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Topic: Silver staining

	Staining (biology) - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Stains and dyes are frequently used in biology and medicine to highlight structures in biological tissues for viewing, often with the aid of different microscopes.
		Stains may be used to define and examine bulk tissues (highlighting, for example, muscle fibers or connective tissue), cell populations (classifying different blood cells, for instance), or organelles within individual cells.
		Gram staining uses crystal violet to stain cell walls, iodine as a mordant, and a fuchsin or safranin counterstain to mark all bacteria.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Staining (2089 words)

	Silver nitrate - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Mythically, silver nitrate was used as a method of killing vampires, with the silver nitrate generally being injected into a bullet cartridge or used in a hypodermic needle.
		In histology, silver nitrate is used for silver staining, for demonstrating proteins and nucleic acids.
		Silver nitrate is harmful to the environment and is toxic to fish.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Silver_nitrate (371 words)

	Silver stain for rapid, quantitative detection of polypeptides and nucleic acids - Patent 4703016
		A stain that depended on a subunit, such as the peptide bond, would result in similar staining curves for all proteins, when the density of staining for each of the protein bands or spots was plotted against the mass of each of the proteins in their respective bands or spots.
		The contribution of histidine to silver staining, as demonstrated in the homopolymer studies and its correlation in the protein staining studies (r=0.96,0.01>p0.001) is not surprising, since the imidazole groups in the histidine side-chains are often important for metal-binding in metalloproteins such as hemoglobin or myoglobin.
		The theories suggest that silver staining of biochemical entities is initiated by the formation of a metal ion complex with a biochemical group, followed by the reduction of the complexed ionic silver to metallic silver.
	www.freepatentsonline.com /4703016.html (7675 words)

	GCA lab: tools
		Silver staining of complex nucleic acid profiles separated in polyacrylamide gels provides high band resolution but can be cumbersome and difficult to reproduce if an adequate technique is not used.
		The silver staining protocol is based on a photochemically-derived silver stain originally designed for the staining of proteins (Goldman and Merril 1982).
		To avoid staining artifacts, it is important to wear gloves during gel rig assembly and silver staining.
	www.cropsci.uiuc.edu /faculty/gca/kaffe/tools1sep.html (4620 words)

	GE Healthcare Discussion Boards: silver staining without glutaraldehyde
		I was using a silver staining protocol without any glutalraldehyde step, basically it was composed of a fixation step with methanol, a sentitization step with sodium thiosulfate, a silver staining step and a development step with sodium carbonate and formalin.
		The only reagent that was different from my previous silver staining protocol was replaced by a brand new one (thiosulphate).
		I did not tried the silver staining again because I have just confirmed that my formaldehyde was still working well and I did not have any idea of what is going wrong with that silver staining.
	amersham.zeroforum.com /zerothread?id=10903 (576 words)

	Invitrogen - Molecular Probes - Section 9.3 - Detection of the Total-Protein Profile in Gels, on Blots, on Microarrays ...
		Silver staining may be up to 100 times more sensitive than Coomassie brilliant blue staining, but it is relatively expensive and entails several labor-intensive and time-sensitive steps.
		Silver staining also exhibits a high degree of protein-to-protein variability; staining intensity and color are very dependent on each polypeptide's sequence and degree of glycosylation, and some proteins are detectable only as negatively stained patches.
		Unlike silver staining techniques, which use glutaraldehyde- or formaldehyde-based fixatives, SYPRO Ruby dye is a gentle stain that interacts noncovalently with proteins.
	probes.invitrogen.com /handbook/sections/0903.html (6880 words)

	silverstain.html
		The method is based on the precipitation of silver chloride in the integument: chloride ions diffusing out of the animal's integument combine with silver ions diffusing into it from a dilute solution of silver nitrate.
		This will cause uneven staining and give "false negatives." In such cases it is better to kill the animal, excise the gills and handle them with forceps or hemostats so that the cut "stump" of the gill does not bleed into the silver nitrate solution (Holliday, 1988).
		Underdevelopment results in a weak stain, while overdevelopment results in a general brownish staining of the whole animal or organ superimposed on the fl stain from silver development.
	ww2.lafayette.edu /~hollidac/silverstain.html (980 words)

	Medical Research Coordination Center - PROTOCOL1 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Specific methods were developed to demonstrate endogenous zinc pools in synaptic and secretory vesicles; exogeneous mercury, silver bound as sulfide or selenide crystals, in lysosomes; and tissue-bound gold ions resulting from medicamented aurothiocompounds.
		As a result, the highly sensitive in situ colloidal gold-labeled detection of peptides, proteins, and amines by immunohistochemistry (immunogold-silver staining (IGSS), carbohydrates by lectin histochemistry, and DNA and RNA by in situ hybridization, in situ PCR and in situ 3SR techniques were born.
		Silver Acetate AMG can be applied for immunocytochemical gold-silver staining (immunogold-silver staining = IGSS; Nanogold-silver staining), as well as for lectin histochemistry, in situ hybridization, in situ PCR and the detection of metallic gold and silver, and sulfides and selenides of mercury, silver and zinc.
	www.sbg.ac.at /kgg/protocols/protocol_1.htm (756 words)

	Silver (NOR) staining (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		SILVER STAINING OF Regions within the "stalks" of chromosomes 13,14,15,21, and 22 (the acrocentric chromosomes) contain genes for 18S and 28S rRNA.
		The silver nitrate stain used in this method binds to proteins near these regions during active transcription.
		Visible are eight of the ten acrocentric chromosomes with their stalk regions staining darkly.
	www.slh.wisc.edu /cytogenetics/procedures/nor/index.php (65 words)

	MoBiTec: DNA and Protein Tools (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Deep Silver combines the sensitivity of conventional silver staining with the speed and ease you have always been waiting for (see your bands 30 minutes after fixing).
		The silver stain develops over a period of 10 -20 minutes, to give you enough time to stop the reaction at the point of staining intensity you require.
		Deep Silver is suitable for the staining of 2D and DNA gels as well.
	www.mobitec-us.com /products/dna_prot_tools/staining.html (815 words)

	Bioline International Official Site (site up-dated regularly)
		Silver staining has been widely used particularly in animal cells for the specific detection of nucleolar organiser regions (Ag-NORs) on chromosomes (Goodpasture and Bloom, 1975; Howell et al., 1975; Bloom and Goodpasture, 1976; Hizume et al., 1980; Howell and Black, 1980; Sato et al., 1980; Lacadena et al., 1984).
		Since the silver staining reaction of NORs can be considered as an indication of gene activity, it can be used to analyse gene activity at the ribosomal DNA sites with the conventional light microscope.
		Nucleolus organiser regions were stained using a simplified technique of silver staining based upon the colloidal two stage method of Howell and Black (1980) as modified and described by Amstrong and Ford-Lloyd (1989).
	www.bioline.org.br /request?cs97031 (2145 words)

	APStracts 2:0077L, 1995.
		The century-old histological technique of silver nitrate staining has proven to be extremely useful for visualizing endothelial cell borders and localizing endothelial gaps, but the significance of the staining is still not fully understood.
		To gain some insight into what silver nitrate stains, we developed a method that enabled us to use scanning electron microscopy with backscattered and secondary electron imaging to examine silver staining at endothelial cell borders of venules of the rat tracheal mucosa.
		We conclude that silver nitrate marks endothelial cell borders and outlines endothelial cell gaps by staining an element of intercellular junctions.
	www.uth.tmc.edu /apstracts/1995/lung/May/77l.html (414 words)

	Age-related changes of sulphide-silver staining in the rat hippocampus. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		In the CA2 sub field a decrease of sulphide-silver staining was noticeable in aged rats in comparison with younger cohorts.
		A progressive reduction in the intensity of sulphide-silver staining was observed in the CA3 sub field of the hippocampus.
		In the molecular layer of the dentate gyrus, the intensity of staining was decreased in adult and old rats in comparison with young animals.
	www.arclab.org /medlineupdates/abstract_9483484.html (245 words)

	Silver staining and MALDI MS - can they work together? - BioForum
		This stain comes with the claim that it is mass spec friendly yet when we excise our spots and send them off to our mass spec lab, they typically come back to us with about a 30% hit rate from our silver stained spots.
		I'd like to think there is a way to enjoy even more success in identifying silver stained proteins by maldi mass spec, but am not sure just what the method might be.
		The fixation step in silver staining is the most important step, were extended fixation with Glutarladehyde/formaldehyde will result in permently cross linking th eproteins to the gel and becomes non-recoverable.
	protocol-online.org /forums/index.php?showtopic=6269&view=getnewpost (533 words)

	Technical Help FAQ for Silver and Gold Enhancers
		HQ silver is intended to give the most uniform particle size: it has a protective thickening agent (similar to the Danscher process) which has been found to moderate the silver enhancement process.
		LI silver is more convenient to use (it is a two-component reagent, while HQ Silver is a 3-bottle kit) and the reaction is slower, allowing more control.
		There are two approaches to reducing background staining: (a) modify the experimental conditions before and during silver enhancement; or (b) improve the "stopping" of the silver enhancement reaction or apply back development after it is complete.
	www.nanoprobes.com /TechSE.html (1776 words)

	Silver Staining of DNA in Polyacrylamide Gels
		The methods for silver-staining nucleic acids employ either a histologically derived procedure that uses ammoniacal solutions of silver [142, 143, 144, 145], or a photochemically derived reaction in which silver binds to nucleic acid bases and is then selectively reduced by chemical agents or light[146, 147, 148, 149].
		[151] for protein staining and later applied to nucleic acids [146, 147, 149] which uses formaldehyde to selectively reduce silver ions to metallic silver under alkaline conditions.
		This procedure is highly sensitive, avoids unspecific background staining without loss of contrast, uses less silver and no oxidizing pretreatments, and stains complex mixtures of DNA resolved in polyacrylamide gels bound to polyester backing film.
	www.kfunigraz.ac.at /~binder/thesis/final/node73.html (407 words)

	Sample Protogold Staining Procedure available through Research Diagnostics Inc
		The protein stain dark red through the accumulation of gold particles and the method produces a sensitivity greatly in excess of Coomassie Blue or silver staining in gels with no fading.
		Silver enhance the membrane with similar incubating and agitating procedures to the gold stain incubations.
		Faster staining of proteins with PROTOGOLD and silver enhancing of the gold stain is sometimes achieved at higher temperatures (eg 25-30`C).
	www.researchd.com /gold/gold9.htm (1069 words)

	eMedicine - Argyria : Article Excerpt by: Kamila K Padlewska, MD (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Argyria is characterized by gray to gray-fl staining of the skin and mucous membranes produced by silver deposition.
		Silver may be deposited in the skin either from industrial exposure or as a result of medications containing silver salts.
		Cases have followed the prolonged use of silver salts for the irrigation of urethral or nasal mucous membranes, in eye drops, wound dressing, and the excessive use of an oral smoking remedy containing silver acetate.
	www.emedicine.com /derm/byname/argyria.htm (434 words)

	Books - Metals - Gold and Silver Staining: Techniques in Molecular Morphology (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Immunogold silver staining is one of the most sensitive techniques available for visualizing the location of antibodies and nucleotide probes that have been bounded to specific antigens or to nucleotide sequences.
		As gold and silver staining continues to advance research in molecular morphology, this book presents the information you need to know about the various staining methods, their useful applications, and the advantages and drawbacks of each process.
		Gold and Silver Staining: Techniques in Molecular Morphology presents a complete overview and detailed descriptions of this technique that allows the visualization of molecules that have never been localized before and with hitherto unknown sensitivity.
	www.azom.com /Sale.asp?SaleID=34 (336 words)

	SS301
		Timm's sulfide silver staining has been used to visualize a variety of metals in brains and other tissues¹.
		During the latter stage the metal sulphides catalyze the reduction of silver ions by reducing agents.
		To express our appreciation, a set of Nissl (or H and E) stained sections adjacent to those used for silver-staining will also be provided for you without additional cost.
	www.fdneurotech.com /services/speicalhistology/ss301.htm (340 words)

	Amersham Biosciences PlusOne® Silver Staining Kit, Protein - Biocompare Product Review
		Silver staining is a method for visualizing proteins in polyacrylamide gels, with the important advantage that it is up to 100 times more sensitive than staining with Coomassie blue.
		The silver stained bands range from amber to dark brown in color depending on the amount of protein present, and are very sharp and distinct.
		The silver staining method has one drawback compared to Coomassie blue staining: waste disposal is more complicated.
	www.biocompare.com /prorev.asp?profrevid=170 (558 words)

	GE Healthcare Discussion Boards: MS compatible silver staining of 0.5 mm thick vertical 2D gels
		Those that were separated on a 1mm thick 2D vertical gel, as well as those separated on 0.75 mm thick gels were correctly stained with silver staining compatible with MS (EMBL protocol).
		The so-called "EMBL technique" is silver nitrate-type silver staining protocol in which the silver ion is relatively loosely bound the protein.
		The reason your staining is so faint is because you are washing all the silver ion out of your gel and off the proteins during the wash steps right before development.
	amersham.zeroforum.com /zerothread?id=10175 (312 words)

	eMedicine - Argyria : Article by Kamila K Padlewska, MD (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Some believe that silver compounds complexed with proteins in the skin are reduced to elemental silver by light, similar to the process of photo imaging.
		Silver selenide is highly insoluble in vivo, and this effectively reduces the availability of monovalent silver to interfere with normal enzymatic activities in tissues.
		This lack of significant systemic silver toxicity in argyria may be due to the interaction of selenium and sulfur with silver in vivo.
	www.emedicine.com /derm/topic595.htm (1573 words)

	Plastic Embedding from Energy Beam Sciences
		NOTE: When preparing a solution for or performing any silver staining procedures, it is absolutely essential that all glassware be acid cleaned with concentrated nitric acid and rinsed in several changes of chlorine-free water.
		To 95ml of silver nitrate solution, add 50-60 drops of ammonium hydroxide until the solution is clear with no precipitate.
		Note: In order to prevent sections from loosening from the slides during staining, all sections should be heat-fixed (60ºC to 100ºC) to the slides for a minimum of 2-5 minutes prior to staining, preferably at the time the sections are mounted on the slides.
	www.ebsciences.com /staining/silver.htm (1116 words)

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