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Topic: Silver halide

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Photographic film

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Film developing

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	Chemistry of Photography
		The radiation or light sensitivity of a silver halide film (referred to in the trade as its "speed" and denoted on commercial film as its ASA in the United States or DIN in Europe) is related to the size of the grain and to the specific halide composition employed.
		In the silver halide dispersion, gelatin molecules adsorb at the surface of the silver halide grain, surrounding the grain and forming a barrier that stabilizes the dispersion.
		The silver halide grains in a paper emulsion seldom exceed 0.01to 0.02 microns as compared with from 1.0 to 2.0 microns in a negative emulsion and the amount of silver halide in the coated paper per unit area is about one-fifth that of a negative material.
	www.cheresources.com /photochem.shtml (4071 words)

	Silver halide photographic lightsensitive material - Patent # 6610466 - PatentGenius
		The silver halide photographic lightsensitive material according to claim 1, wherein the emulsified dispersion contains a high-boiling organic solvent whose dielectric constant is 7.0 or less, the content of the high-boiling organic solventbeing in the range of 0.05 to 10% by mass based on the silver halide photographic emulsion layer.
		The silver halide photographic lightsensitive material according to claim 2, wherein the emulsified dispersion contains a high-boiling organic solvent whose dielectric constant is 7.0 or less, the content of the high-boiling organic solventbeing in the range of 0.05 to 10% by mass based on the silver halide photographic emulsion layer.
		In silver halide photographic emulsions, light sensitivity is obtained as a result of absorption of light incident on thelightsensitive material by a sensitizing dye adsorbed on the surface of silver halide grains and transfer of thus absorbed light energy to silver halide grains.
	www.patentgenius.com /patent/6610466.html (12407 words)

	Silver halide grains, light-sensitive photographic material containing the same and method for preparing silver halide ...
		Silver halide grains according to claim 1, wherein a proportion of a surface area of the (nn1) faces to the total surface area is at least 30%.
		In the silver halide composition of the silver halide grains according to the present invention, "consisting substantially of silver chlorobromide" means that other silver halides than silver bromide and silver chloride, for example, silver iodide, may be contained within the range which does not interfere with the effect of the present invention.
		The silver halide emulsions of the present invention may be carried out a chemical aging treatment by adding a sulfur-containing compound and at least one of a hydroxytetraazaindene and at least one of a nitrogen-containing heterocyclic compound having a mercapto group may be added before the chemical aging, during aging or after aging.
	www.freepatentsonline.com /4758504.html (6297 words)

	Direct positive silver halide photographic light-sensitive material - Patent 5206132
		When a silver halide photographic light-sensitive material is exposed to light to which it is sensitive and developed, the fl density of the light-sensitive material generally increases with the increase of exposure and reaches a maximum value at a certain exposure, and a further increase in exposure decreases the fl density.
		Since the configuration of the silver halide photographic light-sensitive material of the invention is to have at least one direct positive silver halide emulsion layer at least on one side of a support, said direct positive light-sensitive material may have either a multilayered configuration or a single-layered configuration.
		To suspend silver halide grains during a fogging process, hydrophilic colloids such as gelatin is used in an amount of 30 to 200 g per mol of silver halide.
	www.freepatentsonline.com /5206132.html (3550 words)

	Holographic Film - Holographic Plates, Hologram recording materials
		The silver halide materials have been the most popular choice of the holographers for obvious reasons of high exposure sensitivity over a wide range of spectral regions and high resolving power.
		Intrinsic sensitivity of silver halide is in the ultraviolet and blue region of the spectrum.
		During development process the exposed silver halides in the emulsion are chemically reduced to metallic silver.
	www.hololight.net /materials.html (4038 words)

	Topic 51. Films for black and white photography
		Silver fluoride has very little light sensitivity, and many films use either silver chloride or silver bromide.) Most modern films use coatings based on gelatin emulsions: relatively viscous substances with tiny grains of the silver halide dispersed throughout the material.
		Silver halides by themselves are not very sensitive to the longer wavelength portion of the spectrum (reds and yellows), and the original halide-only films were sensitive only to blue.
		If the development process is stopped at the proper moment, only the silver halide in those grains that initially had atoms of free silver (as a result of having been exposed to light) is converted to metallic silver.
	www.colorado.edu /physics/phys1230/phys1230_fa01/topic51.html (1026 words)

	Emulsions and photographic elements containing silver halide grains having trisoctahedra crystal faces - Patent Review ...
		Silver halide photographic emulsions are disclosed comprised of radiation sensitive silver halide grains of a cubic crystal lattice structure comprised of trisoctahedral crystal faces.
		A silver halide photographic emulsion according to claim 9 wherein a grain growth modifier is present in said emulsion chosen from the class consisting of 4-hydroxy-6-methyl-1,3,3a,7-tetraazaindene, 5-bromo-4-hydroxy-6-methyl-1,3,3a,7-tetraazaindene, 4-amino-6-mehtyl-1,3,3a,7-tetraazaindene, 2-imidazolidinethione, ethylenethiourea, 5-carboxy-6-hydroxy-4-methyl-2-methylthio-1,3,3a,7-tetraazaindene, 4-hydroxy-2-methylthio-1,3,3a,7-tetraazaindene, and 5-(3-ethyl-2-benzothiazolinylidene)-1-methoxy-carbonylmethyl-3-phenyl-2-th iohydantoin.
		Silver halide grains which have had their surface to volume ratios increased by ruffling are the specific subject matter of commonly assigned Ser.
	www.wikipatents.com /4680256.html (7654 words)

	Reciprocity Failure - Silvergrain Research
		Silver chloride and silver bromide crystals are one kind of solid state device called "indirect gap semiconductors." These photosensitive crystals react with photoelectron to form small silver specks on or in the crystals.
		In typical silver halide materials for negative images, various chemical sensitizers are used to improve latent image formation and developability of latent silver specks.
		Silver halide crystals with a latent image are preferentially developed to image-forming silver grains during the development process (Figure 1).
	wiki.silvergrain.org /wiki/index.php?title=Reciprocity_Failure (2547 words)

	SilverStrategies.com Feature Story
		Silver halide crystals, melted into glass can change the light transmission from 96% to 22% in less than 60 seconds and block at least 97% of the sun's ultraviolet rays.
		Silver paste is used in 90 percent of all crystalline silicon photovoltaic cells, which are the most common solar cell, according to the Photovoltaic Technology Division of the U.S. Department of Energy.
		The conductive silver, which also enhances reflection of the sunlight, is applied in the form of a glass paste with a minimum of 90 percent silver along the top and across the bottom of the silicon crystal.
	www.silverstrategies.com /story.aspx?local=1&id=192 (2507 words)

	ILFORD Photo - Why Silver Halide?
		There is no doubt that real silver Black and White images last and have a timeless quality that cannot be matched.
		The fact that silver gives better control of image tone and is predictable, reliable and stable, makes it the perfect platform for creative image making.
		It is, therefore, essential to insist on real silver Black and White images so that the beauty and creativity of the original will last a lifetime Professional Gallery.
	www.ilfordphoto.com /aboutus/page.asp?n=140 (423 words)

	Kodak R&D: Chemistry-Silver Halide Emulsions
		The primary element for light capture in photography is the silver halide crystal.
		By common usage, the term "emulsion" denotes what is actually a dispersion of tiny silver halide crystals (grains) in gelatin.
		The silver halide emulsion literally "sets the scene" for the subsequent complex chemical processes that lead to the formation of a colorful image.
	www.kodak.com /US/en/corp/researchDevelopment/whatWeDo/technology/chemistry/silver.shtml (342 words)

	Silver@Everything2.com
		Silver has the highest reflectivity of all metals, and is often used in mirrors.
		The Silver Halide grains are made by chemically combining Silver Nitrate and Chloride, Bromide and Iodide.
		To cover with silver; to give a silvery appearance to by applying a metal of a silvery color; as, to silver a pin; to silver a glass mirror plate with an amalgam of tin and mercury.
	www.everything2.com /index.pl?node=silver (1069 words)

	Silver Recovery Industry background
		In the fixing bath, the insoluble, unexposed silver halide reacts with the thiosulphate to form a soluble silver thiosulphate complex which is removed from the emulsion in the fixing bath and the succeeding wash. This then is the basic photographic process.
		With this process, most of the silver is removed in the bleach, where it is present initially as silver ion, rather than in the fixing bath as a silver thiosulphate complex.
		To be recovered then, silver may be in any of a number of different forms; an insoluble silver halide, a soluble silver thiosulphate complex, a silver ion, or elemental silver, depending on the type of process and the stage at which it is recovered.
	bullionrecovery.co.nz /industry.html (725 words)

	HeritageMicrofilm.com
		Silver Halide film is similar to traditional photographic film that uses a silver emulsion on a polyester base.
		Silver Halide is the film type used in the camera to make the master film.
		Silver Halide is the most light sensitive of all the films used, hence it can record a greater variance of density and contrast present in the original material.
	www.heritagemicrofilm.com /WhatIsMicrofilm.aspx (541 words)

	HP Small and Medium Business - Supplies - Supplies whitepapers - Color advantage
		The public's long-standing attachment to the chemically complex silver halide photo print has caused millions of consumers to accept somewhat inconsistent color print quality and to mistakenly assume that their own lack of photographic abilities were to blame.
		Silver halide is a compound made of silver (Ag) atoms and atoms from the halide group (Cl, Br, I) of the periodic table.
		In color photography, organic sensitizing dyes are added and absorbed onto the silver halide surface during finishing to enhance the sensitivity of the silver halide emulsions in the visible spectrum.
	www.hp.com /sbso/product/supplies/coloradvantage.html (3196 words)

	Photochemistry: Silver
		Silver halides can be reduced to metallic silver by light as shown here.
		When film is exposed to light, each exposed silver halide crystal has a few atoms of silver in it, while unexposed crystals have none.
		Photographic developer reduces the rest of the silver halide in the exposed crystals, because the reduction occurs faster when there are already silver atoms present.
	jchemed.chem.wisc.edu /JCESoft/CCA/CCA3/MAIN/PHOTOAG/PAGE1.HTM (368 words)

	Basic Photography Tutorials. Latent image.
		Silver bromide is a lattice crystal containing millions of pairs of ions.
		It is not fully understood exactly what happens during exposure but the energy released when a photon of light strikes a silver halide crystal frees an electron from the bromide ion.
		The former bromide ion is released from the crystal as bromine and is absorbed by the gelatin.
	www.silverlight.co.uk /tutorials/basicpf/latent.html (481 words)

	AIM: Silver Halide Resolution
		The silver halide photo does not like high intensity light from the microscope at all, the dyes or the fixation actually moves due to the heating so the region of inspection jumps out of focus after a second ot two.
		Both the experiments shows that the full detail resolution of a silver halide print is quite high, something like 1200 DPI or more at higher bit-depth than 8-bit even for a photo from a snap-shot camera.
		On the silver halide the data (image) is in near linear space so 12-bit is sufficient for capturing it.
	www.aim-dtp.net /aim/technology/silver_halide/index.htm (983 words)

	Faulkner on Photographic Industry and Silver Halide 10/19/95
		But, silver halide technology is now more than 150 years old and product performance improvements are increasingly expensive to obtain.
		Silver halide based photography has already been replaced by electronic imaging in some applications.
		To fully appreciate the situation that Kodak and the other silver halide manufacturers face, we must also consider the industry consolidation that is underway.
	www.ftc.gov /opp/global/fknr_tst.shtm (1592 words)

	The Silver Bear Cafe
		Like gold, silver has been traditionally used as a medium of exchange, and because it was in greater supply and of less value than gold, silver coins formed the main circulating currency in many nations until the late 19th century, according to The Silver Institute.
		Silver is also used in batteries; steel bearings used in high-tech and heavy-duty applications such as jet engines; brazing and soldering to join materials for purposes such as plumbing and refrigeration; as a catalyst used in the plastics and textile industries; electroplating; mirrors; eyeglasses; and computer keyboards, according to The Silver Institute.
		Most silver mines are really lead-zinc-silver mines, copper-silver mines or gold-silver mines, with 70 to 80 percent of all silver produced as a byproduct of copper, lead and zinc mining, according to Casey.
	www.silverbearcafe.com /private/asilverlining.html (1443 words)

	Re: Can elements other than Ag be used for photographic film?
		The photo-electron in the conduction band is soon trapped, usually by a dopant introduced during manufacture of the finished photographic emulsion (the term "emulsion" is used in photography to describe the coated layers or in photographic science to describe the dispersion of silver halide crystals).
		A single silver atom produced from the trapped electron and silver ion, is not very stable and could lose the electron and therefore the effect of light absorption.
		In the case of silver halide photography, the detection process relies on the difference in the rates of reduction of an exposed crystal and an unexposed crystal.
	www.madsci.org /posts/archives/nov2000/975608492.Ch.r.html (1295 words)

	The Integration of Electronic Imaging into Photographic Education
		Generally, the amount of additional theoretical knowledge required to obtain a technically excellent silver halide photograph as opposed to a good photograph is not very high.
		Consequently, the tone and color reproductions of silver halide emulsions were adjusted to obtain the best image with little or no manual intervention by the photographer.
		Whereas sixty thousand dollars are sufficient to equip a school with twenty or more high-end silver halide cameras including a variety of lenses that can be used for decades, the same amount might buy two electronic still camera systems of the same apparent quality that need to be replaced within a few years.
	www.rit.edu /~andpph/text-electronic.html (2688 words)

	KODAK: Teaching Basic Darkroom Techniques - Meeting 2
		When exposed photographic material is placed in a developer solution, the developer attacks the exposed grains, which contain the latent-image material, freeing the silver from its compound and depositing it as tiny, irregular grains of metallic silver.
		After development, the undeveloped silver halide crystals in the emulsion must be removed to keep them from darkening and obscuring the image.
		After the developed silver halide has been dissolved, the emulsion is still saturated with chemicals of the fixing bath.
	www.kodak.com /global/en/consumer/education/lessonPlans/darkroom/meeting2.shtml (486 words)

	Halide
		Exceptions are the halide salts of silver, lead(II), and mercury(I).
		The silver halide solubility can be increased by addition of ammonia in appropriate concentrations, due to complex ion formation:
		The less soluble the silver halide, the greater the concentration of ammonia needed to dissolve the silver halide.
	www.public.asu.edu /~jpbirk/qual/qualanal/HALIDE.HTM (179 words)

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