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Topic: Silver iodide

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Cloud seeding

Silver chloride

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	Silver - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Silver is a chemical element in the periodic table that has the symbol Ag (from the traditional abbreviation for the Latin Argentum) and atomic number 47.
		Silver is found in native form, combined with sulfur, arsenic, antimony, or chlorine and in various ores such as argentite (Ag) and horn silver (AgCl).
		Silver and compounds containing silver can be absorbed into the circulatory system and become deposited in various body tissues leading to the condition called argyria which results in a permanent grayish pigmentation of the skin and mucous membranes.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Silver (1639 words)

	silver
		Liberation from manufacture and casting of alloys; during fabrication of silver metal, alloys, and bimetals for electrical uses; and during electroplating operations and fabrication of solders and brazing alloys; during manufacture and use of photographic chemicals and materials; during manufacture of mirrors, and during manufacture of silver powder pigments and paints.
		Principal ores are argentite, cerargyrite or horn silver (mixture of halides), proustite and pyrargyrite.
		Silver is one of the most physically and physiologically cumulative of the elements, leading to a disturbing, permanent cosmetic effect when body burden has accumulated Ag in excess of 1 g.
	www.speclab.com /elements/silver.htm (2596 words)

	Silver halide photographic emulsion and method for manufacture thereof - Patent 5087555
		A silver halide photographic emulsion as in claim 1, wherein said tabular silver halide grains are tabular AgBrI or AgBrICl grains of multi-layer structure comprising a core and at least one shell layer, the iodide content of the outermost shell layer being from 0 to 6 mol%.
		Furthermore, with the methods in which silver iodide is used for the seed crystals, the proportion of hexagonal tabular grains among the tabular grains which are formed is low, and the proportion of deformed tabular grains, such as trapezoidal and rhomboidal tabular grains, is high.
		The iodide content of the core of these grains was 20 mol% and the average iodide content of the grains overall was 7.8 mol% and the calculated mole fraction of the central portion was 0.39.
	www.freepatentsonline.com /5087555.html (10916 words)

	Silver iodide (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-08-19)
		Silver iodide (chemical symbol : Ag I) is a chemical compound used in photography and cloud seeding.
		Assayed Silver Antique silver services for discerning collectors of assayed and hallmarked silver from England, Scotland and Ireland.
		Silver Magazine Specializing in the entire field of silver, featuring the finest in research pertaining to the world of silver, with articles on antique English, Continental, and, Colonial American silver.
	www.serebella.com /encyclopedia/article-Silver_iodide.html (453 words)

	It's Elemental - The Element Silver
		Silver can be obtained from pure deposits, from silver ores such as argentite (Ag S) and horn silver (AgCl), and in conjunction with deposits of ores containing lead, gold or copper.
		Silver is also the best reflector of visible light known, but silver mirrors must be given a protective coating to prevent them from tarnishing.
		High capacity batteries can be made with silver and zinc and silver and cadmium.
	education.jlab.org /itselemental/ele047.html (181 words)

	Silver (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-08-19)
		Slag dumps in Asia Minor and on islands in the Aegean Sea indicate that man learned to separate silver from lead as earl as 3000 B.C. Silver occurs native and in ores such as argentite (Ag2S) and horn silver (AgCl); lead, lead-zinc, copper, gold, and copper-nickel ores are principal sources.
		Silver fulminate, a powerful explosive, is sometimes formed during the silvering process.
		Silver nitrate, or lunar caustic, the most important silver compound, is used extensively in photography.
	www.scescape.net /~woods/elements/silver.html (695 words)

	silver chloride on Encyclopedia.com
		Since silver bromide, AgBr, and silver iodide, AgI, react similarly, all three of these silver halide salts are used in making photographic films and plates.
		Besides use in photography, silver chloride is used in silver plating, and silver iodide is used for seeding clouds.
		Silver fluoride, AgF, forms colorless cubic crystals; it is much more soluble in water than the other silver halides.
	www.encyclopedia.com /html/s1/silverch.asp (407 words)

	United States Patent Application: 0040096785
		As a result, in a case where a sample with a low silver iodide content and a sample with a high content are developed for an identical developing time, the sensitivity was reduced apparently in the latter.
		Whether the silver halide has light absorption of direct transition or not can be distinguished easily based on the observation of exciton absorption due to direct transition near 400 nm to 430 nm.
		Among them, silver salts of organic acid, particularly, silver salts of long chained aliphatic carboxylic acids (with number of carbon atoms of 10 to 30, preferably, 15 to 28) are preferred.
	appft1.uspto.gov /netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=/netahtml/PTO/srchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1="20040096785".PGNR.&OS=DN/20040096785&RS=DN/20040096785 (14115 words)

	Photographic print elements containing cubical grain silver iodochloride emulsions - Patent 5728516 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-08-19)
		Having high iodide concentrations at the surface of the grains lowers speed as compared to the emulsions satisfying the requirements of the invention when both emulsions are sensitized to the same minimum density and otherwise produces elevated levels of minimum density that are incompatible with acceptable performance characteristics of photographic reflective print elements.
		In the absence of iodide (and hence the absence of iodide induced crystal lattice variances) the peak intensity of stimulated fluorescent emission in the wavelength range of from 450 to 470 nm is relatively low, typically less than that at the reference emission wavelength.
		However, in the interest of efficient silver utilization, it is generally contemplated to limit the second grain population to 50 percent or less of the total silver present in the blended emulsion.
	www.freepatentsonline.com /5728516.html (15441 words)

	Calotype (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-08-19)
		It was then dipped into a solution of potassium iodide (500 grains being dissolved in an imperial pint of water, or 57 g/L), where it was allowed to stay two or three minutes until silver iodide was formed.
		In this state the iodide is scarcely sensitive to light, but is sensitized by brushing "gallo-nitrate of silver" over the surface to which the silver nitrate had been first applied.
		This "gallonitrate" is merely a mixture, consisting of 100 grains of silver nitrate dissolved in 2 fluid ounces of water (114 g/L), to which is added one-sixth of its volume of acetic acid, and immediately before applying to the paper an equal bulk of a saturated solution of gallic acid in water.
	www.worldhistory.com /wiki/C/Calotype.htm (393 words)

	The Silver Institute-Silver News
		Although the properties of silver iodide that allow it to turn into glass where discovered by scientists in 1910, this is the first time it has been accomplished using this technique.
		Silver iodide is very light sensitive and the glass must be stored in the dark.
		The researchers also noticed that silver selenide turned to glass under similar conditions and are experimenting with this chemical too.
	www.silverinstitute.org /news/5d01.html (179 words)

	The Silver Institute-Silver News
		Cloud seeding using silver iodide has been used for decades with debatable results in Southern and Southwestern Kansas, but using the silver compound for hailstorm prevention has been a resounding success.
		Silver iodide released into a rain cloud acts as the nucleus for the formation of more and larger raindrops.
		In a hail cloud, the silver iodide particles act in the same manner, and cause the number of hailstones to increase.
	www.silverinstitute.org /news/6e1997.htm (245 words)

	Energy Citations Database (ECD) - Energy and Energy-Related Bibliographic Citations (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-08-19)
		Silver content, total iodide concentration, and pH were the factors controlling the removal mechanisms of iodide.
		Oxidation of metallic silver was observed in the presence of oxygen, and the carbon surface appears to catalyze this reaction.
		When the molar ratio of silver to iodide was greater than 1 precipitation of silver iodide was the dominant removal mechanism.
	www.osti.gov /energycitations/product.biblio.jsp?osti_id=20242600 (367 words)

	Silver iodide - Encyclopedia.WorldSearch (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-08-19)
		The electrical double layer on silver iodide in the presence of organic molecules (Mededelingen van de Landbouwhogeschool Wageningen)
		Injection of silver iodide from cloud seeding into the atmosphere of central Alberta (RMD report)
		An annotated bibliography on the biological and physiological effects of silver iodide cloud seeding, 1962-1971 (NOAA technical memorandum EDS ESIC-2)
	encyclopedia.worldsearch.com /silver_iodide.htm (204 words)

	A Popular Treatise on Photography--Title Page
		If this iodide of silver were not removed, it is easy to understand that it would become changed as soon as exposed to the light; and therefore it is necessary to dissolve it by a body which has received the name of a fixing agent.
		These two bodies, by their mutual reaction, produce a yellowish-white, insoluble powder; then, by washing the paper in water contained in a porcelain basin; all the excess of nitrate of silver is carried away, and finally there results a paper the pores of which are completely impregnated with iodide of silver.
		quantity of iodide of potassium; this is spread on a well cleaned plate of glass; the dried glass is immersed in nitrate of silver, exposed to the light in a camera, developed as a proof on paper, and fixed by hyposulphite of soda.
	albumen.stanford.edu /library/monographs/monckh (1072 words)

	Earthbeat:: 17 July 2004 - Every Cloud Has a Silver Lining
		And we dissolve the silver iodide in acetone, and spray it out through these blowtorch-type devices and light it up with a sparkplug, so the acetone is burned away, the silver iodide is left in the cloud in tiny, tiny crystals, they’re quite microscopic.
		So if you were to ingest silver iodide, as they did with the rainbow trout, it would pass through their alimentary canal without being taken up into the bloodstream, and it just does not have any detrimental effect, certainly not in the quantities which we use.
		Now silver is actually a highly toxic chemical, and can in fact be problematic, particularly for the larval forms of vertebrates, such as tadpoles, in terms of frog species, and also phyto-plankton.
	www.abc.net.au /rn/science/earth/stories/s1157040.htm (2357 words)

	The Open Video Project :: Video Transcript (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-08-19)
		A small silver iodide generator provides test material that is added to water in known quantities.
		Water containing the silver iodide is then dropped slowly onto the soil samples at about the same rate as melting snow.
		Soil samples containing silver iodide are also tested to see if the silver traces have any effect on the important microorganisms that live in the ground.
	www.open-video.org /transcript.php?videoid=581 (170 words)

	sodium iodide and mercury(II) chloride
		The gray-blue balls are sodium ions and the violet balls are iodide ions
		The blue-grey balls are sodium ions and the violet balls are iodide ions
		It shows potassium ions, iodide ions, sodium ions and nitrate ions.
	jchemed.chem.wisc.edu /JCESoft/CCA/CCA1/R1MAIN/CD1R2360.HTM (343 words)

	Silver Iodide - Too Hot?
		Silver iodide was chosen as it has a well documented hexagonal (Beta) to cubic (Alpha) phase change at 421K (Figure 2).
		Phase change in Silver Iodide, from wurtzite-type, beta-phase to cubic, alpha-phase.
		Contour-plot showing variations in line intensity from the diffraction pattern of Silver Iodide as a function of temperature.
	homepages.ed.ac.uk /ah12/silveriodide.html (767 words)

	Testing for halide ions
		The precipitates are the insoluble silver halides - silver chloride, silver bromide or silver iodide.
		The ammonia combines with silver ions to produce a complex ion called the diamminesilver(I) ion, [Ag(NH This is a reversible reaction, but the complex is very stable, and the position of equilibrium lies well to the right.
		The silver iodide is so insoluble that the ammonia won't lower the silver ion concentration enough for the precipitate to dissolve.
	www.chemguide.co.uk /inorganic/group7/testing.html (764 words)

	Safety of Colloidal Silver -Toxicity and Silver Poisoning
		Continued and prolonged use of silver salts produces degeneration of tissues and organs, discoloration of skin, hemorrhaging, nervous system impairment, large scale paralysis, loss of coordination, convulsions, and death by respiratory failure due to paralysis.
		An independent researcher analyzed silver elimination vs. silver consumed, over a period of several months consuming roughly 2.34 mg of colloidal silver daily.
		There are several people through the years that have made brief attempts to induce silver toxicity in their own body via properly made isolated colloidal silver, and we have never heard of a successful attempt, nor have we been able, in a DILIGENT search, to find one case of Argyria related to isolated colloidal silver.
	www.silvermedicine.org /safety2.html (1317 words)

	Chemistry : Periodic Table : silver : key information
		Silver is somewhat rare and expensive, although not as expensive as gold.
		Silver iodide, AgI, is (or was?) used for causing clouds to produce rain.
		Industrially, silver is usually a byproduct of processes whose main object is the extraction of another metal such as copper, lead, and zinc.
	www.webelements.com /webelements/elements/text/Ag/key.html (452 words)

	Silver Iodide (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-08-19)
		There was, however, no proof whether it was planeloads of silver iodide or natural forces that hindered Debbie.
		Theyâre suggesting shooting silver iodide into her eye, reducing hot flashes by adding ice to the Gulf of Mexico, blasting her with microwaves from satellites...
		It involves putting chemicals, typically silver iodide, into clouds to condense their moisture into ice, which causes precipitation such as rain or snow.
	silver-iodide.wikiverse.org (142 words)

	Researchers create unexpected glass within a glass
		Boolchand says the unusual glass forming properties of silver iodide relate to the mobility of silver ions and the ability of silver iodide to serve as a solid electrolyte.
		The University of Cincinnati researchers also saw the unusual glass transition in silver selenide, and they are now extending their work on both the experimental and theoretical fronts.
		Class three where all the silver additive mixes with the base glass, and only one glass transition temperature is seen.
	www.eurekalert.org /pub_releases/2001-04/UoC-Rcug-2404101.php (462 words)

	Is Cloud Seeding Harmful
		Under the guidelines of the Clean Water Act by the EPA, silver iodide is considered a hazardous substance, a priority pollutant, and as a toxic pollutant.
		To effectively monitor the levels of silver toxicity, at the very minimum, water samples should be taken on a monthly basis from every dam, creek, stock tank, and other water capture places in the respective district while cloud seeding is being conducted.
		(7,9) “Elevated silver concentrations in biota occur in the vicinities of sewage outfalls, electroplating plants, mine waste sites, and silver iodide-seeded areas.”(12) In fact, in the 1980s the CDC had hoped that silver toxicity would be reduced nationally based on a reduction of cloud seeding activity.
	www.ranches.org /cloudSeedingHarmful.htm (948 words)

	Silver (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-08-19)
		These silver utensils are tarnished with a mottled layer of silver oxide.
		The precious metal silver was known to the ancients.
		Uses of silver and its compounds include ornamentation, electronics and antibacterial agents.
	chemlab.pc.maricopa.edu /periodic/Ag.html (92 words)

	Big Bear Grizzly
		Those opposed to cloud seeding using silver iodide are urging Valley officials to see things their way and also oppose the project by withdrawing funding.
		They claim silver iodide is water soluble in large quantities of water, primarily Big Bear Lake, and will create free ion silver, which is highly toxic.
		On the opposite side, CSD board president Bob Colven said his research shows silver iodide seeded clouds doesn't "bear out that there are no negative effects in the community." Colven said Montana stopped its cloud seeding project after the company doing the project was asked to put up a $10 million bond and refused.
	www.bigbeargrizzly.net /articles/2004/10/24/news/cloudseeding.txt (1688 words)

	One Pot Silver Reactions (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-08-19)
		The silver in the water solution exists as an aquo complex, Ag (aq), which is represented simply as Ag Addition of a carbonate source leads to the formation of silver carbonate.
		Recover silver from the solid by treating with concentrated nitric acid under a hood to dissolve the silver sulfide and oxidize the sulfide ion.
		In photography, the unexposed, unreduced, insoluble silver halide is removed from the emulsion after development using sodium thiosulfate.
	dwb.unl.edu /chemistry/DoChem/DoChem109.html (954 words)

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