained part of the collective memory of western civilization.
		Syracuse, which was fortified with formidable walls in the years after the siege, was believed to be impossible to capture, and when the Roman general Marcellus in 212 finally took the city, treason played a role.
	www.livius.org /su-sz/syracuse/siege.html (1522 words)

	h. Sicily. 2001. The Encyclopedia of World History
		The exiled oligarchs appealed to Carthage whose general, Hamilcar, defeated Agathocles at the Himera River and besieged Syracuse.
		The siege of Syracuse was lifted, and Agathocles maintained himself in Africa until 307, when his army, under his sons, was annihilated during his absence.
		Hiero II made himself tyrant of Syracuse, defeated the Mamertines, and took the title of king (270).
	www.bartleby.com /67/220.html (414 words)

	Syracuse
		Syracuse was founded in 734 or 733 BC by Greek settlers from Corinth, led by the oecist Archias, who called it Sirako, refering to a nearby swamp.
		The Greeks from Syracuse developed the first catapults, a result of engineering research financed by the tyrant Dionysius.
		In the last siege of Syracuse by the Romans Archimedes used devices such as the claw, giant catapults and probably the first radiation weapon, the legendary burning mirrors.
	www.mlahanas.de /Greeks/Cities/Syracuse.html (1279 words)

	Syracuse, Sicily - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Syracuse (Italian Siracusa, Sicilian Sarausa, Greek Συρακοῦσαι, Latin Syracusae) is an Italian city on the eastern coast of Sicily and the capital of the province of Syracuse.
		After a period of Vandal rule, Syracuse and the island was recovered by Belisarius for the Byzantine Empire (31 December 535).
		The Normans entered Syracuse, one of the last Saracen strongpoints, in 1085, after a summer-long siege by Roger I of Sicily and his son Jordan of Hauteville, who was given the city as count.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Syracuse,_Italy (2589 words)

	Siege of Syracuse
		His assassination led to civil war in Syracuse between the pro-Carthaginian and pro-Roman factions, during which most of Hiero's family was killed.
		He attacked the coastal walls of Syracuse with sixty quinqueremes (battleships with five-man oar banks) while his co-commander, Appius Claudius Pulcher, attacked the inland walls with ground troops.
		Fortunately, the accounts of the other three authors survive and relate the death of Archimedes by a Roman soldier during the sack of Syracuse.
	www.mcs.drexel.edu /~crorres/Archimedes/Siege/Summary.html (541 words)

	Syracuse Destroys the Athenian Attack Force (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		Syracuse Destroys Athens' Attack Force, 413 BC The Peloponnesian War between Athens and Sparta and their allies continued for years in a seesaw pattern of victories and defeats.
		In April 414 BC the Athenians began constructing a siege wall around Syracuse while their fleet blocked the mouth of the harbor.
		By late August they had decided to terminate their siege and withdraw, but instead of implementing their plan immediately, they postponed their departure because of superstitious fears caused by an eclipse of the moon on August 27.
	www.boglewood.com /sicily/athenians.html (355 words)

	Siege of Syracuse (212 BC) - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		His lack of siege equipment was his downfall, however some cities sided with the Carthaginian general; among these there was the city of Syracuse on the eastern coast of Sicily, which rebelled against Roman rule in 213 BC.
		Among the Syracuse defenders was the mathematician and scientist Archimedes.
		After an eight-month siege a Syracusan traitor opened the gates to the Romans who then executed or enslaved most of the city's population; the city was looted and sacked.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Siege_of_Syracuse_(212_BC) (594 words)

	Siege of Syracuse (Polybius)
		These officers then took up a position not far from the city and decided to assault it with their land forces at the quarter known as the Hexapyli; the fleet was to attack at the so-called portico of Scytice in Achradina, where the city wall extends to the quay-side.
		The Romans' wicker screens, missiles and other siege apparatus had been made ready beforehand, and they felt confident that with the number of men at their disposal they could within five days bring their preparations to a point which would give them the advantage over the enemy.
		Instead they concluded that in view of the large population of the town, the best way to reduce it was by starvation; they therefore cut off supplies from the sea by means of the fleet, and by land by means of the army, and rested their hopes on this solution.
	www.mcs.drexel.edu /~crorres/Archimedes/Siege/Polybius.html (1704 words)

	mi mou tous kiklous taratte presented in Science section
		He was born 287 BC in Syracuse, Sicily and gained a reputation in his own time which few other mathematicians of this period achieved.
		He played an important role in the defense of Syracuse against the siege laid by the Romans in 213 BC by constructing war machines so effective that they long delayed the capture of the city.
		During the Roman siege of Syracuse, he is said to have single-handedly defended the city by constructing lenses to focus the Sun’s light on Roman ships and huge cranes to turn them upside down.
	www.newsfinder.org /site/more/mi_mou_tous_kiklous_taratte (1353 words)

	Archimedes - Crystalinks
		But Syracuse was eventually captured by the Roman general Marcus Claudius Marcellus in the autumn of 212 or spring of 211 BC, and Archimedes was killed in the sack of the city.
		When the Romans finally broke the siege, Archimedes was killed by a Roman soldier after snapping at him ``Don't disturb my circles,'' a reference to a geometric figure he had outlined on the sand.
		Archimedes was killed in 212 BC during the capture of Syracuse by the Romans in the Second Punic War after all his efforts to keep the Romans at bay with his machines of war had failed.
	www.crystalinks.com /archimedes.html (2103 words)

	Gylippus
		When the Athenian commander Nicias started the siege, he knew that he could not storm Syracuse but had to starve its defenders.
		From now on, it was obvious that the Athenians were unable to fully invest Syracuse, which would always be able to obtain supplies from its allies in the central and western parts of the island.
		Gylippus' ulitmate fate is not recorded: the author Athenaeus records a tradition that he committed suicide, the historian Diodorus of Sicily says that after the battle of Aigospotamoi, Gylippus was sentenced to death and fled away from Sparta.
	www.livius.org /gs-gz/gylippus/gylippus.html (939 words)

	Phoenicia, Phoenicians and Punic: Carthaginian History
		Himilco, his relative, takes over command, is defeated by force out of Syracuse, and has supply disrupted in naval action.
		Syracuse grants control of most of Sicily and must pay tribute to Carthage.
		311 Agathocles lays siege to Acragas and crosses the Halcyus, violating the peace treaty.
	phoenicia.org /carthtimeline.html (1420 words)

	Timeline of Carthaginian History
		Hippocrates and Theron seize control in Syracuse and attempt to throw Phoenicians off western part of the island.
		Agathocles lays siege to Acragas and crosses the Halcyus, violating the peace treaty.
		Syracuse falls to Roman forces commanded by Marcellus.
	spotlightongames.com /background/timeline.html (1156 words)

	Archimedi (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		For this king Archimedes devised many war machines during the siege of Syracuse by the Romans.
		By positioning mirrors on the tops of buildings, he was able of burning many ships of the Roman fleet when these came to close to the walls of the city.
		Archimedes died in the capture of Syracuse in 212 B.C. Marcellus, the Roman General, had given order not to kill Archimedes.
	home.att.net /~ilsiciliano/page05_archimedi.htm (923 words)

	Archimedes
		Greek mathematician and inventor, born at Syracuse, in Sicily.
		He studied at Alexandria and doubtless met there Conon of Samos, whom he admired as a mathematician and cherished as a friend, and to whom he was in the habit of communicating his discoveries before publication.
		Archimedes died at the capture of Syracuse by Marcellus, 212 BC.
	www.nndb.com /people/746/000087485 (1046 words)

	Oliver of Paderborn and his siege engine at Damietta
		Such engines were also known in the Hellenistic and Roman worlds, and were most famously employed at the siege of Syracuse in 214 B.C. where it took the inventive genius of Archimedes to keep them at bay.
		Geoffrey Plantagenet had used it in 1147 during the siege of a castle in the Loire valley and the same copy may have belonged to his Greatgrandfather, Fulk the Black, in the tenth century.
		It is a Latin account of the siege of Syracuse and thus of sambucae and it is to be found in Book XXIV of Livy's Ab Urbe Conditur.
	www.deremilitari.org /resources/articles/francis.htm (2187 words)

	Archimedes - Best of Sicily Magazine
		This mathematician, physicist and engineer was born around 287 BC in Syracuse (Siracusa), the son of Phidias, an astronomer.
		When Archimedes was born, Greek was still the scholarly and vernacular language of most of the central and eastern Mediterranean, but the rapidly expanding Roman Empire sought to annex Sicily to its dominions, in the process amalgamating Greek culture with its own.
		While characteristically deep in thought, Archimedes was killed by a Roman soldier during the siege of Syracuse in 212 BC.
	www.bestofsicily.com /mag/art77.htm (794 words)

	Hiero II of Syracuse
		Hiero II, tyrant of Syracuse from 270 to 215 BC, was the illegitimate son of a Syracusan noble, Hierocles, who claimed descent from Gelo.
		Pressed by the Roman forces, in 263 he was compelled to conclude a treaty with Rome, by which he was to rule over the south-east of Sicily and the eastern coast as far as Tauromenium (Polybius i.
		A picture of the prosperity of Syracuse during his rule is given in the sixteenth idyll of Theocritus, his favourite poet.
	www.mlahanas.de /Greeks/Bios/HieroIIOfSyracuse.html (387 words)

	The Sand Reckoner, by Archimedes of Syracuse - Numericana
		The Sand Reckoner, by Archimedes of Syracuse - Numericana
		His siege of Messana (now Messina, Sicily) against the Mamertines, who had taken possession of the city, is what triggered the First Punic War (264-241 BC) between Rome and Carthage.
		Roman general Marcellus had led the siege of Syracuse and was extremely afflicted by Archimedes' death.
	home.att.net /~numericana/answer/archimedes.htm (5099 words)

	Plutarch -the siege of Syracuse
		He then seated himself at some distance away and without using any noticeable force, but merely exerting traction with his hand through a complex system of pulleys, he drew the vessel towards him with as smooth and even a motion as if she were gliding through the water.
		The king was deeply impressed, and recognising the potentialities of his skill, he persuaded Archimedes to construct for him a number of engines designed both for attack and defence, which could be employed in any kind of siege warfare.
		Hiero himself never had occasion to use these, since most of his life was spent at peace amid festivals and public ceremonies, but when the present war broke out, the apparatus was ready for the Syracusans to use and its inventor was at hand to direct its employment.
	www.skygodproject.net /history/siege_of_syracuse.htm (1438 words)

	Burning Mirrors of Cabiria
		She is sought by the Roman patrician Fulvius Axilla who, among many other adventures, participates in the siege of Syracuse as a soldier in Marcellus's fleet.
		The hexagonal mirror depicted in the film is a good interpretation of John Tzetzes' description given in the introduction to this section.
		The Proconsul Marcellus lays siege to Syracuse, ally of Carthage.
	www.math.nyu.edu /~crorres/Archimedes/Mirrors/Cabiria/Cabiria.html (420 words)

	ARCHIMEDES GREEK PHILOSOPHER AND INVENTOR - SOLAR NAVIGATOR WORLD ELECTRIC NAVIGATION CHALLENGE, THE BLUEBIRD ELECTRIC ...
		He was born in Syracuse, on the island of Sicily in 287 B.C. At that time Sicily was a Greek land.
		During a Roman siege of Syracuse in 213 Archimedes kept off the attacks of the Roman forces.
		Archimedes, probably tired after his work during the siege, was sitting on the ground, drawing mathematical figures in the dust.
	www.solarnavigator.net /inventors/archimedes.htm (2065 words)

	Synonyms of syracuse — Infoplease.com
		usage: a city in southeastern Sicily that was founded by Corinthians in the 8th century BC Syracuse, siege of Syracuse, siege, besieging, beleaguering, military blockade
		usage: the Roman siege of Syracuse (214-212 BC) was eventually won by the Romans who sacked the city (killing Archimedes)
		Syracuse, siege of Syracuse, siege, besieging, beleaguering, military blockade
	www.infoplease.com /thesaurus/syracuse (83 words)

	Siege of Syracuse (Plutarch)
		But Hippocrates, sending a report to Syracuse, that Marcellus had put all the adult population to the sword, and then coming upon the Syracusans, who had risen in tumult upon that false report, made himself master of the city.
		Upon this Marcellus moved with his whole army to Syracuse, and encamping near the wall, sent ambassadors into the city to relate to the Syracusans the truth of what had been done in Leontini.
		While the siege continued, Marcellus took Megara, one of the earliest founded of the Greek cities in Sicily, and capturing also the camp of Hippocrates at Acilae, killed above eight thousand men, having attacked them whilst they were engaged in forming their fortifications.
	www.mcs.drexel.edu /~crorres/Archimedes/Siege/Plutarch.html (1542 words)

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