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Topic: Sigismund II of Poland

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	Sigismund III — Infoplease.com
		Charles IX Although finally crowned in 1594, Sigismund was defeated (1598) at Stangebro and was formally deposed by the Swedish diet in 1599.
		Sigismund's use of Austrian aid to limit the powers of the diet and the dissatisfaction of the Protestants led to a rebellion (1606–7) under Nicholas Zebrzydowski, the palatine of Kraków.
		Ladislaus IV, king of Poland - Ladislaus IV Ladislaus IV, 1595–1648, king of Poland (1632–48), son and successor of...
	www.infoplease.com /ce6/people/A0845187.html (529 words)

	Sigismund II of Poland (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		Sigismund II Augustus (1520-1572, Polish Zygmunt II August) was the only son of Sigismund I the Old., king of Poland, whom he succeeded in 1548, and Bona Sforza.
		The third bride was sickly and unsympathetic, and from her Sigismund soon lost all hope of progeny, to his despair, for being the last male of the Jagiellos in the direct line, the dynasty was threatened with extinction.
		Sigismund II died at his beloved Knyszyn on July 6, 1572, at the age of 52.
	www.sciencedaily.com /encyclopedia/sigismund_ii_of_poland (836 words)

	The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition: Sigismund III @ HighBeam Research (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		In 1592, Sigismund inherited the Swedish throne from his father, but his reluctance to accept Protestantism as the state religion in Sweden involved him in conflict with the Swedes and with his uncle, who was regent (see Charles IX).
		Sigismund intervened in Russia, in the turmoil after the death of Boris Godunov, by sanctioning Polish support of the two pretenders who claimed to be Dmitri.
		Sigismund's use of Austrian aid to limit the powers of the diet and the dissatisfaction of the Protestants led to a rebellion (1606-7) under Nicholas Zebrzydowski, the palatine of Kraków.
	www.highbeam.com /library/doc0.asp?DOCID=1E1:Sigismun3&refid=ip_encyclopedia_hf (436 words)

	SWEDEN - LoveToKnow Article on SWEDEN (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		During Sigismunds absence from Sweden that realm was to be ruled by seven Swedes, six elected by the king and one by his uncle Duke Charles of Sudermania, the leader of the Swedish Protestants.
		Sigismund and his lion of posterity were declared to have forfeited the Swedish Charles IX., crown which was to pass to the heirs male of Charles.
		Sigismunds obstinate insistence upon his right to the Swedish crown was the one impediment to the conclusion of a war which the Polish Diet heartily detested and very successfully impeded.
	25.1911encyclopedia.org /S/SW/SWEDEN.htm (21978 words)

	Highbeam Encyclopedia - Search Results for Sigismund,
		The son of John III of Sweden and Catherine, sister of Sigismund II of Poland, he united the Vasa and Jagiello dynasties.
		Sigismund (1368–1437) Holy Roman Emperor (1411–37), king of Hungary (1387–1437), Germany (1411–37), Bohemia (1419–37), and Lombardy (1431–37), the last emperor of the House of Luxemburg.
		Son of King John III of Sweden (1537–1592) and Catherine, daughter of Sigismund I of Poland, he was elected king of Poland in 1587.
	www.encyclopedia.com /SearchResults.aspx?Q=Sigismund, (1108 words)

	Sigismund II Augustus - Encyclopedia.com
		Son of Sigismund I, he was crowned coruler with his father in 1530 and ruled the duchy of Lithuania from 1544.
		Continued threats by Russia compelled Sigismund to unite the lands attached to the Polish crown, and by the Union of Lublin (1569) he united Poland and Lithuania and their respective dependencies.
		After the death of Sigismund II Augustus, the last of the Jagiellonian Dynasty...
	www.encyclopedia.com /doc/1B1-378651.html (828 words)

	Ancestors and Family of Sigismund III of Sweden Vasa (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		In 1592, Sigismund inherited the Swedish throne from his father, but his reluctance to accept Protestantism as the state religion in Sweden involved him in conflict with the Swedes and with his uncle, who was regent.
		Sigismund’s use of Austrian aid to limit the powers of the diet and the dissatisfaction of the Protestants led to a rebellion (1606—7) under Nicholas Zebrzydowski, the palatine of Kraków.
		Sigismund married Anne of Austria Habsburg, daughter of Charles of Austria Habsburg and Maria Anna of Bavaria, on 31 May 1592.
	nygaard.howards.net /files/3/2754.htm (449 words)

	SIGISMUND II. - LoveToKnow Article on SIGISMUND II.
		But the Austrian court and Sigismunds own mother, Queen Bona, seem to have been behind the movement, and so violent was the agitation at Sigismunds first diet (31st of October 1548) that the deputies threatened to renounce their allegiance unless the king instantly repudiated Barbara.
		He sought to remedy the evil by liaisons with two of the most beautiful of his countrywomen, Barbara Gizanka and Anna Zajanczkowska, the diet undertaking to legitimatize and acknowledge as his successor any heir male who might be born to him; but their complacency was in vain, for the king died childless.
		Throughout this perilous transitional period Sigismunds was the hand which successfully steered the ship of state amidst all the whirlpools that constantly threatened to engulf it.
	www.1911encyclopedia.org /S/SI/SIGISMUND_II_.htm (778 words)

	AllRefer.com - Vasa (Scandinavian History, Biography) - Encyclopedia
		John III married the sister of Sigismund II of Poland, and their son was elected (1587) king of Poland as Sigismund III.
		Charles IX of Sweden was succeeded by Gustavus II; on Gustavus's death (1632) his daughter Christina ascended the throne.
		In Poland, Sigismund III was succeeded (1632) by his son Ladislaus IV, who was succeeded (1648) by his brother John II.
	reference.allrefer.com /encyclopedia/V/Vasa.html (275 words)

	WWW.BULGARIANMEDALS.COM > Coins - medals, Bulgarian medals, Bulgaria medals, Bulgarian medal, decorations, decoration, ...
		1863 Italy 10 Lire gold Emanuele II coin NICE
		1622 Poland Sigismund III 3 Groschen AR coin
		1549 Lithuania Sigismund II 3 Groschen coin R
	coins.www.bulgarianmedals.com /ext/en/exrw/cat=48/Coins.html (1124 words)

	Talk:Suleiman the Magnificent - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Mehmed II, the conqueror of Constantinople, actually went so far as to assume the title of "Caesar" because he had conquered the last remnant of the Roman Empire.
		I really don't know how to add this to the article but Sigismund II of Poland was the one who united the Grand Duthcy of Lithuania, and the Kingdom of Poland during the late rule of Suleiman the Magnificent.
		While the two never came in direct conflict, the Polish kingdom would be the buffer that kept the Ottomons from expanding further north, and in later years the Kingdom(after Suleiman's and Sigismunds's deathes) would participate in the Battle of Vienna.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Talk:Suleiman_the_Magnificent (578 words)

	The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition: Sigismund II @ HighBeam Research (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		SIGISMUND II [Sigismund II] or Sigismund Augustus, 1520-72, king of Poland (1548-72).
		An open-minded, tolerant monarch and a loyal Roman Catholic, Sigismund sought peacefully to counteract the Reformation; he abolished (1562) ecclesiastic courts but introduced (1565) the Society of Jesus (see Jesus, Society of), which successfully preached the Counter Reformation.
		After an interregnum and the brief rule of Henry of Valois (later Henry III of France), Stephen Báthory was elected (1575) king.
	www.highbeam.com /library/doc0.asp?DOCID=1E1:Sigismun2&refid=ip_encyclopedia_hf (326 words)

	POLAND ONLINE - HISTORY AND CULTURE (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		The greatest king of this period was Sigismund II Augustus.
		In 1921 the Soviets and the Poles signed a peace treaty, which gave Poland substantial territories in the east that were mainly populated by Ukrainians and Belorussians.
		The internal political situation in Poland was not very stable, and in 1926 Pilsudski took control as president of the republic and head of the government.
	www.polandonline.com /history.html (2041 words)

	CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Sigismund
		During the reign of his elder brother, King Wenceslaus, Sigismund was able, upon the death of the King of Hungary, to maintain his claims to Hungary though only after a hard struggle, and on 31 March, 1387, he was crowned King of Hungary.
		During the course of the council Sigismund turned his efforts at reform to internal policies, especially to the establishment of a general peace in the empire.
		Sigismund's failure to effect the needed imperial reforms was not wholly due to weakness of character; the selfish policy of the estates opposed insuperable obstacles to his good intentions.
	www.newadvent.org /cathen/13784b.htm (1151 words)

	TABLE OF CONTENTS
		The intrigues of John with the Counter-reformation and with Poland were steadily watched by a harsh and unbending colleague of high courage and Calvinistic sympathies, whose ideal was the maintenance of the Vasa dynasty by adhesion to the principles laid down by Gustavus.
		Sigismund dreamed of bequeathing the Crowns of Poland, Sweden, and Russia to his sons ; while Gustavus, with perhaps a juster appreciation of Muscovite national strength, embraced the opportunity of fortifying Sweden by erecting a firm bulwark at her neighbour's expense.
		Sigismund, who had become closely associated with the throne of Habsburg by his marriage with the Archduchess Anna in 1592, was determined to purge Livonia of heresy and to restore Sweden to Home.
	www.uni-mannheim.de /mateo/camenaref/cmh/cmh405.html (15520 words)

	history
		Catherine II was succeeded by her mentally ill son, Paul I. Paul obsessed over ritual, abused his power, and left the nation in a chaotic weakened state.
		Poland, ruled by the Piast dynasty, appeared as a political entity in the late 900s and adopted Catholicism as opposed to Orthodox Christianity.
		Poland, although able to fend of Tatars and other medieval marauders, could neither defend itself against Prussia, Russia, and the Austrio-Hungarian Empire nor stop its second dissolution at the hands of NAZI Germany and the Soviet Union.
	www-personal.umich.edu /~jfarrugi/gc3/book/history.htm (8198 words)

	AllRefer.com - Stephen BAthory (Polish History, Biography) - Encyclopedia
		Stefan Batory, 1533–86, king of Poland (1575–86), prince of Transylvania (1571–75), son of Stephen BAthory (1477–1534).
		In Poland, he was elected by a majority to succeed Henry of Valois, who had left Poland in 1574 to rule France as Henry III.
		After his death Sigismund III, a Swedish nephew of Sigismund II, was elected king.
	reference.allrefer.com /encyclopedia/S/StphnB.html (331 words)

	Online Encyclopedia and Dictionary - 1520
		January 18 - King Christian II of Denmark and Norway defeats the Swedes at Lake Asunde.
		June - Moctezuma II, Aztec ruler of Tenochtitlan is declared deposed due to his captivity by conquistador Hernán Cortés.
		November 8 - Stockholm Bloodbath begins: A successful invasion of Sweden by Danish forces under the command of Christian II of Denmark results in the execution of around 100 persons (mostly nobility and clergy involved in the previous Swedish war effort).
	fact-archive.com /encyclopedia/1520 (361 words)

	The Vasa Capsizes (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		When Sigismund died without a male heir, John and Catherine’s son was elected king of Lithuania-Poland Commonwealth in 1587 as Sigismund III (1566-1632).
		On John’s death in 1592, the Polish Vasa died out as Sigismund gained the Swedish throne as King Sigismund I. Sigismund was Catholic, however, which led to his being deposed in 1599.
		King Gustavus II Adolphus (Gustav II Adolf in Swedish) was born in 1594.
	www.albany.edu /faculty/pm157/teaching/cases/vasahome.html (4951 words)

	Augustus II (from history of Poland) -- Encyclopædia Britannica
		Though he regained Poland's former provinces of Podolia and the Ukraine, his reign marked the beginning of Poland's decline as a European power.
		One of the largest of the countries of eastern Europe, Poland was the first of these countries to liberate its government from the Communist domination endured for 45 years.
		It was the relegalization of the trade union Solidarity and the agreement to hold partially free parliamentary elections that appeared to have opened the floodgates of radical reforms that spilled...
	www.britannica.com /eb/article-28196?tocId=28196 (819 words)

	John III of Sweden : John III Vasa
		He was born on December 23, 1537 as the son of Gustav I of Sweden, and died on November 27, 1592.
		In Sweden she is known as Katarina Jagellonica and she was the sister of king Sigismund II of Poland.
		Sigismund king of Sweden, and king of Poland (1566-1632)
	www.fastload.org /jo/John_III_Vasa.html (224 words)

	WHKMLA : History of Poland - Noble's Republic
		Thus, the Rzescpospolita Polska, the NOBLE'S REPUBLIC OF POLAND, was established.
		The Estates of (West) Prussia had accepted Polish sovereignty in 1454, the Duchy in Prussia in 1525, the Estates of Livonia in 1561, the Duchy of Courland in 1561, the city of Riga in 1582.
		In 1619, Russia and Poland signed the PEACE OF DEULINO, in which Poland recognized the new Russian dynasty, Russia ceded the territories of Smolensk, Severia, Chernigov and other stretches previously Lithuanian.
	www.zum.de /whkmla/region/eceurope/nobrep.html (975 words)

	JewishEncyclopedia.com - BONA SFORZA: (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		Polish queen; born 1493; died 1557; second wife of King Sigismund I. She was remarkable for her beauty and energy, but thoroughly hated in Poland for her intrigues and avarice.
		Her favorite, the influential crown marshal, Peter Kmita, obtained bribes simultaneously from both Jewish and Christian merchants, promising either party to protect its interests at the Diet or before the king.
		During the last years of Sigismund's reign Queen Bona not only assumed equal sovereign power with him, but often exercised absolute rule.
	www.jewishencyclopedia.com /view.jsp?artid=1256&letter=B (129 words)

	TABLE OF CONTENTS
		It is true that after Christian II turned him out of his lectureship in 1522 a rich canonry was founded for him by Bishop Lage Urne of Roskilde, the duties of which were to teach in the University and preach to the people.
		In Poland itself frequent acts against the new opinions were passed by ecclesiastical synods, in 1527, 1530, 1532, 1542, and 1544.
		Sigismund I issued an order in 1534 forbidding Polish students to study at foreign universities, but this order was cancelled in 1543 ; and the inaction of Sigismund proclaims either his impotence or his lack of zeal.
	www.uni-mannheim.de /mateo/camenaref/cmh/cmh217.html (15858 words)

	Vilnius (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		It was granted city rights by the King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania Wladislaus II of Poland (Lithuanian: Jogaila, Polish: Władysław Jagiełło) in 1387.
		City's growth lost its momentum for many years, yet the number of inhabitants quickly recovered and by the beginning of the 19th century the city was the third largest city in Eastern Europe.
		After the Third Partition of Poland in 1795, Wilno was annexed by Russia and became the capital of a gubernya.
	www.worldhistory.com /wiki/V/Vilnius.htm (2615 words)

	HNA Review of Books (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		Maria Hennel-Bernasikowa (Wawel Castle, Cracow) studies the Flemish tapestries assembled between 1550 and 1560 by Sigismund II Augustus of Poland.
		Based on reports and other documents, she demonstrates how these tapestries were used for a variety of Poland’s royal ceremonies including coronations, weddings, funerals, and other occasions, a tradition that continued until the end of the eighteenth century.
		Interestingly, against Eric’s wishes, his half brother John III married Catherine of Poland, the sister of Sigismund II Augustus, resulting in a combination of the Swedish and Polish tapestry collections later in the sixteenth century.
	www.hnanews.org /archive/2004/Brosens.html (1198 words)

	Knyszyn - TheBestLinks.com - Poland, 1939, 1944, 1941, ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		Knyszyn - TheBestLinks.com - Poland, 1939, 1944, 1941,...
		Knyszyn, Poland, 1939, 1944, 1941, 1919, 1806, 1795, 1569, Sigismund II of...
		The place of death of the king Sigismund II of Poland, one of his favourite residence.
	www.thebestlinks.com /Knyszyn.html (123 words)

	Polish History: chapter/book-length sites
		An illustrated history of Poland in 21 chapters which was published in 1917.
		A history of Poland, primarily in the realm of diplomatic and military actions, in seven sections.
		In outline form the site seeks to answer the question: "What was Poland in 1918?" The result is a longer answer than: "A state without clearly defined borders which hadn't existed for 123 years.
	info-poland.buffalo.edu /web/history/overview/link.shtml (552 words)

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