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Topic: Sigatoka

	APSnet Feature - Black Sigatoka of Banana - The most important disease of a most important fruit (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-30)
		A close-up of the adaxial surface of a banana leaf that is affected by fl Sigatoka.
		In export plantations, Black Sigatoka is controlled with frequent applications of fungicides and cultural practices, such as the removal of affected leaves, and adequate spacing of plants and efficient drainage within plantation.
		Black Sigatoka is caused by the ascomycete, Mycosphaerella fijiensis Morelet [anamorph: Paracercospora fijiensis (Morelet) Deighton] (a variant of the pathogen, M.
	www.apsnet.org /education/feature/banana/top.html (2152 words)

	Black sigatoka - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Black Sigatoka is a leaf spot disease of banana plants caused by fungus Mycosphaerella fijiensis Morelet.
		Plants with leaves damaged by the disease may have up to 50% lower yield of fruit.
		In commercial export plantations, Black Sigatoka is controlled by frequent applications of fungicides.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Black_Sigatoka (158 words)

	Introduction
		The Sigatoka Sand Dunes National Park extends along the Coral Coast of Viti Levu from the mouth of the Sigatoka River west to Naqarai Bay, a linear distance of approximately 5 km (Figure 1).
		Ultimately the sand was redeposited at the river mouth and along the Sigatoka shore where it was swept obliquely inland by southeast tradewinds.
		Field work at Sigatoka was conducted from June 15 to July I with student, volunteer, and Fiji Museum field crews of up to 21 individuals.
	www.sfu.ca /archaeology/museum/sigatoka/intro.html (1424 words)

	Welcome to AVIS Fiji
		It sits on the banks of the Sigatoka River which is Fiji's second largest waterway.
		Sigatoka is a good place for lunch break either at the Le Cafe' or the Sigatoka Club.
		The last chief to reside in the fort was killed in a skirmish with government troops in the Colo war in 1876.
	www.avis.com.fj /tours/sigatoka.html (330 words)

	Banana - Black Sigatoka Disease
		The fungus that causes fl Sigatoka, Mycosphaerella fijiensis, is spread from tree to tree by wind, rain, and irrigation water.
		The name fl Sigatoka was given to the disease because it was first discovered in 1963 in the Sigatoka Valley of Fiji.
		Black Sigatoka is a difficult and expensive disease to control.
	www.ipm.iastate.edu /ipm/hortnews/2005/3-23-2005/banana.html (402 words)

	Sigatoka leaf spot diseases (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-30)
		The spread of fl Sigatoka to Africa and the American tropics within the last 25 years has made the disease the most economically important disease of bananas and plantains.
		Although bananas are severely defoliated by Sigatoka diseases, they are not usually killed unless infection is heavy on a highly susceptible cultivar.
		For example in Honduras in 1984, fl Sigatoka control was approximately 26% of the cost of producing a box of bananas, and was reported to reduce the yield of commercially-grown 'Horn' plantains (Musa AAB) by 50% (Stover and Simmonds, 1987).
	easyweb.easynet.co.uk /~andreaj/import.htm (252 words)

	Jamaica Gleaner - Banana farmers on black sigatoka alert - Friday \| November 9, 2001
		Black Sigatoka is a dangerous fungal disease that affects bananas and plantains.
		When you had only the Yellow Sigatoka you could get away with a limited number of spraying sessions per year and you could get away with unskilled persons spraying, but with the Black Sigatoka you must have a technician who is well trained," Mr.
		This is because Black Sigatoka thrives in areas of high humidity, which makes areas such as Portland, St. Thomas and St. Mary particularly vulnerable.
	www.jamaica-gleaner.com /gleaner/20011109/business/business5.html (749 words)

	APSnet Feature - Black Sigatoka of Banana - Disease Note (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-30)
		Black Sigatoka, caused by Mycosphaerella fijiensis, is widely recognized as the most important disease of banana, Musa spp.
		It has spread rapidly in the Western Hemisphere since it first appeared in Honduras in 1972, and is now found in the Caribbean basin in Cuba, Jamaica, and Santo Domingo, and on the mainland from central Mexico south to Bolivia and northwestern Brazil (2).
		The prevailing east to west winds in the Caribbean, and highly variable incidence and severity of the disease also suggested that the pathogen had been introduced to the area on infected seed pieces (suckers) rather than by wind or rainblown ascospores from Cuba or other affected areas (1).
	www.apsnet.org /education/feature/banana/disnote.htm (357 words)

	Sigatoka working group
		Abstracts of the sigatoka papers presented at the The International Congress on Banana: harnessing research to improve livelihoods as well as the 4th International Symposium on Molecular and Cellular Biology, held 06-09 July 2004, Penang, Malaysia.
		The global spread of fl Sigatoka (BS) disease from its centre of origin in the South East Asia/Pacific area to the American and African continents was a major catalyst for the international effort now being directed towards banana and plantain improvement.
		As a result of an intensive breeding effort over the past ten years both in Central America, Africa and South America, a range of hybrids with resistance to BS have been developed and are in the initial stages of release to farmers.
	www.promusa.org /research/sigatoka.php (1186 words)

	Black Sigatoka Banana - Australia (Queensland) — AgNIC Partnership (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-30)
		Banana growers in Queensland are [concerned] after the discovery of Black Sigatoka disease on some feral plants in the state's north.
		Black Sigatoka is a fungal leaf disease that's widespread in Asia and Central America but so far only 8 minor cases have been discovered in Australia.
		An outbreak of the dreaded banana disease, fl sigatoka, in Queensland's major growing area has prompted an urgent effort by New South Wales growers to cordon off their industry.
	www.agnic.org /pmp/2001/bsb041201.html (603 words)

	Sigatoka leaf spot diseases (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-30)
		Two forms of Sigatoka leaf spots affect bananas - yellow Sigatoka, caused by the fungus Mycosphaerella musicola (Zimm.) Deighton (anamorph Pseudocercospora musae), and fl Sigatoka, caused by M.
		All of the Cavendish varieties (AAA) are highly susceptible to fl Sigatoka, as are dessert bananas of the 'Silk' and 'Pome' clones (AAB), most plantain cultivars (AAB) and the AAB and ABB cooking bananas (Stover and Simmonds, 1987).
		For export producers the need to develop a dessert banana with resistance to fl Sigatoka has never been greater; for subsistence farmers and non-export commercial growers in Africa and South America the presence or imminent arrival of fl Sigatoka is of equal concern.
	www.msu.edu /~andreaj/sigatoka/sigatoka2.html (363 words)

	Sigatoka leaf spot diseases (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-30)
		Both leaf spot diseases are of economic importance, but fl Sigatoka develops more rapidly, causes more severe defoliation, and is more difficult to control than yellow Sigatoka (Stover and Dickson, 1976).
		Although it has been reported, anecdotally, that wherever it has been introduced, fl Sigatoka has replaced yellow Sigatoka within two years, this has not been proven, and is now under some doubt (Jones, 1990).
		Control of fl Sigatoka, however, is practiced with fungicides (usually triazoles in rotation with other compounds) which have to be applied more frequently than for yellow Sigatoka.
	easyweb.easynet.co.uk /~andreaj/sigatoka2.htm (363 words)

	Co-operative Research Centre for Tropical Plant Protection (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-30)
		Black Sigatoka is caused by the fungus Mycosphaerella fijiensis.
		In April 2001, a fl Sigatoka outbreak was detected in Tully, north Queensland's major commercial banana growing region, where crops have an estimated value of AUD$87 million per annum.
		Accurate identification of fl Sigatoka is often complicated by the presence of other fungal pathogens, in particular the morphologically similar and related species M.
	www.tpp.uq.edu.au /disease/sigatoka.htm (214 words)

	cheap car hire sigatoka downtown - car rental in sigatoka downtown from Holiday Autos (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-30)
		sigatoka downtown is only one of many car rental locations we offer throughout fiji.
		Our car rental prices in sigatoka downtown are also fully inclusive of unlimited mileage, third party liability insurance, collision damage waiver, theft waiver, airport surcharges, bail bonds and all local taxes.
		We provide car hire in sigatoka downtown and allow you to book up to 12 hours before departure, arrange different pick up/drop locations and choose from a vast range of cars - from small ‘runarounds’ to minivans and convertibles - in every location.
	www.holidayautos.co.uk /car-hire/sigatokadowntown.htm (272 words)

	Black Sigatoka Banana - Australia (Queensland) (02) — AgNIC Partnership (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-30)
		Queensland's fl sigatoka outbreak is currently confined to 3 confirmed sites, including one on a commercial plantation, all within 3 km of the original discovery.
		The area in question is near Tully in far north Queensland, approximately 140 km south of Cairns, and is deemed a significant threat to the region's $200 million banana industry.
		While far north Queensland has recorded 8 outbreaks of fl sigatoka in feral bananas within the past 10 years, this is the first time the fungal disease has been detected in a commercial production area.
	www.agnic.org /pmp/2001/bsb041701.html (369 words)

	PCR Diagnostics for Sigatoka disease of banana (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-30)
		Yellow Sigatoka is now found in most banana growing areas of the world, whereas the more economically-devastating disease, fl Sigatoka is still absent from some important banana-growing areas such as the Caribbean Islands.
		It will be of value in quarantine programmes and in determining the spread of fl Sigatoka, and in monitoring schemes in areas which have so far been free of the disease.
		Black Sigatoka has not yet reached the Windward Islands, and constant monitoring is essential in order to attempt to isolate and eradicate the disease should it appear.
	www.msu.edu /~andreaj/sigatoka/sigatoka.html (489 words)

	Black sigatoka - Australia & Papua New Guinea — AgNIC Partnership (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-30)
		In RS 2000/120, it was reported that _Mycosphaerella fijiensis_ (causing fl sigatoka disease of banana) has pest status "transient: actionable, under eradication" in Queensland (Australia) and is absent from the rest of the country.
		Murray Island and several others lie on the PNG side of the Strait, and fl sigatoka is tolerated if it occurs there (it is established in PNG).
		Another group of islands lies on the Australian side, off Cape York, and fl sigatoka is subject to eradication there as it is in mainland Queensland.
	www.agnic.org /pmp/2001/bsa010101.html (359 words)

	UH Press Journals: Asian Perspectives, vol. 37, no. 1 (1998)
		Understanding the geomorphic setting of the Sigatoka dune field on the south coast of Viti Levu in Fiji is critical for interpreting the associated archaeological site, with culture levels dating back to 3000 years ago.
		The dune field lies along the seaward fringe of the Holocene delta of the Sigatoka River, which drains interior highlands astride the boundary between the wet windward and dry leeward climatic zones of Viti Levu.
		Sand brought down to the shoreline by the Sigatoka River is transported longshore westward by surf along the delta front and blown inland oblique to the shore by the prevailing trade winds.
	www.uhpress.hawaii.edu /journals/ap/AP371.html (841 words)

	Agrichemical Usage
		Agrichemicals used to control Black Sigatoka account for 80 percent of Chiquita’s total agrichemical use by volume.
		Black Sigatoka can have devastating impacts on production yields and can cause premature ripening and incomplete development of the fruit.
		The banana plant is naturally sterile and cannot develop natural resistance to this devastating disease, so its control requires careful application of agrichemicals and good farm practices.
	www.chiquita.com /chiquitacr02/envirosocial_01b_4b.htm (818 words)

	Diseases of plants: Black sigatoka (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-30)
		Black Sigatoka is a devastating banana disease found in most banana producing countries.
		Profile: Black Sigatoka is a fungal disease that destroys banana leaves, reducing the number and size of fruit.
		Leaf symptoms look like those of yellow Sigatoka (a common disease in production areas) but the most important difference is that more and younger leaves are killed off.
	www.affa.gov.au /content/output.cfm?ObjectID=FBE3C7CC-5E7B-402D-9CD45412A258FDE3 (422 words)

	Plant Disease Note 2006 \| Mycosphaerella fijiensis, Causal Agent of Black Sigatoka of Musa spp. Found in Puerto Rico ...
		In August 2004, symptoms resembling fl Sigatoka were first observed in Añasco, Puerto Rico by extension personnel from the University of Puerto Rico.
		Since fl and yellow Sigatoka produce similar disease symptoms, a survey was conducted in the western banana- and plantain-production region of Puerto Rico to confirm the presence of fl Sigatoka.
		Detection of Sigatoka leaf spot pathogens of banana by the polymerase chain reaction.
	www.apsnet.org /pd/searchnotes/2006/PD-90-0684A.asp (497 words)

	Sigatoka River Safari
		Fiji’s original and only jetboat safari is a half day tour venturing into Fiji’s interior along the Sigatoka River aboard a custom built safari jet boat.
		Sigatoka River Safari offers visitors and locals alike a must do adventure into the heart of the ´real´ Fiji.
		Our tour is brought to life by your driver/guide who will share with you the history of the area, Fijian customs and local legends.
	www.sigatokariver.com (85 words)

	afrol News - Banana production may be wiped out in 10 years
		Even worse, though, is the rapidly spreading fungus, known as 'Black Sigatoka', which is attacking the banana plant itself.
		Attacking all major varieties of bananas and plantains, Black Sigatoka turns the plant's leaves a mottled yellow, brown and fl, thus impeding photosynthesis, explains researcher Michelle Hibler.
		For exporters, Black Sigatoka is ruinous: the disease also causes premature ripening of the fruit.
	www.afrol.com /News2003/afr001_bananas.htm (1127 words)

	Fiji Islands - Sigatoka Valley
		Friendly farmer - In the Sigatoka valley we captured this farmer preparing his soil for planting.
		This scene is near the Tongan Hill Fort just outside Sigatoka.
		It was a long day driving up the Sigatoka Valley.
	www.jellesen.dk /webcrea/places/fiji/sigatoga.htm (61 words)

	Valelevu man arrested for Sigatoka robbery (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-30)
		Police have arrested a 27 year old man of Valelevu for his alleged involvement in a major robbery in Sigatoka early this week.
		Deputy Divisional Crime Officer Western, ASP Luke Rawalai confirms that the man was arrested after a police raid at his house upon a tip off.
		Police say that the gun was stolen from a house in Sigatoka after 5 masked men stormed into the house and stole $5000 cash, jewelery and other assorted items after assaulting the owner his wife and his 16 year old daughter on Monday morning.
	www.fijivillage.com /artman/publish/printer_20473.shtml (190 words)

	Online News - NBCSVG.COM (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-30)
		The Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries is moving quickly to ensure that the dreaded fungal disease known as the Black Sigatoka, does not affect agricultural produce here.
		The Ministry is hosting a two-day Sensitization Workshop, focusing on the Identification and Early Detection of the Black Sigatoka, which affects Bananas and Plantains.
		In addition, the Ministry of Agriculture in collaboration with other major stakeholders in the industry would be looking to develop a comprehensive strategy for the Exclusion of Black Sigatoka and its control, in the event that the disease is introduced into the country.
	www.nbcsvg.com /newscentre/news_archive/sigatoka.htm (131 words)

	PANNA: Black Sigatoka Control. Global Pesticide Campaigner, Volume 6, Number 4, December 1996.
		Black Sigatoka Control Researchers and farmers in Cuba have developed an integrated approach to controlling fl sigatoka disease on plaintain and banana plantations that cuts the number of fungicide applications in half P from an average of 25 to an average of 14 fungicide treatments per year.
		The process of implementing these methods is coordinated on a national level to ensure that they are adopted in all banana producing regions in order to have the greatest possible impact on reducing the disease's presence.
		In addition, a national system for assessing weather and disease conditions allows farmers to predict with greater certainty when fl sigatoka outbreaks will be most harmful.
	www.panna.org /resources/pestis/PESTIS.1996.149.html (348 words)

	Co-operative Research Centre for Tropical Plant Protection (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-30)
		The Sigatoka primers designed through Activity 1.2c(03): Improving the PCR test to detect fl Sigatoka disease in banana leaf tissue have also been compared to sequences from nine Mycosphaerella species known to infect eucalypts, and 17 overseas Mycosphaerella species found to infect Myrtaceae.
		The gel-based PCR diagnostic test developed in Activity 1.2c(03): Improving the PCR test to detect fl Sigatoka disease in banana leaf tissue has proven very effective in assisting the DPIQ personnel at Mareeba, north Queensland, and the banana industry during the fl Sigatoka surveillance and eradication campaign.
		MGB and Scorpion-PCR technologies, are currently being explored for their applicability to a Sigatoka assay due to the improved sensitivity and specificity of this technology, decreased chance of cross-contamination, high throughput screening in a shorter turn-around time, and the ability to quantify the pathogen.
	www.tpp.uq.edu.au /disease/research/sp13d.htm (349 words)

	Sigatoka: Shifting Sands of Fijian Prehistory price comparison at MSN Shopping
		The traditional view of the colonization of Fiji is one of an initial movement to the islands three thousand years ago followed by relative isolation until the 19th century.
		One important site within this debate is the Sigatoka sand dunes on the south-west shore of Fiji's largest island.
		Please alert us to any pricing discrepancies you discover.Tax and shipping costs are estimated and may vary by item, location or seller.
	shopping.msn.com /Prices/shp/?itemId=1482822 (231 words)

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