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	Sigismund, Holy Roman Emperor - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Sigismund (February 14/15, 1368 - December 9, 1437) was Holy Roman Emperor from 1433 to 1437.
		In 1410, in a disputed election, Sigismund was elected emperor of the Holy Roman Empire.
		As emperor, Sigismund was instrumental in helping convene the Council of Constance (1414 - 1418), which ended the Papal schism and — of great consequence to Sigismund's future career — burned the Czech religious reformer Jan Hus at the stake for heresy in July 1415.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Sigismund,_Holy_Roman_Emperor (560 words)

	Holy Roman Emperor Sigismund of Germany (1368-1437) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Sigismund was elected Holy Roman emperor in 1410.
		Sigismund (1368-1437), Holy Roman emperor (1411-37) and king of Hungary (1387-1437) and Bohemia (1419-37), the son of Holy Roman Emperor Charles IV.
		Sigismund succeeded to the throne of Bohemia in 1419.
	www.geocities.com /Heartland/Ranch/8882/Notes2/00233.htm (251 words)

	Charles IV, Holy Roman Emperor - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		He was elected as a rival King of the Romans to Emperor Louis IV, succeeded his father John of Luxemburg as King of Bohemia and Count of Luxembourg in 1346 as his mother was Elizabeth (Eliška), heiress of Bohemia, daughter of King Wenceslaus II and sister of King Wenceslaus III of the Premyslid dynasty.
		Charles was crowned as emperor of the Holy Roman Empire in 1355.
		Sigismund (1368–1437), emperor, king of Hungary and Bohemia and margrave of Brandenburg.
	www.lexington-fayette.us /project/wikipedia/index.php/Charles_IV,_Holy_Roman_Emperor (786 words)

	Holy Roman Empire - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Holy Roman Empire was a political conglomeration of lands in Central Europe in the Middle Ages and the early modern period.
		The pope's crowning of Charlemagne as Emperor in 800 formed the example that later kings would follow: it was the result of Charlemagne having defended the pope against the rebellious inhabitants of Rome, which initiated the notion of the Reich being the protector of the church.
		His later crowning as Emperor Otto I (later called "the Great") in 962 would mark an important step, since from then on the Empire – and not the West-Frankish kingdom that was the other remainder of the Frankish kingdoms – would have the blessing of the pope.
	www.leessummit.us /project/wikipedia/index.php/Holy_Roman_Empire (4827 words)

	Encyclopedia: Holy Roman Empire (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		The prince-electors or electoral princes of the Holy Roman Empire — German: Kurfürst (singular) Kurfürsten (plural) — were the members of the electoral college of the Holy Roman Empire, having the function of electing the Emperors of Germany.
		In the Holy Roman Empire, an Imperial Free City (in German: Freie Reichsstadt) was a city formally responsible to the Emperor only — as opposed to the majority of cities in the Empire, which belonged to a territory and were thus governed by one of the many princes and dukes of...
		The Holy Roman Emperor was, with some variation, the ruler of the Holy Roman Empire, the predecessor of modern Germany, during its existence from the 10th century until its collapse in 1806.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Holy-Roman-Empire (11947 words)

	Hussite - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		King Wenceslaus, prompted by his grudge against Sigismund, at first gave free vent to his indignation at the course of events in Constance; and his wife openly favored the friends of Hus.
		The entire Hussite nobility joined the league, and if the king had entered it, its resolutions would have received the sanction of the law; but he refused, and approached the Roman Catholic League of lords, which was now formed, the members pledging themselves to cling to the king, the Roman Church, and the Council.
		The Taborites refused to conform, and the Calixtines united with the Roman Catholics and destroyed the Taborites in a battle near Lipany (May 30, 1434).
	www.hackettstown.us /project/wikipedia/index.php/Hussite (1466 words)

	Hussite Wars biography .ms (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Sigismund, had, by the death of his brother Wenceslaus without issue, acquired a claim on the Bohemian crown; though it was then, and remained till much later, doubtful whether Bohemia was an hereditary or an elective monarchy.
		The vast army of crusaders, with which were Sigismund and many German princes, and which consisted of adventurers attracted by the hope of pillage from all parts of Europe, arrived before Prague on 30 June and immediately began the siege of the city, which had, however, soon to be abandoned.
		Sigismund attempted to relieve the fortress, but was decisively defeated by the Hussites on 1 November near the village of Pankrác.
	hussite-wars.biography.ms (2405 words)

	Charles IV, Holy Roman Emperor (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Image:Interview of King Charles V with the Emperor Charles IV in Paris in 1378 Fac simile of a Miniature in the Description of this Interview Manuscript of the Fifteenth Century in the Library of the Arsenal of Paris.pngrightthumbInterview of King Charles V. with the Emperor Charles IV.
		Thus, Emperor Charles IV of Luxembourg was the maternal uncle of King Charles V of France, who solicited his relative's advice at Metz in 1356 during the Parisian Revolt.
		Sigismund, Holy Roman EmperorSigismund (1368–1437/), emperor, king of Hungary and Bohemia and margrave of Brandenburg.
	www.infothis.com /find/Charles_IV,_Holy_Roman_Emperor (669 words)

	MSN Encarta - Print Preview - Holy Roman Empire
		In the Golden Bull of 1356, Charles specified the seven electors as the archbishops of Mainz, Trier, and Cologne; the count palatine of the Rhine; the duke of Saxony; the margrave of Brandenburg; and the king of Bohemia.
		In 1414 Sigismund successfully forced one of the papal claimants, John XXIII, to call the Council of Constance (1414-1418) in an attempt to resolve the crisis.
		Sigismund saw himself as the defender of Christianity and was concerned about the popular Czech preacher and religious reformer, Jan Hus (John Huss), who was gaining popularity in the region.
	encarta.msn.com /text_761558731___9/Holy_Roman_Empire.html (1645 words)

	Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Elected King of the Romans in 1486 at the initiative of his father, he also stood at the head of the Holy Roman Empire upon his father's death in 1493.
		In 1508, Maximilian, with the assent of Pope, took the title of Elected Roman Emperor (Erwählter Römischer Kaiser), and thus ended the century-old custom that the Holy Roman Emperor had to be crowned by the pope.
		Maximilian died in Wels, Upper Austria, and was succeeded as Emperor by his grandson Charles V, his son Philip I of Castile having died in 1506.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Maximilian_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor (519 words)

	Ferdinand I, Holy Roman emperor. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001-05
		1503–64, Holy Roman emperor (1558–64), king of Bohemia (1526–64) and of Hungary (1526–64), younger brother of Holy Roman Emperor Charles V.
		In the same year Ferdinand married Anna, daughter of Uladislaus II, king of Hungary and Bohemia, in fulfillment of a treaty (1515) between his grandfather, Holy Roman Emperor Maximilian I, and Uladislaus II.
		The sporadic warfare in Hungary was indecisive, except that Ferdinand had to pay tribute to the sultan for the strip of NW Hungary that he was allowed to keep with the royal title.
	www.bartleby.com /65/fe/Ferdi1HRE.html (446 words)

	LEOPOLD I, HOLY ROMAN EMPEROR FACTS AND INFORMATION
		Mazarin, however, obtained a promise from the new emperor that he would not send assistance to Spain, then at war with France, and, by joining a confederation of German princes, called the league of the Rhine, France secured a certain influence in the internal affairs of Germany.
		The emperor was not himself a man of war, and never led his troops in person; yet the greater part of his public life was spent in arranging and directing wars.
		In 1686 the league_of_Augsburg was formed by the emperor and the imperial princes, to preserve the terms of the treaties of Westphalia and of Nijmegen.
	www.gottagetflowers.com /Leopold_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor (1433 words)

	Sigismund -> German King and Holy Roman Emperor on Encyclopedia.com 2002 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		After the death of the German king and uncrowned Holy Roman Emperor Rupert in 1410, both Sigismund and his cousin, Jobst of Moravia, claimed victory in the imperial elections.
		Since Sigismund's half brother Wenceslaus, who had been deposed from the German throne in 1400, had never waived his title, there were, for a time, three rulers of Germany.
		The death of Jobst (1411) and the withdrawal of Wenceslaus left Sigismund sole king and Holy Roman emperor-elect.
	www.encyclopedia.com /html/section/sigismun_germankingandholyromanemperor.asp (515 words)

	End of Europe's Middle Ages - Holy Roman Empire
		A political empire imposed across geographic and ethnic boundaries, at the start of the fourteenth century, the Holy Roman Empire was comprised of present-day Germany and extended across Prussia, Hungary, Bohemia, Switzerland, and parts of southern and northern Italy.
		In an attempt to eliminate papal interference from German politics, Louis IV (1287-1347), in association with German princes, issued the Declaration of Rense in 1338 that stated that the emperor would be elected by an electoral college of German princes and that papal confirmation was unnecessary.
		The last emperor of the late Middle Ages was Maximilian I of Habsburg (1459-1519) who expanded the Holy Roman Empire and firmly established the Habsburg dynasty as a European power.
	www.ucalgary.ca /applied_history/tutor/endmiddle/holy.html (901 words)

	CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Sigismund
		He was the second son of the Emperor Charles IV, who betrothed him to Maria, the oldest daughter of King Louis of Hungary and Poland, and thus prepared the way for a great extension of the power of the House of Luxemburg.
		When, therefore, King Wenceslaus was deposed as emperor in 1400 at Oberlahnstein by the electors, and Rupert was elected emperor in his stead, Wenceslaus appointed his brother imperial vicar for Germany and governor and administrator of Bohemia.
		Sigismund's failure to effect the needed imperial reforms was not wholly due to weakness of character; the selfish policy of the estates opposed insuperable obstacles to his good intentions.
	www.newadvent.org /cathen/13784b.htm (1151 words)

	Pope Eugenius IV (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		The council refused to dissolve; instead they renewed the revolutionary resolutions by which the Council of Constance had declared a council superior to the pope, and cited Eugenius to appear at Basel.
		A compromise was arranged by Sigismund, Holy Roman Emperor, who had been crowned emperor at Rome on May 31, 1433.
		By its terms the pope recalled his bull of dissolution, and, reserving all the rights of the Holy See, acknowledged the council as ecumenical (December 15 1433).
	www.1-free-software.com /en/wikipedia/p/po/pope_eugenius_iv.html (854 words)

	Sigismund -- Encyclopædia Britannica
		Holy Roman emperor from 1433, king of Hungary from 1387, German king from 1411, king of Bohemia from 1419, and Lombard king from 1431.
		The last emperor of the House of Luxembourg, he participated in settling the Western Schism and the Hussite wars in Bohemia.
		Sigismund, a younger son of the Holy Roman emperor Charles IV, received from his father the margravate…
	www.britannica.com /eb/article-9067706?tocId=9067706 (523 words)

	Council of Constance - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The council was held from November 16, 1414 to April 22, 1418 in Constance.
		With the support of the Sigismund, Holy Roman Emperor, enthroned before the high altar of the cathedral of Constance, the Council of Constance recommended that all three popes abdicate, and that another be chosen.
		In part because of the constant presence of the emperor, other rulers demanded that they have a say in who would be pope.
	www.bexley.us /project/wikipedia/index.php/Council_of_Constance (740 words)

	Gypsies of Europe - Sayyida Rakli Zada Orlenda
		In 1407, a strange sight appeared at the gates to the city of Hildesheim, in Lower Saxony.The Holy Roman Emperor Sigismund was rumored to be residing there, and a large group of people had gathered there to petition him for safe passage through the empire.
		They received letters from Sigismund, the Holy Roman Emperor, granting them safe passage through all lands under his domain, catching up with him in Lindau on Lake Constance in 1417, it is believed.
		Historical Dictionary of the Gypsies (Romanes) - Donald Kenrick and Gillian Taylor, 1998.
	www.latchodrom.org /gypsieseu.htm (1546 words)

	AllRefer.com - Charles IV, Holy Roman emperor (German History, Biography) - Encyclopedia
		The son of John of Luxemburg, Charles was educated at the French court and fought the English at CrEcy, where his father's heroic death made him king of Bohemia.
		Louis's death (1347), the popular desire for peace, which was fostered by the ravages of the Black Death (bubonic plague), and the absence of a strong leader to unite the opposition enabled Charles to make good his claim to the crown by 1349.
		As Holy Roman emperor, his reputation rests mainly on the Golden Bull, which, although it confirmed the weakness of the imperial power, provided a stable constitutional foundation for its exercise.
	reference.allrefer.com /encyclopedia/C/Charles4HRE.html (594 words)

	Vlar's Timeline of the World (Page 10)
		Emperor Sigismund dead; succeeded by Albert V. 1438 - The Inca empire conquers all of the Andean coast and highlands of South America (Peru), from 1438-1532.
		Albert, Duke of Bavaria, undertakes to uphold authority of Holy Roman Empire.
		Frederick III dead; succeeded as Holy Roman Emperor by Maximilian I. First peasants' revolt in Alsace and s.west Germany.
	www.angelfire.com /vt/VlarDracul/timeline10.html (2056 words)

	Gypsies of the Middle East - Sayyida Rakli Zada Orlenda
		In 803 Theophanes the Confessor writes that Emperor Nikephoros I Genik had the help of the Atsingani (derived from the Greek “Atsinganoi” which is the root word for various names that the gypsies are called now, such as Tzigane, Zincali, etc.) and the Pavlikiani to put down a riot with their “knowledge of magic”.
		Emperor Michael I Rangrave (811-813) for a short period of time imposed the death penalty on heretical groups as he saw them, including the Atsingani.
		By 1050 A.D., they were called on by Emperor Monomachus and asked to rid his forests of the wild animals which were killing off his stock in his hunting preserve, as told by a Georgian hagiographical text, the Life of St. George the Anchorite.
	www.latchodrom.org /gypsiesme.htm (1436 words)

	Hus
		Hus's criticisms and calls for reforms came in the midst of the Schism; high Church leaders generally regarded Hus as an irritating stumbling block to reconciling the divided Church and he was excommunicated.
		Assured safe conduct by Sigismund, the Holy Roman Emperor, Hus journeyed to the Council of Constance (1414-1418) to defend his beliefs.
		The Council of Constance was the Council which finally ended the Schism with the election of Pope Martin V. Despite the Emperor's guarantee of safe conduct for Hus, he was immediately imprisoned.
	www2.kenyon.edu /Projects/Margin/hus.htm (715 words)

	The Path Not Taken - The History of Henry the Great (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Sigismund, as successor to the last Christian ruler of Jerusalem almost two centuries before, Emperor Frederick II, is proclaimed king in absentia; Henry, as regent, assumes the title "Protector of the Holy Sepulchre".
		In return, Sigismund agrees to nominate Henry as his heir to the Imperial title, subject to the approval of the Electoral College.
		His surviving son, recently returned from the Holy Land, is immediately proclaimed King, as John II of England and John III of France, and is crowned later in the year at Westminster and Rheims.
	www.wodarczak.net /althist/henry.html (2171 words)

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