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Topic: Sikorski-Maisky Pact

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Zygmunt Berling - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia After the Sikorski-Maisky Pact of 17 August 1941 he was released from imprisonment and nominated the commander of the recreated 5th Infantry Division, and later the commander of the temporary camp for Polish soldiers in Krasnowodsk. The growing tensions between Polish government in exile of Wladyslaw Sikorski in London and the leader of the Soviet Union, Stalin, eventually caused many Polish forces under General Wladyslaw Anders lto leave the Soviet Union and form the 2nd Polish Corps in the Middle East under British command. Until 1940 he was imprisoned in Starobielsk, then in Moscow, and was fortunate to avoid the fate of many Polish officers murdered by the Soviets at the Katyn Massacre. en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Zygmunt_Berling

Władysław Sikorski - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Sikorski was the architect of the agreement reached by the Polish Government with the Soviet Union (the Sikorski-Maisky Pact of August 17, 1941), confirmed by Joseph Stalin in December of that year. Sikorski's fame was vastly enhanced as he became known to the Polish public as one of the heroes of the Polish-Soviet War. Sikorski escaped to Paris, where on September 28 he joined Władysław Raczkiewicz and Stanisław Mikołajczyk in a Polish government-in-exile, becoming from September 30 the most successful, credible, and famous of the Polish prime ministers in exile. en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Wladyslaw_Sikorski

The Second World War In 1941 he was a co-signatory of the Sikorsky-Maisky pact with the USSR which allowed for the release of Polish citizens who had been deported to the Soviet Union after 1939. Sikorski’s government saw a disastrous rise in inflation and fall in the value of Polish currency resulting in bitter industrial action culminating in a general strike (1923) and bloody confrontation between workers and the army. Under the German-Soviet pact Poland was divided; the Soviets took, and absorbed into the Soviet Union, the eastern half (Byelorussia and the West Ukraine), the Germans incorporated Pomerania, Posnania and Silesia into the Reich whilst the rest was designated as the General-Gouvernement (a colony ruled from Krakow by Hitler's friend, Hans Frank). www.kasprzyk.demon.co.uk /www/WW2Bios.html

Anna M Sikorski had been in the opposition after Pilsudski’s coup of May 1926, but Raczkiewicz had held high office, so this represented an attempt at reconciliation. It is still unknown what Stalin wanted to gain by this proposal, but in view of his deep distrust of Britain and his previous proposals to Hitler for a nonaggresion pact in 1935 and 1936, he might have meant the conference to put pressure on Hitler to come to an agreement with the USSR. It is clear that the conclusion of the Nazi-Soviet Pact removed any doubts Hitler may have had about risking a European war by attacking Poland, and this seems to put the onus on Stalin. raven.cc.ku.edu /~eceurope/hist557/lect16.htm

Untitled Not long before the signing of the pact in London adhering to the Atlantic Charter, Anthony Eden had been in Moscow where he was confronted with a propsed Soviet-British-American agreement recogizing Russia's claims to the Baltic states, Finland and the eastern half of Poland. October], 1939, Stalin made a pact with Hitler under which he was given eastern Poland as the price of his perfidy. Assistant secretary of State Berle knew of it and suggested it would be difficult for the small states to withstand the inevitable expansion of a great power after the war. geocities.com /paultabaka/0/people/pole/sikorski/flynn-on-sikorski.html

Mark Jones The British wanted a 'non-intervention pact' in order to secure a general demarcation of spheres of influence throughout the world; this would be combined with an economic agreement which amounted to an eventual coalescing of the German and British economies in a mutual exploitation of each country's colonial empires. The Anglo-French appeasers had achieved an old dream: the creation of a four-power pact (with fascist Italy and Germany) whose aim was the isolation of the USSR and the ultimate satisfaction of German territorial claims at its expense. The significance of the Nazi-Soviet Non-Aggression Pact is that it did serve to foil Anglo-American attempts to embroil Hitler in a private war with the USSR. www.columbia.edu /~lnp3/mark_jones/appeasement.htm

Poland As I expected, Maisky defended Russia's actions in Poland and the Baltic States on the grounds that it was essential "that certain vital strategic points should be under her own control". When the organized resistance of the Polish Army in Poland -was beaten down, General Sikorski's first thought was to organize all Polish elements in France to carry on the struggle, and a Polish army of over 80,000 men presently took its station on the French fronts. I was often brought into contact with General Sikorski in those years of war. www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk /RUSpoland.htm

The author does not want to minimize decision of the `Big Three' during the Yalta Conference of 4-11 February 1945, which I   Sikorski attempted to conduct two separate policies at once, while maintaining the inviolability of Poland's eastern borders, he demanded territorial gains from the Germans.   Later, both Soviet Ambassador Maisky and Foreign Minister Molotov, made accusations that the President agreed in secret to the principle of the `Curzon Line' at the Teheran Conference; however, evidence points to this claim as being false.   In order to take advantage of the new situation, General Władysław Sikorski visited Moscow a few months after the July 1941 agreement, and he worked out the means for Polish-Soviet wartime mitlitary collaboration with Stalin; such as the creation of an independent Polish Army on Soviet soil. www.grettirjacobs.com /personalNarrative/ThesisI.htm

Ukrainian Nationalism, Activities Sponsored by Nazi Germany That the Soviets were aware of this development and concluded that this action was not in the spirit of the Soviet-German Pact. In the latter part of 1940, there were clear indications of a German build-up on the Soviet border, stretching from Eastern Prussia along the entire demarcation line of the Soviet-German Pact. His Majesty's Britannic Government (Joint Intelligence sub-Committee of the War Cabinet), as late as May, 1941, (only weeks before the Nazi onslaught) was in possession of all the above facts and much more beside which were passed to Maisky, the Soviet Ambassador in London. www.jewishgen.org /yizkor/galicia/gal001.html

The Churchill Papers: A catalogue Letter from WSC to General Wladyslaw Sikorski [Prime Minister of Poland and Commander-in-Chief, Polish Army] wishing him success in negotiations with the Soviet Ambassador [to Britain, Ivan Maisky], as a "Polish-Soviet understanding is of immense and urgent importance to the common cause". Letter from Ivan Maisky, Soviet Ambassador to Britain, commenting on WSC's speech in Foreign Affairs debate in the House of Commons, rejecting the claim that the Soviet Union was primarily responsible for the outbreak of civil war in Spain. Letter from WSC to Ivan Maisky, Soviet Ambassador to Britain, thanks for letter on the Spanish Civil War, suggesting that he should read the full text of WSC's speech in the Defence debate [carbon]. www-archives.chu.cam.ac.uk /perl/search?add_text=GEO::SU

Michael Hope - "Polish deportees in the Soviet Union". General Sikorski believed that a potential army could be created from the remaining Polish deportees in the Soviet Union. These treaties were the Treaty of Riga, ratified on the 18th March 1921, and the Polish-Soviet Non-Aggression Pact, ratified on the 25th July 1932 for a period of three years and then extended until the 31st December 1945. General Sikorski, Commander in Chief, was greeted enthusiastically by Churchill who said: "Tell your Army that we are comrades in life and death. www.wajszczuk.v.pl /english/drzewo/czytelnia/michael_hope.htm

Europe-Asia Studies: Deportation and Exile: Poles in the Soviet Union, 1939-48. - book reviews He outlines the Sikorski-Maisky Pact and the 'amnesty' which was extended to the deportees after the German attack on the Soviet Union in 1941. The author hints on the last page that there may still be deportees and their descendants in Kazakhstan and elsewhere who may now wish, and be able at long last, to go 'home' to Poland. www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_m3955/is_n7_v47/ai_17792347

Part 2: Poland and Germany -The Balancing Act - The Churchill Centre In a meeting with Eden in March 1943, Soviet Ambassador Ivan Maisky argued that the Soviet-Polish border should be the Curzon Line with minor adjustments. As late as the time of the Teheran conference, Mikolajezyk was telling Eden that the Polish people expected to emerge from the war with their eastern provinces intact. The Soviet Government refused, and in the agreement that was signed at the end of July 1941, the frontier question was left open. www.winstonchurchill.org /i4a/pages/index.cfm?pageid=90

12newce.htm Ivan Maisky, the Soviet ambassador in London, told Eden almost a year later, in March 1943, that in his opinion the Soviet government, although "not enthusiastic about the proposal for a future federation of Europe. General Sikorski, the Polish premier in exile, was for Soviet cooperation but (until his un- timely death in 1943) he remained an advocate of a federated Middle Zone. This was interpreted as a "drastic reversal of policy in the Kremlin between June 4th and July 16th,"5 although more probably it was only a move to probe and test the Western policies, at a time when discussion of post- war plans was beginning between the Western Powers and the Soviet government. www.hungarian-history.hu /lib/newce/12newce.htm

tpwwforums.com - The Katyn Massacre Again on this issue the Poles rather over-played their hand, just as the July 1941 agreement repudiated the Molotov-Ribbentrop pact, the Polish-Soviet border was never set in stone. I think ultimately Churchill summed the situation correctly when he stated to Soviet Ambassador Maisky in April 1943. Obviously Katyn was not the sole reason behind the Soviet-Polish split, there was also the fate of Anders, Berling and the issue of the Polish-Soviet border. www.tpww.net /forums/printthread.php?t=18300

Stalin's ethnic cleansing in eastern Poland - Katyn - gulags - Anders army - exile Following the Nazi-Soviet invasion of Poland in September 1939, Hitler and Stalin divided up the country based on an agreement they had reached while concluding the treaty of non-aggression between Germany and the USSR in August 1939 (the Ribbentrop-Molotov pact). members.madasafish.com /~jklm/persia.htm

Chapter 5 In February 1941 the Polish leader in exile, General Sikorski, and his adviser, Joseph Retinger, initiated discussions with members of the continental European governments concerning postwar European economic cooperation. At the time of the Atlantic Conference, the Soviet armies were being routed by the Nazi invaders and great credence was not given to the power of the Soviet Union in the post-war world. The Luce press carried several articles and editorials emphasizing that Atlantic unity with Britain was secondary to the ultimate goal of a remaking of the world after the American Open Door design. www.theglobalsite.ac.uk /atlanticrulingclass/5.htm

Far Outliers The Sikorski-Maisky Pact, as the treaty was called, re-established a Polish state--its borders still to be determined--and granted an amnesty to "all [1,500,000 or more! On July 30, 1941, a month after the launch of [Hitler's Operation] Barbarossa, General Sikorski, the leader of the Polish government-in-exile in London, and Ambassador Maisky, the Soviet envoy to Great Britain, signed a truce. At Nagoya the following year, Asashoryu bested Musashimaru, but the latter won their final bout at the Aki [Fall] Basho, where Musashimaru won the tournament then announced his retirement. faroutliers.blogspot.com /2005_05_01_faroutliers_archive.html

wimain Vol 4 No 84 l 1941 Ahough betrayed Yugoslavia was not lost, Dramatic reactions to the Pact with Hitler, Long live Greece, free and immortal, Yugolsavia's Army in the hour of crisis, Closing in on the Italians in Abyssinia, British Tanks are as tough as their crews,. Pictures/illustrations American survivors of the Zamzam, Gen Sir Robert Haining, HMS ladybird, Haworth ill Assualt from the air, M Maisky, Gen Golikov and Rear Adm Kharlamov, K T girl attached to the ATS and the K T (Kine-Theodolite) section flash badge. Vol 6 No 150 March 19 1943 This is the Red army we salute today, book review of General Sikorski on Modern Warfare, What sort of a land is Tunisia, How an invading army pays its way (referes to coins/banknotes). www.folder2.co.uk /wimain.htm

HTML Translation of SGML/EAD Document by Tim Green Report of a conversation between I Maisky and Lord Strabolgi, justification of the Nazi-Soviet Pact, tss, 20 September 1939. HD notes on talk with General Sikorski, Sikorski's opinion of Savery, recruitment of Poles, tss, 23 December 1940. I Maisky, Russian ambassador to HD letter of departure, 8 September 1943. library-2.lse.ac.uk /archives/handlists/Dalton/m.html

Index - MI6: Inside the Covert World of Her Majesty's Secret Intelligence Service Baghdad Pact 603-4, 606, 607, 614, 632, 670, 694 Nazi-Soviet Non-Aggression Pact (1939) 187, 188, 191, 269 web.elastic.org /~fche/mirrors/cryptome.org/mi6-sd-index.htm

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