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Topic: Sigismund of Luxemburg

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Sigismund, Holy Roman Emperor

Sigismund of Luxembourg

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Matthias, Holy Roman Emperor

Mary of Hungary

Wenceslaus, Holy Roman Emperor

Ladislas V Posthumus of Bohemia

Hussite Wars

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Louis II of Hungary

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Holy Roman Emperor

Jadwiga of Poland

Bohemia

	Sigismund Summary
		Sigismund (1368-1437) was king of Hungary from 1385 to 1437, Holy Roman emperor from 1411 to 1437, and king of Bohemia from 1420 to 1437.
		Sigismund's debut in the political life of eastern Europe occurred at the age of 17, when the death of Louis the Great of Hungary left the crown of Hungary to Louis's daughter Mary (reigned 1382-1395) and to Sigismund, her fiancé.
		Sigismund of Bavaria (1439–1501), a Duke of Bavaria
	www.bookrags.com /Sigismund (871 words)

	Sigismund, Holy Roman Emperor - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Sigismund arranged the kidnapping of his mother-in-law, who was eventually murdered in 1387 January, and of his wife Mary, who was released in July 1387.
		Sigismund did not take part, or rather was not allowed to take part, in the Battle of Kosovo in June of 1389 won by Mary's maternal uncle, the Bosnian King Tvrtko I.
		Kéry: Kaiser Sigismund Ikonographie (Vienna and Munich, 1972)
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Sigismund,_Holy_Roman_Emperor (1142 words)

	Columbia Encyclopedia- Sigismund - AOL Research & Learn
		Sigismund led a general European crusade against them but was crushingly defeated in 1396 by Sultan Beyazid I at Nikopol.
		Since Sigismund's half brother Wenceslaus, who had been deposed from the German throne in 1400, had never waived his title, there were, for a time, three rulers of Germany.
		Sigismund had earlier transferred Brandenburg to Frederick of Hohenzollern (Frederick I of Brandenburg) as a reward for his support in Sigismund's election as emperor.
	reference.aol.com /columbia/_a/sigismund/20051207053609990032 (573 words)

	CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Sigismund
		During the reign of his elder brother, King Wenceslaus, Sigismund was able, upon the death of the King of Hungary, to maintain his claims to Hungary though only after a hard struggle, and on 31 March, 1387, he was crowned King of Hungary.
		During the course of the council Sigismund turned his efforts at reform to internal policies, especially to the establishment of a general peace in the empire.
		Sigismund's failure to effect the needed imperial reforms was not wholly due to weakness of character; the selfish policy of the estates opposed insuperable obstacles to his good intentions.
	www.newadvent.org /cathen/13784b.htm (1122 words)

	Sigismundus :: The Age of Sigismund
		King Sigismund of Luxemburg was the younger son of Charles IV Holy Roman Emperor, one of the most influential monarchs of Central Europe.
		Sigismund was released after six months of imprisonment but the problems were not solved: the wounded nobles started a conspiracy in the following year and at the end of 1402 they offered the crown to Ladislas of Naples, son of Charles the Small who landed in Zara, Dalmatia in July 1403.
		The foreign politics during the long reign of Sigismund focused on two major tasks: the defence against the Turks appearing at the southern borders of the country, and the issues related to the obtaining and the occupancy of the paternal heritage, the German and the Czech thrones.
	www.sigismundus.hu /?l=en&s=2 (1879 words)

	[No title]
		Sigismund made no secret of the fact that he was going to continue to seek out the company of other women until their marriage and probably afterward.
		Sigismund, understanding that the garrison was composed of desperate men who could not be overawed by the forces at his disposal, broke off the attack and went back to the Holy Roman Empire to raise a larger army of mercenaries.
		Sigismund quickly entered into a marriage pact with Heinrich VIII of Brieg, but the bride was well below the age of marriage and the father was unable to raise the huge dowry he had promised.
	department.monm.edu /history/urban/books/tannenberg1.htm (16771 words)

	E-Books : East Central Europe, A History of: 8: The Times of Wladyslaw Jagiello and Sigismund of Luxemburg, the ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Sigismund’s action during and after the Congress of Lutsk was nothing but the climax of his eastern policy, which from the beginning opposed to the Polish-Lithuanian Union the old idea of the control of all East Central Europe by a German dynasty ruling the empire.
		Nevertheless the crusading idea remained part of Sigismund’s imperial ambitions, although even later, when he really was at the head of the empire, his attempts in that direction were handicapped by his persistent hostility against Venice, whose participation would have been indispensable, and by so many other problems which absorbed Sigismund’s versatility.
		Therefore all those who wanted the support of the church for their political objectives, including Sigismund of Luxemburg who at last, in 1433, obtained the imperial crown from the Pope, were in turn applying to Basle and to the Roman Curia and playing off the council and the Pope against each other.
	historicaltextarchive.com /books.php?op=viewbook&bookid=1&cid=8 (5184 words)

	Vlad Da Imp
		In this period, at Nurenberg, Vlad Dracul obtains the alliance and the support of the Holy Roman Emperor Sigismund of Luxemburg in order to gain the throne of the Romanian Country and he spends a period in Transylvania, being the protege of the great emperor.
		In the meantime the Ottoman army is in a great rising, The Emperor Sigismund of Luxemburg dies and his death leads to the weakening of the anti-Ottoman front.
		The name of Vlad Dracula is connected to the day of 8 February 1431, when his father, Vlad I, was invested by the Holy Roman Emperor Sigismund of Luxemburg with the Order of Dragon (Ordinis Draconis) for having protected the catholicism against the Turcs.
	www.angelfire.com /wa2/VladDaImp/tepes/vlad.html (1129 words)

	Szépmûvészeti Múzeum (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		The exhibition dedicated to Sigismund of Luxemburg (1387-1437) and his time is a joint project of the Museum of Fine Arts, Budapest and the Musée National d'Histoire et d'Art, Luxembourg and is supported by the Luxembourgian and Hungarian heads of state.
		The goal of the exhibition is to present the personality and times as well as the artistic milieu of Sigismund of Luxemburg, the king of Hungary (1387), and king (1410/11) and later emperor (1433) of the Holy Roman Empire.
		The great series of portraits of Sigismund of Luxemburg will be on display for the first time alongside the statues of Buda Castle and other artworks created for his residence.
	www2.szepmuveszeti.hu /sigismundus_en.htm (357 words)

	Sigismund (HRR) - Wikipedia
		Um seine Macht weiter zu festigen, schuf Sigismund 1408 den Drachenorden, in den auch vereinzelt Deutsche aufgenommen wurden.
		Sigismund ging diplomatisch geschickt vor und setzte sich in zahlreichen Einzelverhandlungen mit den europäischen Herrschern in Verbindung.
		Sigismund selbst favorisierte seinen Schwiegersohn Albrecht, Herzog von Österreich.
	de.wikipedia.org /wiki/Sigismund_(HRR) (1053 words)

	Sigismundus :: Overview
		The exhibition dedicated to Sigismund of Luxemburg (1387–1437) and his time is a joint project of the Museum of Fine Arts, Budapest and the Musée National d'Histoire et d'Art, Luxembourg and is supported by the Luxembourgian and Hungarian heads of state.
		Sigismund’s reign was a period of rapid historical and spiritual changes.
		The exhibition aims to draw a subtle portrait of Sigismund of Luxembourg – to whom the most credit can be attributed for bringing about the great changes of the period – reflecting the praise bestowed on him by his contemporaries and direct successors.
	www.sigismundus.hu /index.php?l=en&s=3 (627 words)

	Western influences in Hungary at 1000 – 1526
		Sigismund of Luxemburg was present in games, so year of the games must has been about 1400.
		Sigismund was at first extremely unpopular, not only for the cruelty with which, in breach of his pledged word, he put Charles' leading supporters to the sword, but also as an intruder and a foreigner.
		In 1410, in a disputed election, Sigismund was elected emperor of the Holy Roman Empire.
	www.kolumbus.fi /rauno.huikari/westerninfluences.htm (4690 words)

	Succession in Nassau and Luxemburg
		Emperor Sigismund died without male heirs and the duchy passed by inheritance to the dukes of Burgundy; it then followed the fate of the Low Countries, passing in 1480 to the Habsburgs, in 1555 to the Spanish branch and in 1713 to the Austrian branch.
		Thus, when Luxemburg was created to compensate the king of the Netherlands for his former German possessions, the rights of his distant cousins to those former possessions were transferred to the new grand-duchy.
		From 1898 to 2001 the middle arms of the Grand-Duke of Luxemburg were quarterly Nassau and Luxemburg, the great arms were quarterly of 12 in rows of 4, 2, 2 and 4 Saarbrücken, Merenberg, Weilnau, Moers, Katzenelnbogen, Saarwerden, Diez, Lahr, Vianden, Kirchberg, Sayn, Mahlberg; overall the middle arms (see here).
	www.heraldica.org /topics/royalty/nassau.htm (7152 words)

	Renaissance Developments
		Sigismund had first been made margrave of Brandenburg by his father, and he had been engaged to Mary, one of the daughters of Louis of Hungary.
		The trial of the religious reformer, whom the Czechs also regarded as a national leader, followed the next year, 1416, by the similar fate of one of his disciples, also condemned to death at Constance, raised a storm of indignation in Bohemia.
		Sigismund was particularly afraid of a solution which would connect Bohemia with the Polish-Lithuanian federation to the detriment of his dynasty and possibly also of the empire.
	victorian.fortunecity.com /wooton/34/halecki/8.htm (5124 words)

	[No title]
		In the autumn, Sigismund is allowed to marry Maria in Buda, partly because Charles II from the Neapolitan branch of the Anjous has landed in Croatia (part of Historic Hungary) to claim the Hungarian throne, thus representing an additional enemy to queen Maria.
		Sigismund mangages to flee on ships down the Danube, and the remaining Christian troops retreat to Historic Hungary under the leadership of Stibor of Stiborice and Beckob.
		Because of this successful invasion, a part of the conspirators puts through Sigismundâs release from prison in the autumn in exchange for Sigimsundâs promise to pardon the conspirators and to fulfil their conditions (which Sigismund confirms at the Diet at PÃ¡pa on October 29).
	www.angelfire.com /sk3/quality/Part_of_Hungary_I.html (14964 words)

	Peregrinations: Official Publication of the International Society for the Study of Pilgrimage Arts
		Sigismund as European Political Leader: This part is devoted to those events and themes from the life of Sigismund that had a European significance (such as the battle of Nicopolis or the Council of Constance), culminating in his imperial coronation in Rome in 1433.
		The imperial policies of Sigismund after his 1410 election as King of the Romans and his diplomatic activities are also included.
		Art of the Sigismund Era in the Kingdom of Hungary: The International Gothic: The high point of the exhibition is the art of the Kingdom of Hungary from the age of Sigismund, placed in its Central European artistic context.
	peregrinations.kenyon.edu /vol2-1/exhibitions.html (1619 words)

	Roman Emperors - DIR Manuel II
		The crusade of the Hungarian king Sigismund of Luxemburg ended on September 25, 1396 in the battle of Nicopolis in a complete fiasco.
		At the Council of Konstanz, which took place with Sigismund's authoritative participation and was supposed to end the strife among the three popes, the Byzantine ambassadors Nicholas Eudaimonoioannes, his son Andronicus, and Joseph Bladynteros, who had arrived in Konstanz on March 3, 1415, presented a plan for union and sought support against the Turks.
		This put Sigismund into an awkward situation, as he was at the same time negotiating an armistice in regard to his quarrel with the Hussites.
	www.roman-emperors.org /manuel2.htm (6419 words)

	Spartanburg SC \| GoUpstate.com \| Spartanburg Herald-Journal (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		In about 1406 he remarried Mary's cousin Barbara of Celje (Barbara Celjska), daughter of Hermann II, Count of Celje (Cilli).
		MÃ¡lyusz: Zsigmond kirÃ¡ly uralma MagyarorszÃ¡gon, 1387â“1437 Sigismund's reign in Hungary, 1387â“1437 (Budapest, 1984)
		MÅ±vÃ©szet Zsigmond kirÃ¡ly korÃ¡ban, 1387â“1437 in the age of King Sigismund, 1387â“1437, 2 vols (exh.
	www.goupstate.com /apps/pbcs.dll/section?category=NEWS&template=wiki&text=Sigismund_of_Luxemburg (1069 words)

	Hungary's grand exhibition: "Art and Culture in the Era of King Sigismund of Luxembourg" - 07-04-2006 - Radio Prague
		One sensational piece on display is the ceremonial sword of the city of York, which Sigismund donated to King Henry V of England, and which has never been removed from Britain until now.
		Contributors to the exhibition, which is open until June 18th, include the British Museum, the Louvre, the National Gallery in Washington, the Biblioteca Apostolica in the Vatican, the Kunsthistorisches Museum in Vienna, and the Hermitage in St. Petersburg.
		But this particular period, the decade around 1400, the period of the international gothic, has never been exhibited on this scale and many of the works exhibited here are quite unknown, often even to specialists.
	www.radio.cz /en/article/77721 (595 words)

	Sigismund Imagery
		Albrecht Dürer (?): Portrait of Sigismund of Luxemburg
		Sigismund and Borbála Cilli in the Cathedral of Konstanz — Chronicle of the Council of Constance, based on chronicle by Ulrich Richental Constance (Überlingen, 1467 and 1490—1500): Karlsruhe, Badische Landesbibliothek
		Medal with a portrait of Emperor Sigismund and the imperial insignia (Nuremberg, end of the 17th century): Luxembourg, Musée National d’Histoire et d’Art
	www.sigismundus.hu /guide/sigismund.php?l=en (472 words)

	Targu Neamt - Neamt Fortress (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		The fortress was built during Petru I Musat ruling (1375-1391), in the period of the consolidation of the Moldavian feudal state.
		First document about the fortress is from 1395, the year in which the King of Hungary, Sigismund de Luxemburg, before was defeated by the army of Petru I Musat at Hindau (today Ghiodaoani, Neamt county), emits an office act ante castrum nempch.
		In its initial form, composed only by the central fort which closed a precinct bordered by 4 towers at the corners, the fortress fulfilled well its duties till the middle of the 14th century, when the fire armes were more used.
	www.ici.ro /romania/en/orase/tn_cetate.html (327 words)

	Bibliography
		Sigismundus Rex et Imperator - Kunst und Kultur zur Zeit Sigismunds von Luxemburg, 1387-1437.
		Sigismund von Luxemburg: Kaiser und König in Mitteleuropa, 1387-1437: Beiträge zur Herrschaft Kaiser Sigismunds und der europäischen Geschichte um 1400: Vorträge der internationalen Tagung in Budapest vom 8-11.
		Mályusz, Elemér and Iván Borsa, eds., Zsigmond-kori oklevéltár (Documents of the Sigismund era), 5 vols.
	home.hu.inter.net /~jekely/biblio.htm (2058 words)

	SIGISMUND OF LUXEMBURG Articles from AMAZINES.COM - The Article Database and EZine Publishers Database
		Through his marriage to Mary of Hungary, queen of Hungary 1382-1385 and 1386-1395, Sigismund, always the jealous type, became only her consort.
		Earlier, because of Sigismund's wickedness, he was expelled from Poland, which was then given to Mary's younger sister Jadwiga I of Poland, who married Jagiello of Lithuania.
		When an opposing candidate for the Arpad throne appeared, Sigismund fled, leaving his wife Queen Mary and her mother and widow of Louis I the Great Elizabeth of Bosnia (Elizabeta Kotromanic) at the mercy of conspirators.
	www.amazines.com /Sigismund_of_Luxemburg_related.html (469 words)

	Financial Sense "Whence & Pence, Part 6: The Hounding by Douglas V. Gnazzo 02/25/2005
		As a Ducal principality its rulers constituted a regnant royal house that, in the case of the Vere, were also the Counts of the region in which this city state was situated.” [Myths of the Middle Ages].
		In 1388, Voivode Mircea, the Old, father to Vlad Dracul, was married to Princess Maria de Anjou of Tolmay-Luxemburg, who was related to the Emperor Sigismund of Luxemburg.
		Sigismund of Luxemburg gave the castle in 1409 to the Corvins as reward for special military service.
	www.financialsense.com /fsu/editorials/gnazzo/2005/part6.html (3462 words)

	Sigismundus
		Kunst und Kultur Sigismunds von Luxemburg, 1387-143: Ausstellungskatalog.
		Art and Culture in the Time of Sigismund of Luxemburg (1387-1437) took around ten years to be achieved.
		This presents Sigismund as patron of the arts, describing his residences in Buda and Pressburg (Pozsony, Bratislava), churches he had built, the arts (sculpture, wall painting, manuscript illumination, stove tiles, applied arts especially metalwork) and items related to the Order of the Dragon.
	www.patzinakia.ro /StudiaPatzinaka/Gruia-Sigismundus.html (1004 words)

	Arthur's Web: Dracula history
		of February 1431 emperor Sigismund of Luxemburg conceded the rulership in Wallachia to the father of Vlad (called also Vlad), who has been living at his court, and he gave him a necklace and a golden medalion with a dragon engraved on it, the badge of the knights of the Order.
		The Order of the Dragon was an order formed by the Holy Roman emperor Sigismund for the purpose of defeating the ottomans (the old name for the Turks).
		Vlad spent his childhood in Sighisoara, Transylvania (now central and northern Romania) with his family, waiting for his coronation.
	www.arthur.nl /dracula/history/history.html (884 words)

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