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Topic: Siege of Tenochtitlan

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	List of sieges
		Siege of Gibraltar (1349—1350) - fifth siege of Gibraltar, by Alfonso XI in the Reconquista
		Siege of Gibraltar (1374) - sixth siege of Gibraltar, by the Nasrid in the Reconquista
		Siege of Gibraltar (1467) - ninth siege of Gibraltar, by the Duke of Medina Sidonia
	libraryoflibrary.com /E_n_c_p_d_List_of_sieges.html (891 words)

	List of sieges - Wikipedia Mirror (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Siege of Jerusalem (701 BCE) - the Assyrian siege of Sennacherib
		Siege of Syracuse (213–212 BCE) - the Roman siege
		Siege of Jerusalem (70 CE) - the Roman siege of Titus
	www.wiki-mirror.us /index.php/List_of_sieges (853 words)

	Wikipedia: Aztec
		When they arrived at an island in the lake they saw an eagle eating a snake while perched on a nopal cactus, a vision that fulfilled a prophecy telling them that they should found their new home on that spot.
		The Aztec were conquered by Spain in 1521, when after long battle and a long siege where much of the population died from hunger and smallpox, Cuautemoc surrendered to Hernan Cortes.
		It has been reported that epidemics of smallpox and typhus killed up to 75% of population, from an estimated population of 15 million, seventy years after the conquest, the estimated population was of 3 million.
	www.factbook.org /wikipedia/en/a/az/aztec.html (1822 words)

	Common-place: Imperial city of the Aztecs: Mexico-Tenochtitlan
		While their dreams were of an ordered urbanity (a dream later partially realized in conquered Tenochtitlan), their experience was of public streets and spaces foul with rubbish ejected from houses and shops, and mired in the ordure of horses and, in the darker alleys, of men.
		In Tenochtitlan cleanliness was a demonstration of respect for the gods, not for men, and constant sweeping a sign of devotion.
		Tenochtitlan’s precarious, dynamic order was held together by a passionate devotion to religion and the discharging of the Aztecs' special and ever-expanding obligation to the gods.
	www.common-place.org /vol-03/no-04/mexico-city (2524 words)

	Siege of Tenochtitlan - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Siege of Tenochtitlan ended in Spanish conquistador Hernán Cortés' capture of Tenochtitlan, the capital of the Aztec Empire.
		Cortés and his troops fled from Tenochtitlan chased by the Aztecs.
		The siege of Tenochtitlán began at a time when smallpox struck with a vengeance.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Siege_of_Tenochtitlan (2813 words)

	Tlatelolco
		Tlatelolco is an area in Mexico City, centered around the Plaza de las Tres Culturas[?], a square surrounded on three sides by an excavated Aztec pyramid, the 17th century church Templo de Santiago[?], and the modern office complex of the Mexican foreign ministry.
		During the Aztec rule, it was the market district of the Aztec capital Tenochtitlan, probably one of the largest in the Americas.
		When the conquistadors lead by Cortes[?] lay siege to Tenochtitlan, and conquered and razed it district by district, the Aztecs, lead by Cuautemoc, were finally confined to Tlatelolco, where they made their last stand, and were defeated and slaughtered by the conquistadors.
	www.ebroadcast.com.au /lookup/encyclopedia/tl/Tlatelolco.html (206 words)

	Hernan Cortes
		The local Cempoala greeted him with gifts of food, feathers, and gold, and told that the land was ruled by the great lord in the city of Tenochtitlan.
		They then began the siege of Tenochtitlan, aided by the Tlaxcalans and many other Indian allies who had no love for the Aztecs who had been dominating them and who hoped to gain favor with the Spanish.
		After a long siege and fierce fighting which destroyed almost the entire city of Tenochtitlan and killed some 120,000 to 240,000 Aztecs, the last Aztec emperor, Cuautemoc, surrendered to Cortes on August 13, 1521.
	www.ebroadcast.com.au /lookup/encyclopedia/he/Hernan_Cortes.html (1000 words)

	Context :: US History (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		After a four-month siege of the city, the Spaniards reentered Tenochtitlán in August 1521 and established the Kingdom of New Spain.
		During the siege of Tenochtitlán, for example, enemies of the Aztecs aided the greatly outnumbered Spaniards.
		Here again, the siege of Tenochtitlán is illustrative, for it points to the role that germs have played in history.
	www.dhr.history.vt.edu /us/mod01_pop/context.html (2514 words)

	HERNANCORTES: VIRTU VS
		Envoys sent by Tenochtitlan established contact with Cortes and presented him with a series of lavish gifts that were meant to indicate the might of the Triple Alliance.[8] However, the strategy backfired because Cortes was unable to grasp the symbolism of the gifts and interpreted them as a sign of weakness.
		During his absence, however, the population of Tenochtitlan rose up in arms owing to a massacre commited by Alvarado during a native religious festival which he took to be the beginning of a planned offensive against the eighty Spaniards who had remained in the city.
		By this time, Cuitlahuac had died of smallpox and a noble from Tlatelolco, Cuauhtemoc, had become the new tlatoani of Tenochtitlan This leader was determined to fight to the bitter end against the Spaniards and their allies.
	www.csusm.edu /spanish/undergradcenter/HERNANCORTES.htm (3559 words)

	Cortes and Aztec Gold
		From ancient Aztec gold to the contemporary "green-gold" of Mexico’s southern states, from mercantilism to today’s global economy, and from the Siege of Tenochtitlán to the Acteal Massacre, ethno-environmental conflict is an enduring mainstay of the Mexican chronicle.
		1 The Siege of Tenochtitlán, according to histories, paintings and chronicles, lasted exactly 80 days 2 and effective control over the entirety of Mexico was complete only four decades after the arrival of the Spaniards.
		In the Siege of Tenochtitlán, 30,000 men from the kingdom of Texcoco (part of the Spanish-Native Confederacy) were killed.
	www.american.edu /ted/ice/aztec.htm (6173 words)

	Trebuchets at The Oklahoma Renaissance Festival
		Ropes were simply attached to one end of the trebuchet's throwing arm, the soldiers or peasants took hold of the ropes and, at a given signal, they all pulled mightily together.
		Most importantly from a siege engineer's point of view, however, is the fact that gravity invariably acts upon any given object (such as boulders, shot or other missiles) with precisely the same amount of force, time after time after time.
		At the siege of Tenochtitlan (present-day Mexico City), for example, one such engine designed to crush that city's walls and overawe the Mexica (the so-called Aztecs) into surrender, failed both miserably and spectacularly.
	www.geocities.com /ryleh/trebuchet.htm (962 words)

	The Aztecs/Mexicas
		The yearly round of rites and ceremonies in the cities of Tenochtitlan and neighboring Tetzcoco, and their symbolic art and architecture, gave expression to an ancient awareness of the interdependence of nature and humanity.
		The maintenance of fires in the temples was a principal priestly duty, and the renewal of fire was identified with the renewal of time itself.
		Cuauhtemoc, c.1495-1525, became ruler of the AZTECS in 1521, during the siege of TENOCHTITLAN, and led the final desperate resistance of that city against the Spanish conquistadors.
	www.indians.org /welker/aztec.htm (1287 words)

	Teaching and Learning: Conquest of Mexico: The Reconquest of Mexico (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Empowered by their victories, they visibly sacrificed fifty Spaniards and four horses, displaying their heads on a skull rack for all to see.
		Cortés himself tried to take Tenochtitlan without success and experimented with a catapult to terrorize the population, but it failed to work.
		Perhaps, as the Mexica sources suggest, the Mexicas had an omen to end the struggle and Cuauhtémoc surrendered or perhaps, as the Spanish sources indicate, the Spaniards captured him.
	www.historians.org /tl/lessonplans/ca/fitch/reconquest.htm (1015 words)

	1492 -- Middle America (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Tenochtitlan, the capital city, was razed and rebuilt as Mexico, the capital of the viceroyalty of New Spain.
		A hand-painted document, presented as testimony in a court case against the Spanish crown, provides a record of a people whose vibrant culture was beginning to reflect the influence of a new political and religious system.
		Ten years after allying with Cortes in the siege of Tenochtitlan, the people of Huejotzingo asked him for help in a legal battle - this time against the extremely burdensome tributes exacted by Spanish administrators sent to rule New Spain.
	www.ibiblio.org /expo/1492.exhibit/e-Eur.claims.Amer/midamer.html (466 words)

	Wargamers Guide to the Siege of Tenochtitlan (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Also during the first assault on Tenochtitlan, he says "We marched along with our arms in our hands, for we were never parted from them by night or day, and we were almost collapsing under the weight of our armour and the drenching rain.
		During the first siege of Tenochtitlan, the Spanish build four mobile wooden towers, capable of holding 25 men each with loopholes and apertures to be manned by crossbows and musketeers.
		During the final siege of Tenochtitlan Cortes had 13 'launches' or sloops built to command the lakes surrounding the city.
	www.chronofus.net /wargames/aztecs/tenoch.htm (2345 words)

	Teaching and Learning: Conquest of Mexico: Who’s Who (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Alvarado, Pedro de (1485-1541). A commander in one of Cortés armies, he was responsible for events which led to the revolt of the Mexicas, the death of Moctezuma and the flight of the Spaniards out of Tenochtitlan on La NocheTriste.
		Olid, Cristóbol de (1488-1524). Like Pedro de Alvarado, Olid commanded one of Cortés’s army during the siege of Tenochtitlan. Later went on to conquer Honduras in defiance of Cortés, which led to Cortés’ long and difficult march overland to Central America, only to discover that Olid had long since died and posed no threat.
		One of two volcanos east of Tenochtitlan, through which the Spaniards marched to reach the Mexica capital.
	www.historians.org /tl/LessonPlans/ca/Fitch/keywords.htm (1198 words)

	Siege of Tenochtitlan (1521)
		They marched to Tenochtitlan, the fabulous Aztec capitol city built in the middle of a lake.
		When Cortes was ready he surrounded the capitol city and used ships armed with cannons to take control of the lake, cutting off the supply of food and water.
		Several buildings were placed on the table to represent the temple area of Tenochtitlan.
	www.juniorgeneral.org /aztec/aztec.html (1385 words)

	Tlaxcala, Mexico
		Even after the first unsuccessful attempt by the Spanish to conquer Tenochtitlán, the Aztec capital ("Noche Triste" = sad night), the Tlaxcaltecs maintained their support.
		Cortés and his troops prepared themselves in Tlaxcala for the final siege of Tenochtitlán.
		Thus it was here that the first brigantines were built which were to make possible the decisive attack from Lake Texcoco against the Aztec capital.
	www.planetware.com /mexico/tlaxcala-mex-tlax-tlax.htm (532 words)

	Summaries
		The Spanish were not persuaded with these gifts, and marched towards the great city of Tenochtitlan, the capital of the Aztec empire--destroying many towns along their way.
		When they arrived in Tenochtitlan, they were welcomed as gods, and proceeded to imprison the king (Motecuhzoma),to melt all of the gold ornamentation down into blocks, and to kill many of the people.
		The Spanish laid siege to Tenochtitlan, and the battles were renewed.
	www.u.arizona.edu /~wendres/docs/sample_summaries.html (1128 words)

	Conquistadors - Mexico
		Cortes attacked Tenochtitlan from three directions at once with 13 new ships.
		It took Cortes three months to reach the sacred center of Tenochtitlan.
		The fighting was so fierce that the lake water turned red with blood.
	www.pbs.org /opb/conquistadors/mexico/adventure3/a6.htm (123 words)

	Garcia01 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		He specializes in very dramatic and extense dioramas with many conversions, details, siege machinery and buildings.
		The Castle Siege (100 years War): The building has floors and interiors detailed.
		Siege of Tenochtitlan: All figures are Revell (aprox 450 aztecs and conquerors), vessels are scratch, and all piramids are made in gypsum.
	www.hat.com /Othr4/Garcia01.html (229 words)

	Moctezuma II Summary
		Bernardino de Sahagún (1499-1590) also recorded eight signs that appeared in Tenochtitlan the ten years prior to the arrival of the Spanish conquistadores, and were interpreted as sign of a possible disaster:
		Tlaxcala was a coalition of cities, and they were spared from being conquered by the Aztec, with the condition that they participate in the Flowery wars, also they had to pay heavy tributes, and they also suffered a commercial blockade.
		The Spaniards had to flee from the city; they took refuge in Tlaxcala, and signed a treaty with them to conquer Tenochtitlan, offering to the Tlaxcalans to be free from any kind of tribute and the control of Tenochtitlan.
	www.bookrags.com /Moctezuma_II (2718 words)

	LADYDRAGON.COM - 8 - AGE of EmpireS II:The Conquerors Expansion
		New units include the Hussar cavalry unit, halberdier infantry unit, turtle boat and petard, an explosive kamikaze siege unit.
		Among the unique combat units are the Aztec Jaguar Warrior, Mayan Plumed Archer, Spanish Conquistador and Hun Tarkan.
		Units can garrison inside Battering, Capped and Siege Rams for protection and to increase the ram’s speed and attack.
	www.ladydragon.com /a-8ageofempire2conqueror.html (375 words)

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