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Topic: Signal transduction

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G protein

GTPase

Cellular secretion

Integral protein

Signal (information theory)

Second messenger

Ion channel

Morphogenesis

Hormone

Cyclic AMP

Digital signal processing

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	The Individualist: Signal transduction
		Signal transduction usually involves the binding of extracellular signaling molecules to receptors that face outwards from the membrane and trigger events inside.
		The important value for the strength of the signal relayed by the receptor is the concentration of the hormone-receptor complex, which is defined by the affinity of the hormone for the receptor, the concentration of the hormone and, of course, the concentration of the receptor.
		A principle of signal transduction is the signal amplification.
	www.dadamo.com /wiki/wiki.pl/Signal_transduction (3021 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		Signal transduction is a part of nutrient sensing in single cell organismss and cell-cell communication in multicellular organisms.
		Signal transduction is usually mediated by cell surface receptors.
		The important value for the strength of the signal relayed by the receptor is the concentration of the hormone-receptor complex, which is defined by the affinity of the hormone for the receptor, the concentration of the hormone and, of course, the concentration of the receptor.
	www.wikiwhat.com /encyclopedia/s/si/signal_transduction.html (3031 words)

	Signal transduction - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Processes referred to as signal transduction often involve a sequence of biochemical reactions inside the cell, which are carried out by enzymes and linked through second messengers.
		Signal transduction usually involves the binding of extracellular signaling molecules to receptors that face outwards from the membrane and trigger events inside.
		Juxtacrine signals are transmitted along cell membranes via protein or lipid components integral to the membrane and are capable of affecting either the emitting cell or cells immediately adjacent.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Signal_transduction (3081 words)

	Signal transduction
		In bacteria and other one-cell organisms, the variety of signal transduction processes of which the cell is capable influences how many ways it can react and respond to its environment.
		Several "signaling molecules", such as the neurotransmitters, allow nerve cells to communicate across synapses, bind to receptor proteins in the membrane and open their ion channels.
		Responses triggered by signal transduction include the activation of a gene, the production of metabolic energy and cell locomotion, for example through remodelling of the cell skeleton.
	www.ibpassociation.org /encyclopedia/Chemistry/Signal_transduction.php (3016 words)

	The Program in Biomedical Sciences (PIBS) - Signal Transduction
		Jerome L. Gorski, MD Molecular genetics of skeletogenesis and Rho signal transduction; developmental genetics of craniofacial malformations; molecular genetics of neural crest differentiation; X-chromosomal structure.
		Patrick Hu, MD, Ph.D. We use the nematode C. elegans to study the biology of conserved signal transduction pathways that are mutated in cancer and diabetes.
		Roger Sunahara, Ph.D. Structure/function of the G-protein-coupled signaling cascade; molecular mechanisms of hormone receptor-mediated activation of G proteins; molecular mechanisms of activation and regulation of adenylyl cyclase.
	www.med.umich.edu /pibs/faculty/signal.htm (2521 words)

	Signal Transduction Inhibitors
		Signal transduction is defined as any biochemical communication from one part of the cell to another.
		Signal transduction can be described as a cascade of reactions, in which a chemical change in one molecule leads to change in another molecule (mostly proteins).
		The cancer state is typically characterized by a signaling process that is unregulated and in a continuous state of activation.
	www.suite101.com /article.cfm/9718/97342 (419 words)

	Signal Transduction (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		Signal transduction at the cellular level refers to the movement of signals from outside the cell to inside.
		The movement of signals can be simple, like that associated with receptor molecules of the acetylcholine class: receptors that constitute channels which, upon ligand interaction, allow signals to be passed in the form of small ion movement, either into or out of the cell.
		Hormone receptors are proteins that effectively bypass all of the signal transduction pathways described thus far by residing within the cytoplasm.
	www.med.unibs.it /~marchesi/signal.html (3026 words)

	Signal Transduction
		Signal transduction at the cellular level refers to the movement of signals from outside the cell to inside.
		The movement of signals can be simple, like that associated with receptor molecules of the acetylcholine class: receptors that constitute channels which, upon ligand interaction, allow signals to be passed in the form of small ion movement, either into or out of the cell.
		Transformation by DNA tumor viruses such as polyoma appears to be mediated by the formation of a signal transduction unit consisting of a virally encoded T antigen and several host encoded proteins.
	web.indstate.edu /thcme/mwking/signal-transduction.html (3263 words)

	Signal Transduction Cascades
		Some signals are covered in other courses at Rensselaer and thus not included here, e.g., tyrosine kinase signal cascades, nitric oxide signaling, etc.
		Protein kinases and phosphatases are themselves regulated by complex signal cascades.
		Only signal molecules that are able to cross the plasma membrane (e.g., steroid hormones) interact with intracellular receptors.
	www.rpi.edu /dept/bcbp/molbiochem/MBWeb/mb1/part2/signals.htm (1495 words)

	Two Component Signal Transduction
		As of 11/07/97, there are more than 160 two component signal transduction systems that have been identified by numerous workers (Receiver Domains: Figs 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8; Transmitter Domains: Figs 9, 10, 11, 12, 13).
		coli, two component signal transduction is the primary signal transduction mechanism used to conduct global regulation of the cells responses to changes in the environment.
		After assigning each phe residue to its NMR signal, the signals from protein could then be monitored to determine which, if any, of the residues found themselves in a different environment after the protein was phosphorylated, or when Asp13 was mutated.
	www.bmb.psu.edu /nixon/micro401/overview.htm (1519 words)

	Signal Transduction Interest Group (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		Signaling is an area of intense study on the OHSU campus.
		One major signaling mechanism involves the ability of plasma membrane receptors to alter the activity of protein kinases resulting in changes in the phosphorylation of specific proteins.
		As signal transduction is an important regulatory mechanism in all cells, understanding of these mechanisms is relevant in many different biological contexts including development, the mature organism, senescence and death.
	www.ohsu.edu /pmcb/facultyresearch/research/signal_transduction.shtml (238 words)

	Signal Transduction & Cell Proliferation (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		This program is focused on the signal transduction mechanisms by which cells recognize and respond to environmental signals that regulate cell proliferation.
		The Signal Transduction and Cell Proliferation research program provides the VICC with a wide base of faculty committed to this area of investigation.
		Signaling Intermediates: Signal transduction pathways are composed of proteins and metabolite second messengers that operate as pathways within a signaling network.
	www.vicc.org /showcontent.php?id=125 (1288 words)

	Signal Transduction
		Signal Transduction: Receptors, Mediators and Genes is the official journal of the Signal Transduction Society.
		The journal covers the whole field of signal transduction; all stages of signal transfer between cell surface and nucleus, as well as the control of general cell physiology in normal and transformed cells.
		Information is provided on the staff and their current research interests, which focus on the signal transduction processes occurring in living cells and the mechanisms by which they respond to changes in the level of extracellular substances, such as hormones, growth factors, cytokines and nutrients, as well as pathogens and other cell damaging agents.
	bioresearch.ac.uk /browse/mesh/D015398.html (1050 words)

	Signal Transduction
		Signal transduction refers to the cascade of information that is passed on from the plasma membrane to the nucleus in response to an extracellular stimulus in living organisms.
		The first component of signal transduction cascades is typically a receptor.
		In wnt signaling GSK3 phosphorylates Beta-catenin that is subsequently degraded.
	www.bio.vu.nl /vakgroepen/genetica/Research-projects-new/Projects_Souer/Projects_E_Souer.htm (1474 words)

	Proteomics - Signal Transduction and small GTPases
		The first critical component of cell signaling is communication of signal from its origin outside the cell across the cell membrane to evoke a response inside the cell, a function known as signal transduction.
		Hence, the stimulation of signal transduction pathways requires the receptor to be activated through binding to the specific ligand or hormone.
		Once the receptor is activated, the signal will be transduced inside the cells and result in the stimulation of different signal transduction pathways.
	www.piercenet.com /Proteomics/browse.cfm?fldID=97D80799-CF9B-4D0D-81EA-5CA7ED33361B (1457 words)

	Signal Transduction & Drug Discovery - Invitrogen
		Signal transduction is the process by which a cell mediates and responds to chemical messages in its environment.
		The signaling molecule in signal transduction could be a protein, amino acid, steroid, or another type of molecular trigger.
		endocrine signal transduction, which is triggered by hormones in the bloodstream, the origin of which could be some distance away; and 4.
	www.invitrogen.com /signal_transduction.htm (729 words)

	Signal Transduction
		Molecular signals, such as hormones or growth factors, are received by interaction between the signalling molecule (ligand) and a receptor specific for that signal on the surface of the cell.
		The signal transduction pathway is highly conserved in all eukaryotic organisms and we have therefore been able to learn many of the details of the pathway using model organisms.
		One event controlled by a signal transduction pathway is the decision of whether a cell will continue dividing.
	www.fhcrc.org /science/education/courses/cancer_course/basic/approaches/fundamentals/signal.html?& (134 words)

	BC Online: 9C - Signal Transduction: Kinases and Phosphatases
		Typically the agent that signals a cell to respond is a molecule (or in the case of light sensation a photon) which binds either to a cell surface receptor or to a cytoplasmic receptor if the signaling agent is hydrophobic.
		Some signals that activate phospholipase C and make IP3 and diacylglycerol include: acetylcholine (a different class than the type located at the neuromuscular junction that we discussed in the last chapter section), angiotensin II, glutamate, histamine, oxytocin, platelet-derived growth factor, vasopressin, gonadotropin-releasing hormone, and thyrotropin-releasing hormone.
		When extracellular signals bind to membrane receptors, conformational changes in the receptor protein signals the inside of the cells that the receptor is bound with a ligand.
	employees.csbsju.edu /hjakubowski/classes/ch331/signaltrans/olsignalkinases.html (4213 words)

	Signal Transduction Encyclopedia Articles @ LaunchBase.net (Launch Base) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		Because transcription factors can activate still more genesturn, an initial stimulus can trigger via signal transduction the expression of entire suite of genes and a panopoly of physiological events.
		Calmodulin itself can regulate other proteins, or be part of a larger protein (for example, phosphorylase kinase).
		The gas nitric oxide is a free radical which diffuses through the plasma membrane and affects nearby cells.
	www.launchbase.net /encyclopedia/Signal_transduction (2377 words)

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