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Topic: Sienese

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	SIENA - LoveToKnow Article on SIENA (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Thanks to all these architectural treasures, the narrow Sienese streets with their many windings and steep ascents are full of picturesque charm, and,,together with the collections of excellent paintings, foster the local pride of the inhabitants and preserve their taste and feeling for art.
		The gathering exasperation of the Sienese, and notably of the middle class, against their rulers was brought to a climax by this cruel disappointment.
		The Sienese school of painting owes its origin to the influence of Byzantine art; but it improved that art, impressed it with a special stamp and was for long independent of all other influences.
	www.1911encyclopedia.org /S/SI/SIENA.htm (7709 words)

	Siena - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		On September 4, 1260 The Sieneses Ghibellines, supported by the forces of King Manfred of Sicily, defeated the Florentine Guelphs at Montaperti.
		Prior to the battle, the entire city was dedicated to the Virgin Mary and entrusted to her possession – something which has been renewed several times since, most recently in 1944 to guard the city from the threat of Allied bombs.
		On the Piazza Salimbeni is the Palazzo Salimbeni, a notable building and also the medieval headquarters of Monte dei Paschi di Siena, one of the oldest banks in continuous existence and a major player in the Sienese economy.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Siena (1488 words)

	CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Siena
		Scattered through the interior of the cathedral are statues of Sienese popes and the tombs of the bishops of Siena.
		Charles V wished to compel the Sienese (1550) to construct a fortress for the Spanish garrison, whereupon they sought the aid of France, which sent a garrison of its own, so that the Spanish and Florentine troops abandoned the city.
		Other Sienese bishops were Giovanni (1058), founder of the monastery of Monte Cellese, St. Rodolfo (1068), Gualfredus (1083), author and poet; Buonfiglio (1215) who opposed the heretical Patarini and reformed the clergy; Bernardo (1273) brother of B. Andrea Gallerani, founder of the hospital and brotherhood of the Misericordia (d.
	www.newadvent.org /cathen/13779a.htm (2827 words)

	Books Art & Photography - General: Sienese Painting: From Duccio to the Birth of the Baroque (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Sienese painting is often thought of in reference to the strikingly colorful and beautifully designed paintings of Duccio di Buoninsegna, Simone Martini, and the Lorenzetti brothers, from the dawn of the Italian Renaissance.
		'Sienese Painting' is a sumptuously produced book (it has some 350 illustrations, with 200 in colour) and as a general survey certainly does its job well.
		It does have a flaw however, namely in the lack of clear connections between the text and the illustrations.Indeed in a number of instances references are made in the text to paintings which are frustratingly not illustrated.
	www.tocant.com /General/Sienese-Painting:-From-Duccio-to-the-Birth-of-the-Baroque.html (480 words)

	Gerald Parsons, Department of Religious Studies, The Open University
		Finally, chapter 7, ‘Sacred and profane: popular rituals in Sienese civil religion’, examines the tensions between ‘official’ and popular’ religion within the rituals of the Palio – a tension often referred to by the Sienese themselves as a conflict between the sacred and the profane.
		It also argues that, whilst traditional Sienese civic devotion was thus compromised, the self-conscious cultivation of Sienese history and tradition fostered the emergence of a characteristically modern form of civil religion in Siena.
		The chapter begins by examining the re-emergence of many aspects and expressions of traditional Sienese civil religion during the 1920s and 1930s, culminating in the proclamation of Catherine of Siena as patron saint of Italy and in the formal rededication of Siena to the Virgin during the Second World War.
	www.open.ac.uk /Arts/relstud/text/sienapubs.htm (1571 words)

	Excusions
		Via della Sapienza to Via dei Montanini: The foundation of the Sienese “studium” (later university), first mentioned in 1240; the twelfth-century Montanini tower and the age of the warring clans; the Via Francigena and the expansion of the city to the north and south; the Romanesque church of Sant’Andrea.
		Siena of the Popes: Architects Bernardo Rossellino and Pietro Paolo Porrina and the palace, “piazzetta” and loggia of the Piccolomini; the Sienese popes Pius II (1458-64) and Pius III (1503).
		It was here that the Sienese Republic met the most serious opposition to its political and territorial ambitions, as powerful feudal lords such as the Aldobrandeschi and Pannochieschi fought bitterly to maintain their independence in the face of the invading citizen armies.
	www.sienaol.it /exploresiena/frame133450.html (3137 words)

	Biography
		Francesco di Giorgio Martini, Sienese painter, sculptor, architect and engineer, belongs to a select group of Renaissance practitioners, including Brunelleschi, Alberti, Michelangelo, Peruzzi, and, of course, Leonardo da Vinci, who excelled in several of the arts at the same time.
		His fellow Sienese painter Neroccio de' Landi (1447-1500) became his partner, perhaps as early as 1469, until litigation abruptly dissolved the relationship in 1475.
		In the 1470s Francesco painted two different versions of the Coronation of the Virgin, one in fresco for the ancient Hospital of Santa Maria della Scala, done in 1471 (destroyed), and another, originally for the Benedictine abbey church outside Siena at Monte Oliveto, which appears to have been painted c.
	www.wga.hu /bio/f/francesc/biograph.html (551 words)

	Past & Present: The decline of a provincial military aristocracy: Siena, 1560-1740
		Of the more than 600 Sienese military nobles who appear in the aforementioned compilations, there are only 212 for whom I have more information than names and dates of enlistment.
		Half of the Sienese casualties, as detected from all sources, belong to this war against the infidel in the Mediterranean.
		Of the Sienese Knights of Malta, at least 26 were either killed in battle, died of sickness on campaign, or were captured and enslaved.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_m2279/is_n155/ai_19734145/pg_5 (1394 words)

	JAIC 1991, Volume 30, Number 2, Article 1 (pp. 115 to 124)
		As regards the later 14th-century Sienese painters, the most interesting feature discovered is their creative use of the full range of grades of ultramarine.
		A third color variation is produced by using gray ultramarine ash with the addition of a small amount of red lake for the mantle of St. Anne in the altarpiece (Torriti 1980, 157, color plate).
		Her current research areas include the technique and aesthetic of Sienese Gothic painting and the history and theory of restoration.
	aic.stanford.edu /jaic/articles/jaic30-02-001.html (4684 words)

	JAIC 1991, Volume 30, Number 2, Article 1 (pp. 115 to 124)
		One possible explanation, which requires further investigation, is that the discovered drop in the use of ultramarine resulted from a rise in price due to a decline in availability of the imported pigment.
		For the third generation of Sienese painting the interpretation of the evidence is more straightforward.
		In the Sienese 13th- and 14th-century altarpieces investigated in this study the expensive pigment, ultramarine, was usually reserved for the mantle of the Virgin, a traditional gesture of honor on the patron's and painter's part.
	aic.stanford.edu /jaic/articles/jaic30-02-001_4.html (777 words)

	A Long Weekend in Siena by Lee Marshall \| Travel Reviews from Travel Intelligence
		And the second marks the end of the independence that Siena had thus won for itself, with the surrender of the Republic’s last bastion, Montalcino, to the Medici grand-duke Cosimo I. You might expect a battle that took place more than seven centuries ago to be viewed with a certain detachment by today’s senesi.
		It is impossible to understand the Palio without entering into the Sienese mindset; and it is impossible to enter fully into the Sienese mindset unless you have born within the walls and baptised in one of the seventeen fountains that innocent tourists assume have been placed there to refresh and restore the thirsty traveller.
		The Sienese don’t mind tourists at all, unless one happens to be blocking their view of the race.
	www.travelintelligence.net /wsd/articles/art_3101.html (1903 words)

	Duccio. At the origins of Sienese painting
		The Sienese exhibition, sponsored by the city's most important institutions - the local authority, the university, the Superintendency - is the fruit of years of study and preparation.
		The event has been planned as the crowning moment following the delicate restoration of the circular glass window in apse of the Duomo and of studies to ascertain to what degree Duccio di Buonisegna was responsible for the masterpiece.
		Everything underlines the advanced expressive maturity of the Sienese, who clearly had no need to draw inspiration from Cimabue and the Florentines to fuel their artistic growth.
	www.italica.rai.it /eng/principal/topics/art/duccio.htm (738 words)

	Grand Tour - monuments for kind - Art, Culture and Tourism in Siena, Tuscany
		The ruins of the Abbey are in an isolated position in the Sienese countryside.
		The marble high altar of the presbytery was made in 1532 by Baldassarre Peruzzi and the huge bronze ciborium is by Vecchietta (1467-72, coming from the church of Spedale di Santa Maria della Scala and put in the cathedral in 1506).
		In front of the church of San Cristoforo and the column with the Sienese she-wolf (symbol of the city) is Palazzo Tolomei, the oldest palace in Siena, begun in 1205 and restored around 1267, now owned by a bank.
	www.grandtour.it /inglese/gbmuseitipo.htm (8059 words)

	National Gallery - Bolognese Sternness And Sienese Beauty
		Perhaps one reason for this may be that the first influence on Sienese art was Greek, either through the crusades in the East, or derived from Pisa, whose governor was Lord of Athens.
		In turning to the earliest Sienese pictures, we find the Byzantine style used only so far as the general treatment of the figure is concerned.
		A spirit similar to the Japanese may be seen in the Sienese work; some have detected Chinese feeling, and some that of India; but neither of these nations have so much in common with Siena as the Japanese.
	www.oldandsold.com /articles27n/national-gallery-5.shtml (3889 words)

	CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Pope Urban IV
		In Italy fortune continued to favour the Ghibellines; a Guelph army was defeated in the Patrimony, and Lucca deserted to the enemy.
		Sienese intrigue threatened Urban's security at Orvieto, and on 9 Sept. he set out for Perugia, where he died.
		At this period, too, the papal Government, owing in part to its very weakness, stood for municipal freedom, while the Hohenstaufen had in Sicily substituted for the aristocratic hierarchy of feudalism a bureaucratic despotism supported by the arms of their devoted Saracens.
	www.newadvent.org /cathen/15212a.htm (1642 words)

	Siena
		This building is divided into two floors: the lower oratory, painted by the most famous sienese artists in the XV sec., and the upper oratory, with a lacunar ceiling and walls entirely painted with the History of the Virgin by Pacchia, Sodoma, Domenico Beccafumi in the XIV sec.
		Murlo Once a fief of the Sienese bishops in the 13th century, the Commune of Murlo is one of the most singular and charming spots in the Province of Siena.
		The Sienese thermal water resources seem to have been strewn by a benevolent hand, scattered evenly around as they are to Form a harmonious whole with the wealth of history, art and nature present there.
	www.galeit.com /siena.htm (5423 words)

	Tourism in the Chianti. The palio town: Siena, hearth of tuscany
		Only a Sienese could wade through alI of il, and always with intense interest and high emotion, carried along streams of self- deception, although he knows-but this is no lime to admit it- that the races afe fixed.
		It is a work of 1342, tbirty years after tbe Maestà, and a telling example of the strides taken by Sienese painting in the first hall of the fourteenth century, the advances in perspective, tbe readiness for naturalism.
		In spite of halos on the main personages, and the majestic size of Sto Anne, the painting is a solid accouche- ment scene blending and contrasting a wealth of decorative detail in a manner tbat oddly suggests Vuillard, some five to six centuries later.
	www.bardotti.com /siena.htm (3896 words)

	DolceVita Itineraries: SIENA (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		This piazza is the pride and joy of the Sienese and will take aback visitors upon walking into it for the first time.
		In the courtyard is a scuplture of the very Sienese symbol of the she-wolf suckling the twins; inside on the ground floor the door and all the windows are topped with Sienese arches and crowned with the fl and white emblem of Siena, the balzana.
		Tradition has it, that this hospital was founded in 832 by a Sienese cobbler named Beato Sorore who started it as a place to care for people travelling on pilgrimages to Rome.
	www.dolcevita.com /travel/siena/attraz.htm (1304 words)

	The World of the Early Sienese Painter (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		The book is a celebration of some outstanding Sienese painters and their art.
		Aiming not so much at the novice as at the litteratus in that field, it is a comprehensive and well-written study, covering roughly a hundred years of Sienese painting between 1260 and 1363.
		From the very beginning, the emphasis is on artists and art, to 'illustrate currents of thought or aspects of technique, to provide referents for discussions of painters' incomes, to document the patronage of the commune and the fame of Sienese painters abroad' - and not on pictures and their communicative function.
	www.utpjournals.com /product/utq/721/721_review_wollesen.html (632 words)

	Medieval Sourcebook: Giovanni Villani: Florentine Chronicle
		The Sienese immediately sent an army against the castle of Montalcino, which was under Florentine control, and sent for aid to Pisa and all the other Tuscan Ghibellines, so that with the knights of Siena, the Florentine exiles, the Germans and their allies, there were 1800 knights in Siena, most of them German.
		These friars were first exposed to nine powerful Sienese who went to great lengths to convince the friars that the government of Provenzano Salvani, the current ruler of Siena, was odious to them and they would willingly surrender the land to the Florentines for a price of ten thousand gold florins.
		When Razzante had delivered his false report, the Sienese all armed, shouting "battle, battle!" The Germans asked and received a promise of double pay, and their group led the assault through the San Vito gate, the very one that was supposed to be given to the Florentines.
	www.fordham.edu /halsall/source/villani.html (7371 words)

	Saint Anthony Distributing His Wealth to the Poor (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		The arms of a prominent Sienese family appear over a doorway, and some of the architecture may reflect specific buildings in the city and surrounding area.
		Here are beggars with patches on their clothing, a blind man being led by his small dog, and on the balcony, the iron spikes that supported awnings against the summer sun.
		Sassetta combined tradition—note the typically Sienese brilliance of his pinks and greens—with a new interest in landscape and experiments in perspective.
	www.nga.gov /collection/gallery/gg3/gg3-41357.0-biblio.html (275 words)

	Sano di Pietro - Biography (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Sano was one of the most prolific and successful Sienese painters, the head of a workshop that satisfied the demands of civic and religious institutions in the city as well as those of private devotion.
		Although in 1428 he was already listed in the guild of Sienese painters, his work is well documented in its various stages only from 1444 (Gesuati polyptych) until his year of death (Pietà, Monte dei Paschi collection in Siena, 1481), whereas the question of his early activity is still open for discussion.
		Esteemed in the nineteenth century literature as a sort of Fra Angelico of Sienese painting[1] and considered by some a typical representative of Sienese quattrocento mysticism,[2] Sano is much less appreciated by twentieth-century criticism.
	www.bonus.com /contour/national_gallery/http@@/www.nga.gov/cgi-bin/pbio?27650 (470 words)

	Travelocity.com: Destination Guides: Siena
		With Siena now Guelf again, Sienese merchants established in 1270 the Council of Nine, an oligarchy that ruled over Siena's greatest republican era, when civic projects, the middle-class economy, palace building, and artistic prowess reached their greatest heights.
		Artists like Duccio, Simone Martini, and the Lorenzetti brothers invented a distinctive Sienese art style, a highly developed Gothicism that was an excellent artistic foil to the emerging Florentine Renaissance.
		To subdue these pesky Sienese once and for all, Cosimo I sent the brutal marquis of Marignano, who besieged the city for a year and a half, destroying its fields and burning its buildings.
	dest.travelocity.com /DestGuides/0,1840,TCYCAFR\|6074\|3\|1\|760,00.html (698 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Everything is ready for the exhibition Duccio: the beginnings of Sienese painting, due to be held in Siena from 4 October 2003 to 11 January 2004.
		The first will be devoted to The Sienese previous to and contemporary with Duccio, the second will be entitled Cimabue, Duccio and young Giotto, while and the third — Duccio’s career — will illustrate the works of Duccio and of his workshop.
		The heading of the Third generation of painters of the Duccio school has been attributed to a series of artists who worked in the fourth and fifth decades of the fourteenth century, such as Niccolò di Segna, the son of Segna di Bonaventura, and Bartolomeo Bulgarini.
	clponline.it /docs_cms/5D6AB545-98F8-223A-C686718F95362DDC/Ducciocomunicatoininglese.doc (823 words)

	Hayden B. J. Maginnis: The World of the Early Sienese Painter
		Drawing on the extraordinary riches of Sienese archives, on early unpublished secondary sources, and on the recent work of historians, Hayden Maginnis situates early Sienese painters within their society and their city and provides the first comprehensive account of the economic, social, religious, and intellectual world of Siena's artists.
		These and a host of related questions structure Maginnis's book, which demonstrates how firmly painters' lives were embedded in the values and customs of their society and how important the particular character of their society was for the patronage artists received.
		The World of the Early Sienese Painter is the second volume of a trilogy Maginnis began with Painting in the Age of Giotto (1997).
	www.psupress.org /books/titles/0-271-02338-4.html (332 words)

	Books Art & Photography - Gothic: Sienese Painting: The Art of a City-Republic (World of Art) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		The main Sienese artists are discussed in their own chapters, and a clear line of development is laid out, though at the same time the individual characteristics of each artist are discussed.
		Somehow the author makes the reader see that the colorated delicacy of Sienese painting is a very logical outgrowth of these various opposing powers.
		But mainly, Sienese painting wasn't considered "progressive" enough by the Renaissance standards that were constructed by later historians.The republic's painting paled in the shadow of mighty and magnificent Florence with it's army of artists who defended artistic soverignty.
	www.tocant.com /Gothic/Sienese-Painting:-The-Art-of-a-City-Republic-(World-of-Art).html (859 words)

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