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Topic: Silicon hydrides

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	Silicon (Si) - Chemical properties, Health and Environmental effects
		Silicon is an intrinsic semiconductor in it’s purest form, although the intensity of its semiconduction is highly increased by introducing small quantities of impurities.
		Silicon dioxide is used as raw material to produce elemental silicon and silicon carbide.
		Crystalline silica (silicon dioxide) is a potent respiratory hazard.
	www.lenntech.com /Periodic-chart-elements/Si-en.htm (928 words)

	silicon. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001-05
		Silicon is the element directly below carbon and above germanium in group IVa of the periodic table.
		A purified silicon is used in the preparation of silicones.
		Silicon of very high purity is prepared by thermal decomposition of silanes; it is used in transistors and other semiconductor devices.
	www.bartleby.com /65/si/silicon.html (360 words)

	AllRefer.com - silicon, Compound & Element (Compounds And Elements) - Encyclopedia
		Silicon is the element directly below carbon and above germanium in group IVa of the periodic table.
		A purified silicon is used in the preparation of silicones.
		Silicon of very high purity is prepared by thermal decomposition of silanes; it is used in transistors and other semiconductor devices.
	reference.allrefer.com /encyclopedia/S/silicon.html (411 words)

	silicon — FactMonster.com
		Silicon is the second most abundant element of the earth's crust; it makes up about 28% of the crust by weight.
		Silicon is obtained commercially by heating sand and coke in an electric furnace.
		Silicon is found in many plants and animals; it is a major component of the test (cell wall) of diatoms.
	www.factmonster.com /encyclopedia/silicon (371 words)

	Silicon Semiconductor Manufacturing (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		The description of silicon semiconductor device processing, either discrete devices (a semiconductor containing only one active device, such as a transistor) or ICs (interconnected arrays of active and passive elements within a single semiconductor substrate capable of performing at least one electronic circuit function), involves numerous highly technical and specific operations.
		Silicon wafers to be oxidized are first cleaned, using a detergent and water solution, and solvent rinsed with xylene, isopropyl alcohol or other solvents.
		Vapour-phase epitaxy is used to grow a film by the CVD of molecules at a temperature of 900 to 1,300°C. Vapours containing the silicon and controlled amounts of p- or n-type dopants in a carrier gas (usually hydrogen) are passed over heated wafers to deposit doped layers of silicon.
	www.ilo.org /encyclopaedia/?print&nd=857200059 (12092 words)

	Silicon Dioxide Properties
		Silicon dioxide (silica) is one of the most commonly encountered substances in both daily life and in electronics manufacturing.
		Deposited silicon dioxide, almost always by CVD approaches, is almost as old as thermal growth on the substrate, and has been employed in various ways in IC fabrication due to its familiarity, versatility, and reliability.
		Hydrides such as silane (SiH4) and DCS (SiH2Cl2) are often used as precursors for silicon dioxide deposition, and water is ubiquitous in the ambient.
	www.timedomaincvd.com /CVD_Fundamentals/films/SiO2_properties.html (1360 words)

	Silicon Dioxide Properties
		Silicon dioxide (silica) is one of the most commonly encountered substances in both daily life and in electronics manufacturing.
		Deposited silicon dioxide, almost always by CVD approaches, is almost as old as thermal growth on the substrate, and has been employed in various ways in IC fabrication due to its familiarity, versatility, and reliability.
		Hydrides such as silane (SiH4) and DCS (SiH2Cl2) are often used as precursors for silicon dioxide deposition, and water is ubiquitous in the ambient.
	www.batnet.com /enigmatics/semiconductor_processing/CVD_Fundamentals/films/SiO2_properties.html (1817 words)

	Silicon
		Silicon differs from carbon in that silicon does not have the same tendency to catenate.
		Silicon also differs from carbon in that it does not form pi bonds as readily as carbon does.
		Therefore silicon analogs of carbon dioxide and carbon monoxode, which contain double and triple bonds, are not observed.
	www.uncp.edu /home/mcclurem/ptable/silicon/si.htm (666 words)

	silicon - Information from Reference.com
		Silicon is the element directly below carbon and above germanium in Group 14 of the periodic table.
		Silicon is a metalloid, an element with properties of both metals and non-metals.
		Silicon dioxide (sand) is used in the manufacture of glass, ceramics, abrasives, as a food additive, in water filtration systems, as an insulating material, in cosmetics and Pharmaceuticals (drugs), and in the manufacture of paper, rubber, and insecticides.
	www.reference.com /browse/all/silicon (2333 words)

	Preparation of silicon and germanium hydrides containing two different group 4A atoms - Patent 4777023
		The Group 4A hydrides made in accordance with the process of the present invention are useful as deposition feedstock materials in the formation of hydrogenated amorphous silicon alloys used in the fabrication of photovoltaic devices.
		In accordance with another preferred embodiment of the present invention, a silicon carbon hydride is prepared by the steps of (a) reacting an alkali metal and a macrocyclic compound with a silicon hydride to form a salt and (b) reacting the salt formed in step (a) with an organic halide.
		Examples 6 and 7 illustrate uses of the silicon and germanium hydrides made by the process of the present invention in the formation of hydrogenated amorphous silicon alloy layers in the fabrication of p-i-n junctions such as is illustrated in FIG.
	www.freepatentsonline.com /4777023.html (3920 words)

	Amorphous silicon solar cell and method for manufacturing the same - Patent 5248348
		The dehydrohalogenation step is achieved by introducing silicon hydride or silicon deuteride, while the surface of the film is covered with halogen atoms, and then applying light, heat, ions or the like to the film to bring about a dehydrohalogenation reaction and to thereby bind the silicon atoms of silicon hydride to the film.
		In the preferred embodiment of the present invention, the silicon films are formed by repeating, for every one to several atomic layers, the step of covering of the surface of the deposited film with a halogen and the step of dehydrohalogenation with silicon hydride or silicon deuteride.
		The silicon halide which can be used in the dehydrohalogenation step is a compound obtained by replacing hydrogen of silicon hydride (hereinafter referred to simply as "silane") with a halogen atom, and examples of the silicon halide include silane halides, disilane halides and trisilane halides.
	www.freepatentsonline.com /5248348.html (10690 words)

	Producing silane from silicon tetrafluoride (US4407783)
		Silicon tetrafluoride is reacted with sodium hydride in a cyclic ether reaction medium such as tetrahydrofuran or 1,4-dioxane or in dimethoxyethane.
		Sodium aluminum hydride is dissolved in the solvent and catalyzes the reaction in amounts of 4-25%, by weight of combined sodium hydride and sodium aluminum hydride.
		A process for producing silane which comprises reacting sodium hydride with silicon tetrafluoride in a solvent comprising a cyclic ether or dimethoxyethane having a boiling point between about 60° C. and about 110° C. in the presence of sodium aluminum hydride at a level wherein the fraction [Figure] is between about 0.04 and about 0.25.
	www.delphion.com /details?pn=US04407783__ (161 words)

	silicon — Infoplease.com
		Taking root in the silicon forest: high-technology firms as surrogate universities in Portland, Oregon.
		The mod couple: wedding silicon and germanium for speed and light.
		Tapping into the Silicon clique: the case of Silicon Valley provides valuable lessons for multinationals trying to exploit regional......
	www.infoplease.com /encyclopedia/silicon (441 words)

	Chemistry : Periodic Table : silicon : key information
		Silicon is present in the sun and stars and is a principal component of a class of meteorites known as aerolites.
		Silicon makes up 25.7% of the earth's crust by weight, and is the second most abundant element, exceeded only by oxygen.
		Silicon is found also in minerals such as asbestos, feldspar, clay and mica.
	www.webelements.com /webelements/elements/text/Si/key.html (365 words)

	Patents of Dr. Peter Plichta (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		One of his achievements was to create a mixture of silanes with the chain lengths 5 to 10 (Si to Si He also managed to separate the oil into the individual silanes by of means gas chromatic analysis.
		Silicon has already made a significant contribution to our century as a means of rectifying alternating currents, and more importantly in the replacement of radio tubes by transistors; and, of course, no computer could function without memory chips made of silicon.
		In contrast to silicon, carbon atoms cannot burn for reasons of quantum mechanics, which means that rocket fuel such as kerosene, liquid hydrogen and hydrazine in an air-intaking engine can do nothing with the 80% nitrogen contained in the air but agitate it through the engine.
	www.plichta.de /english/e_patents.php (1044 words)

	silicon - Encyclopedia.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		Silicon is the element directly below carbon and above germanium in Group 14 of the periodic table.
		With carbon it forms silicon carbide ; with oxygen a dioxide, silica ; with oxygen and metals, silicates.
		Silicon Valley recaptures its old magic: entrepreneurial minds engineer an economic rebirth through an innovative joint venture.
	www.encyclopedia.com /doc/1E1-silicon.html (821 words)

	Tributyltin hydride (Tributylstannane) / Organotin hydrides
		Organotin hydrides are very good radical reducing agents due to the relatively weak, nonionic bond between tin and hydrogen (Bu SnH 74 kcal/mol) that can cleave homolytically.
		The catalytic use of this reagents with a suitable second reducing agent, or the use of radical H-donors such as indium hydrides and silanes [especially tris(trimethylsilyl)silane] are possible alternatives.
		An organotin hydride-catalyzed, silicon hydride-mediated method for effecting the conjugate reduction of α,β-unsaturated ketones was developed.
	www.organic-chemistry.org /chemicals/reductions/tributyltinhydride-tributylstannane.shtm (241 words)

	Silicon \| WebElements Chemistry Nexus
		None of the dihalides MX exist independently for carbon or silicon while most of the divalent halides MX are known for germanium in addition to the germanium tetrahalides.
		By varying the thicknesses of the silicon and silicon-germanium layers composing them, membrane shapes are possible ranging from flat to curved to tubular.
		The membrane sat upon a silicon dioxide layer in a silicon-on-insulator substrate.
	www.webelements.com /nexus/taxonomy/term/98 (1009 words)

	Intute Search/Browse Results
		This introduction to silicon chemistry is produced by Kennesaw State University and is part of a series of chemistry case studies.
		There is information about the origins of silicon, the structure of naturally occurring silicates and the formation of silicon hydrides and silicon halides.
		This is the full-text report of a study conducted into silicone gel breast implants by an Independent Review Group commissioned by the Chief Medical Office on behalf of the Minister of Health to examine the evidence of the possible health risks associated with silicone gel breast implants.
	www.intute.ac.uk /cgi-bin/search.pl?term1=silicones&limit=0 (1350 words)

	BBC - h2g2 - Chemistry of Group 14 - Si, Ge, Sn, Pb
		Silicon and germanium both exist with diamond type structures with tetrathedral atoms forming four single bonds to the nearest neighbour atoms.
		Silicon dioxide is an extended solid with each Si atom forming four single bonds to bridging O atoms and forms rocks!
		The tetrachlorides of silicon and germanium are used in the preparation of the elements in ultrapure form for use in the electronics industry.
	www.bbc.co.uk /dna/h2g2/A1017613 (1705 words)

	Hydrides and Anhydrides, by C. Warren Hunt; #90043 (2005)
		Thus, a mixture of non-metal hydrides and fluidic intermetals that comprised the interior of the primordial earth should undergo fractionation and coalescense of components on the basis of mobility and density differences.
		Carbon, the sister element of silicon, is a lesser component of earth makeup, but probably is prominent in the form of carbides in the interior.
		Hydrides of silicon and carbon along with intermetals rise into crustal levels where dissociation and oxidation liberate the heat of endogeny and deposit rock-forming minerals, and metal deposits, leaving only methane and hydrogen to effuse into the atmosphere; that
	www.searchanddiscovery.net /documents/abstracts/2005research_calgary/abstracts/extended/hunt/hunt.htm (1635 words)

	- Raw Message Text
		Silicon doesn't double bond with oxygen as readily as carbon, and prefers four Si-O bonds.
		Silicon oxides are not only polymeric, but also anionic - they can absorb cations and behave like ionic exchange resins (such as in zeolites).
		Silicon tends to combine with oxygen, which tends to combine with silicon, which tends to combine with oxygen...
	www.evcforum.net /cgi-bin/RawMsgTxt.cgi?action=viewraw&f=2&t=90&m=1 (427 words)

	Silicon-modified crumb rubber composition invention
		The present invention relates to a modified crumb rubber particle having carbon to silicon bonds created by the reaction of the unsaturation in the crumb rubber particle and silicon hydride, with or without the use of a catalyst.
		Here, an uncured diene-containing elastomer is reacted with a Silicon hydride in the presence of a thermoplastic resin and a platinum catalyst to prepare a thermoplastic elastomer.
		The carbon to silicon bond was created by the reaction of the crumb rubber particle and silicon hydride.
	www.freshpatents.com /Silicon-modified-crumb-rubber-composition-dt20070315ptan20070060711.php (1178 words)

	Development
		Hydrino hydride ions have the potential to be as useful as carbon as a base “element.” Carbon is a base element for many useful compounds ranging from diamonds, to synthetic fibers, to liquid gasoline, to pharmaceuticals.
		Ordinary amorphous silicon hydride films are the active component of important semiconductor devices such as photovoltaics, optoelectronics, liquid crystal displays, and field-effect transistors.
		The extraordinarily stable hydrino hydride ions may balance the charge of the positive ions without reacting with them and function as an electrochemical compound of an advanced battery.
	www.blacklightpower.com /applications.shtml (2064 words)

	Millsian News
		For example, using the same alkane and alkene bond solutions as elements in an infinite network, the nature of the solid molecular bond for all known allotropes of carbon (graphite, diamond, C60, and their combinations) were solved.
		By further extension of this modular approach, the solid molecular bond of silicon and the nature of semiconductor bond were solved.
		The nature of other fundamental forms of matter such as the nature of the ionic bond, the metallic bond, and additional major fields of chemistry such as that of silicon, organometallics, and boron were solved exactly such that the position and energy of each and every electron is precisely specified.
	www.millsian.com /news.shtml (498 words)

	ChemCases: Silicone - 1. Silicate Structures
		This is the story of chemical transition from the common silicate minerals and rocks of the earth to the uncommon chemical compounds of silicon and carbon.
		We learn that the fundamental structural unit of all the silicate minerals is a single silicon atom at the center of a tetrahedral array bonded to four oxygen atoms (left).
		And silicon hydrides and silicon halides were not stable out in the humid air in the room.
	science.kennesaw.edu /~mhermes/silicon/sil1cone.htm (434 words)

	[No title]
		Small unsaturated silicon hydride molecules or cluster with few hydrogen atoms are important species in the gas phase decomposition of silanes (CVD, Chemical Vapor Deposition).
		CVD processes are the most important source of amorphous hydrogenated silicon, a-Si:H, which is mainly used to prepare thin films of semiconducting material used in microelectronics or solar energy conversion.
		Beyond the Harmonic Approximation: Impact of Anharmonic Molecular Vibrations on the Thermochemistry of Silicon Hydrides.
	www.kfunigraz.ac.at /tchwww/sax/researche_new.html (558 words)

	Silicon \| WebElements Chemistry Nexus
		None of the dihalides MX exist independently for carbon or silicon while most of the divalent halides MX are known for germanium in addition to the germanium tetrahalides.
		By varying the thicknesses of the silicon and silicon-germanium layers composing them, membrane shapes are possible ranging from flat to curved to tubular.
		The membrane sat upon a silicon dioxide layer in a silicon-on-insulator substrate.
	nexus.webelements.info /taxonomy/term/98 (1019 words)

	Re: Why is carbon the ONLY element to link in long chains?
		Silicon, phosphorus and sulfur can all be found in long, singly-bonded chains or network compounds.
		Hydrides and halides of main-group elements (other than the fluorides) are typically quite unstable in the presence of oxygen or water.
		This is much less true for carbon; while boron and silicon hydrides spontaneously combust in the presence of oxygen, and phosphine (PH) is highly reactive, the half-life of methane (CH) and other saturated hydrocarbons in air is a couple of centuries.
	www.madsci.org /posts/archives/jun2001/993247450.Ch.r.html (868 words)

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