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	Yale Silviculture: History
		Silviculture has been variously defined as the art and science of producing and tending a forest; the application of knowledge of silvics in the treatment of a forest; or the theory and practice of controlling forest establishment, composition, and growth.
		Silviculture is the oldest conscious application of the science of ecology and is a field recognized before the term ecology was coined.
		Silviculture is not conducted in a pure state of nature, and this state ceased to be pure when society advanced beyond the food-gathering stage.
	www.yale.edu /silvics/history.html (1387 words)

	Silvics & Silviculture-The Agriculture of Trees
		Silviculture is the agriculture of trees--how to grow them, how to maximize growth and return, and how to manipulate tree species compositions to meet landowner objectives.
		Silviculture imitates a natural change--such as a windthrow, beetle infestation, or fire.
		Remember, the choice of silvicultural method must be based upon the silvics and characteristics of the existing species in a stand and upon the species deemed desirable to grow in that future stand.
	www.wvu.edu /~agexten/forestry/silvics.htm (1594 words)

	Part 3.4 Silviculture Prescriptions
		Silviculture prescriptions must indicate the maximum proportion of the area that will have soil disturbance, and the extent to which that maximum amount may be temporarily exceeded to construct temporary access structures.
		Silviculture prescriptions are required to describe what site conditions must exist after harvesting in order to accommodate certain range resources and range improvements, and to indicate if livestock grazing is proposed to be carried out as a vegetation management treatment on the area under the prescription.
		Silviculture prescriptions are now the only plans which contain stand level operational details concerning how a licensee intends to log a site (for example, what trees will be retained in riparian management areas, or in special management zones where wildlife habitat values are to be maintained).
	www.wcel.org /frbc/Part3/part3_4.htm (3678 words)

	Uneven-Aged Silviculture
		Silviculture is an ecological art and science subject to economic, social, and legal constraints.
		Silviculture evolved as a modem, applied science when 18thcentury foresters adapted natural patterns of succession and disturbance in managing forests to achieve the landowner's purpose.
		By choosing to pursue unevenaged silviculture, the forester is opting to work with various small-scale disturbances that disturb only part of the stand and promote the later stages of development, especially the understory reinitiation stage.
	www.daviesand.com /Choices/Silvicultural_Systems/Uneven-Aged/index.html (3174 words)

	California Forest Stewardship Program: Silviculture: applied forestry
		The selection of a silvicultural system depends on the growth characteristics of the desired species, which relate to the landowner’s objectives.
		The quality of the seed trees, their distribution, and the timing of the harvest are important considerations when using the seed tree silvicultural system.
		A disadvantage to the uneven-aged silvicultural systems are the number of roads that need to be opened and the frequency with which they are used.
	ceres.ca.gov /foreststeward/html/silviculture.html (1403 words)

	Silviculture
		The volume and quality of wood mass produced, as well as the degree to which it performs various functions of public interest, depends on the forest’s structure, mainly on the share of tree species and space distribution of the trees in the stand that is projected to “commercial or functional type of forest”.
		Silvicultural policies which were applied in the forests of Slovakia till the end of the l9th century included “nature friendly forest management”.
		Today, the ecologization of silvicultural activities is preferred; stricter application of more natural silvicultural methods, with an emphasis on mixed stands suited to the site, an increased portion of natural regeneration, more extensive application of a selection commercial method particularly in protectied forests and in special-purpose forests.
	www.fris.sk /en/lesy/o-lesoch/zakl-fakty/silviculture.htm (1042 words)

	Science and Innovation - Silviculture
		Silviculture is the practice of establishing, tending, and reproducing stands of trees.
		Silviculture imitates a natural change - such as a windthrow, beetle infestation, or fire.
		Silviculture looks not only at the timber crop currently available, but also at the effects of present day harvesting on the next timber crop.
	www.borealforest.org /world/innova/silviculture.htm (2233 words)

	Principles of Regeneration Silviculture in Virginia
		Silviculture, the part of forest management that deals with the biology of tree growth, is the art and science of producing, tending, and manipulating forest stands.
		Silviculture is the application of the science of silvics, which is the study of tree species and how they function.
		Intermediate silvicultural practices such as thinning may be employed during the rotation (the interval between one harvest and the next) to concentrate the growth potential on fewer trees and to improve tree quality.
	www.ext.vt.edu /pubs/forestry/420-405/420-405.html (4563 words)

	Kootenai National Forest - Silviculture
		The people who practice silviculture, silviculturists, use tools such as chainsaws, fire, and fertilizers to ensure that the forest is able to meet these needs.
		Silvicultural prescriptions are applied to timber stands and landscapes to provide managers with the means to achieve goals of land management.
		Insect and disease management activities are important to prevent the spread of insects or diseases, or to protect valuable trees, such as pruning blister rust infected branches from western white pine, or trapping bark beetles to reduce the local effect of insect outbrea ks.
	www.fs.fed.us /rl/kootenai/resources/plants/silviculture.shtml (780 words)

	ENVIRONMENTAL PERMITS \| SILVICULTURE
		A request to remove trees by conducting a silvicultural activity which is a bona fide agricultural activity as defined in section 10-1 of the Leon County Code, for which the property appraiser has granted an exemption for the purposes of growing crops, timbering or raising animal stock, fish or poultry.
		The USA is that area which includes all of the City of Tallahassee and a portion of the county as established and defined by the Tallahassee-Leon County 2010 Comprehensive Plan.
		Necessity to provide silviculture practice or operation under a silviculture management plan in order to enhance the overall canopy, reduce competition between trees and to remove exotic species and replace them with native species.
	www.co.leon.fl.us /GROWTH/permits/environmental/silviculture.asp (1021 words)

	Unasylva - No. 181 - Silviculture - Multiple-purpose silviculture in British Columbia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		There were two simple facts of life for foresters: one, silviculture was almost exclusively concerned with obtaining successful regeneration after logging; and, two, either it was not working or there was not enough of it going on.
		Silviculture is also expanding in the area of enhancing and protecting short-term wood supply.
		There have been major shifts in silvicultural trends over the past few years, primarily resulting from the "privatization" of basic silviculture in 1987 but also in response to social objectives.
	www.fao.org /docrep/v5200E/v5200e07.htm (2777 words)

	Unasylva - Vol. 13, No. 4 - Mangrove silviculture
		In consequence, there are changes in the frequency and duration of submersion and the degree of salinity of the water, and in any one region a wide variation in these environmental factors is possible, as one proceeds from the newly deposited mud banks into the gradually rising interior high ground.
		Silviculture and management must be concerned with inducing regeneration of a given species or type, whether natural or artificial, for various specific inundation classes.
		"Silviculture of the forests of Cambodia - mangrove".
	www.fao.org /docrep/x5393e/x5393e04.htm (4708 words)

	Forest Guild Silviculture
		Silviculture is the management, within a forest, of space and species over time to achieve or maintain desired conditions.
		Generally, the compatibility of the silvicultural system’s harvest interventions with the long-term ecological integrity of the forest.
		Good silviculture, by necessity, must be as varied and complex as the forests it is applied to and the ownerships it is applied on.
	www.foreststewardsguild.org /silviculture.html (689 words)

	Conservation Ecology: Silviculture's role in managing boreal forests
		Silviculture is the art and science of managing forests for specific objectives outlined by a landowner (Baker 1934, Smith 1962, Smith et al.
		Silvicultural systems could be designed for the boreal forests to fulfill a wide range of management objectives, ranging from minimal intervention in natural processes (designing and implementing natural prescribed fire prescriptions or preserves) to producing a high volume of high-quality forest products.
		Silviculture has the tools and expertise to provide society with a variety of boreal forest conditions, once short- and long-term management objectives have been politically and legally defined.
	www.ecologyandsociety.org /vol2/iss2/art8 (4273 words)

	Silviculture Operational Plan Submission and Approval Procedures
		Once a silviculture operational plan or exemption is received by the district office, the date of receipt is recorded in a district log file and a routing card and legislation checklist is attached to the review package.
		Once the District Manager has approved the silviculture operational plan or exemption, a written notice must be sent to the person indicating the date of approval and a copy of the approved silviculture operational plan/exemption.
		A copy of the original silviculture operational plan will be retained on the opening file with a dated and initialed note completed by designated district staff that it has been superseded by a new silviculture operational plan.
	www.for.gov.bc.ca /tasb/manuals/policy/resmngmt/rm2-20pr.htm (1284 words)

	Silviculture
		Silviculture is “the art and science of controlling the establishment, growth, composition, health, and quality of forests and woodlands to meet the diverse needs and values of landowners and society on a sustainable basis” [The Dictionary of Forestry, 1998].
		The silvicultural research program at UF/IFAS North Florida Research and Education Center (NFREC) is focused on nutrient and vegetation management in commercial southern pine forests.
		Silviculture, a discipline within forest science, offers a set of tools that make achievement of the forest management objectives possible.
	nfrec.ifas.ufl.edu /silviculture.htm (2158 words)

	Silvics & Silviculture, the Science of Forestry
		Silviculture is the agriculture of trees -- how to grow them, how to maximize growth and return, and how to manipulate tree species compositions to meet landowner objectives.
		The understanding of both the silvicultural requirements for the forests and of the effect of regulations on silvicultural methods, is of prime importance to anyone wishing to promote healthy, growing forests for future generations.
		Silviculture imitiates a natural change -- such as a windthrow, beetle infestation, or fire.
	iaa.umd.edu /mfa/silvics.htm (1269 words)

	State Forest Resource Management Plan - Silviculture
		Silviculture is defined as "the art and science of controlling the establishment, growth, composition, health and quality of forests and woodlands to meet the diverse needs and values of landowners on a sustainable basis" (SAF 1998).
		From this definition it is clear that silviculture is not a goal in itself, but rather a tool for altering the forest condition to attain predefined needs or values.
		When the even-aged silvicultural system is used, retain an average basal area between 10-20 square feet over the entire treatment area and a minimum of 5 trees per acre in the dominant, codominate and/or intermediate class on each acre.
	www.dcnr.state.pa.us /forestry/sfrmp/silviculture.htm (10169 words)

	Umatilla National Forest - Silviculture Fact Sheet
		Silvicultural treatments are used to meet the diverse objectives and values of society.
		When a planning process is finished (resulting in an environmental assessment or environmental impact statement), a decision has been made about the silvicultural treatments that can be used in the planning area.
		Before completing a timber harvest or any other activity that removes trees, a silvicultural prescription is prepared to describe how the area will be reforested, which species will be used in the planting mix (if tree planting is prescribed instead of natural regeneration), and how the new trees will be cared for in the future.
	www.fs.fed.us /r6/uma/silv/silvfact.htm (1375 words)

	Mendocino Redwood Company: Silviculture and Harvesting Methods (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Annually, the percentage of acres harvested using even-aged silviculture is 45% and the percentage of acres using uneven-aged silviculture is 55%.
		Variable Retention is not currently a recognized silviculture per CFPR, so when MRC submits plans with Variable Retention silviculture, the forester, by law, has to list the silviculture as "Clearcutting." However, Variable Retention methods differ significantly from traditional clearcutting in that the retention left in place ensures meeting MRC's goal of reestablishing multiple age classes.
		In cases of re-entry with Shelterwood or Seed Tree silviculture, trees are always retained across the whole spectrum of sizes and ages including a percentage of the residual trees.
	www.mrc.com /issues/silviculture_harvesting.html (998 words)

	Canfor - Silviculture
		Through silvicultural practices such as site preparation and immediate planting after harvesting, that length of time can be cut to two or three years.
		A silviculture forester will choose which species to use in reforestation based on the fit between the specific environment and the silvics of various trees.
		Silviculture, the art and science of growing a forest, spans many sciences and utilizes leading edge technology on many fronts.
	www.canfor.com /treeschool/library/files/silviculture.asp (3083 words)

	CIF IFC Forestry Practices in Canada: Silviculture
		Silviculture is the practice of directing the establishment, composition, growth, and quality of forest stands.
		A silviculture system is a planned program of activities intended to achieve specific management objectives.
		The choice of which silviculture system to follow depends on many factors: the ecological conditions of the site, the silvics (or growing requirements and habits) of crop trees and competing vegetation, the current stand conditions, the cost of silvicultural activities, social and cultural values, and aesthetic considerations.
	www.cif-ifc.org /english/e-practices-silviculture.shtml (523 words)

	Northern Virginia Reptile Rescue: Silviculture (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Silviculture: The art and science of controlling the establishment, growth, composition, health and quality of forests and woodlands, typically dependent on Best Management Practices.
		This is a component of healthy forest management which involves native tree and shrub planting; the clearing of dead and diseased trees and invasive species; occasional controlled burning and tree pruning and trimming.
		Unfortunately, many landowners fail to execute proper silviculture or maintain their property in a way that prevents the growth and spread of both exotic invasives and species that take over and prevent a natural succession.
	nvrr.blogspot.com /2006/04/silviculture.html (1437 words)

	Silviculture
		Silviculture is the art and science of controlling the establishment, growth, composition, health and quality of forest stands.
		The main silviculture treatment in naturally regenerating stands is pre-commercial thinning or stand spacing, designed to give selected crop trees sufficient space for optimal growth.
		This is a treatment carried out when stands are 10 to 15 years old to reduce the density from the natural 20,000 to 50,000 stems per hectare to approximately 2,000 stems per hectare.
	www.cbppl.com /silvicul.htm (623 words)

	ESR Section 37.9 - Silviculture workers
		A silviculture worker, as described in the definition under section 1 of this Regulation, is excluded from various provisions of Part 4 of the Employment Standards Act.
		A silviculture worker must be scheduled by an employer in accordance with subparagraph (a) or (b).
		A silviculture workers’ pay may be reduced or adjusted as a result of ‘over-tally.’ For example, if a tree-planter’s tally is greater than the number of trees actually planted her/his pay can be reduced accordingly.
	www.labour.gov.bc.ca /esb/igm/esr-part-7/esr-s37-9.htm (1743 words)

	Nova Scotia Department of Natural Resources - NS Forest Sustainability Regulations
		The aim of silviculture is to manage a forest for specific objectives through stand tending, harvesting, and reforesting.
		ensuring that the silviculture work completed on their land meets their objectives and is maintained for a specified eriod of time.
		Silviculture work could be conducted on softwood, mixedwood and hardwood stand types.
	www.gov.ns.ca /natr/forestry/strategy/sustainabilityregs.htm (1418 words)

	The Maryland Envirothon - Forestry 2003 Resource Site
		Silviculture is considered both an art and a science.
		The professional forester engages in the art of silviculture by applying sound forest management techniques to help meet the landowner’s objectives, which may be timber production, wildlife habitat conservation, recreation, watershed protection, or a combination of all of these objectives.
		The forester applies the science of silviculture after collecting the same forest measurement data that we learned to collect in the Forest Measurements section.
	www.dnr.state.md.us /education/envirothon/forestry/silviculture.html (1647 words)

	.: Farm Forest Line - Silviculture :.
		A silvicultural regime is a series of management interventions imposed on trees or forests over time, from establishment through to harvest and regeneration.
		Silvicultural design and intervention enables farmers to direct this growth in an attempt to maximize the economic, environmental or aesthetic value of the forest.
		Although based on the same principles, native forest silviculture is a special case in that there are often complicating factors such as government regulation, multiple age structure, and a greater number of tree and understorey species to consider.
	www.farmforestline.com.au /pages/5_silviculture.html (466 words)

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