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Topic: Simple Majority Voting

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	Simple majority voting - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Simple majority voting is a straightforward form of voting whereby the option with a simple majority of votes wins.
		Secondly, simple majority voting satisfies anonymity: it assigns the same value to two lists that are permutations of one another.
		Simple majority voting also satisfies neutrality: if everyone reverses their vote, the result is reversed, a tie remains a tie.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Majority_voting (1110 words)

	Simple majority voting -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-18)
		Simple majority voting is an example of a social choice rule: a mapping that associates a list of individual preferences with a resulting outcome.
		Secondly, simple majority voting satisfies (The state of being anonymous) anonymity: it assigns the same value to two lists that are permutations of one another.
		Simple majority voting also satisfies (Nonparticipation in a dispute or war) neutrality: if everyone reverses their vote, the result is reversed, a tie remains a tie.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/s/si/simple_majority_voting.htm (1165 words)

	Buchanan: Collected Works, Buchanan and Tullock, The Calculus of Consent: Logical Foundations of Constitutional ...
		We see that the results of simple majority voting in the model where full side payments are allowed differ in several essential respects from the results of this rule when such payments are not allowed.
		Majority rule allows members of the decisive coalition to impose external costs on other individuals in the group, costs that are not adequately taken into account in the effective decisions.
		Instead, majority voting will, under the assumptions about individual behavior postulated, tend to result in an overinvestment in the public sector when the investment projects provide differential benefits or are financed from differential taxation.
	www.econlib.org /library/Buchanan/buchCv3c11.html (7740 words)

	Qualified Majority Voting (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-18)
		Qualified Majority Voting (QMV) is a voting procedure employed in the Council of the European Union for some decisions, under which each member state has a fixed (weighted) number of votes.
		Currently this is 88 votes (of 124), so it needs 37 to block a decision.
		Under this new rule, any QMV decision will require a 'double majority' of at least 55% of member states representing 65% of citizens.
	www.bidprobe.com /en/wikipedia/q/qu/qualified_majority_voting.html (321 words)

	[No title]
		This simple majority system is simple and fair, but even it has problems if there is an even number of voters and ties are possible.
		Simple majority voting is easy to run and fair, in an elementary sense, so it is used in many settings ranging from cub scouts to electing the Pope.
		Simple majority voting has often been seen as unfair in a representative government, however, because the voters may represent groups with different sizes or relative power.
	academic.marist.edu /~jzg8/courses/m111/Spring04/Handouts/DefEx2_1.doc (786 words)

	Italy - Hutchinson encyclopedia article about Italy
		Constitutional reforms adopted in 1993 amended the voting system – one of proportional representation – to allow for 75% of the chamber of deputies to be elected by simple majority voting.
		The referendum was delayed until 1974, but the favourable vote was seen as a further blow to the traditional clerical parties and an indication of the Roman Catholic Church's declining influence in Italian politics.
		A referendum held in 1991 overwhelmingly approved reform of the voting procedure in an attempt to eliminate electoral corruption and to reduce the political influence of the Mafia.
	encyclopedia.farlex.com /Italy (6604 words)

	What is PR?
		Supporters of minor parties are forced to either waste their vote on a candidate who cannot win; vote for the lesser-of-two-evils among the major party candidates; or not vote at all.
		Voting systems scholars estimate that adopting PR in the U.S. would increase voter participation by 10-12%, which would translate into millions of more voters at the polls.
		Given this general trend in voting system reform, it is not surprising that the issue of proportional representation is finally being raised in the United States.
	www.mtholyoke.edu /acad/polit/damy/BeginnningReading/whatispr.htm (3072 words)

	Filings Under the Public Utility Holding Company Act of 1935; Rel. No. 35-27813 / March 12, 2004
		The Charter currently provides that in the election of directors, each holder of shares of stock entitled to vote shall be entitled to as many votes as shall equal the number of shares of stock held multiplied by the number of directors to be elected.
		The stockholder may cast all of these votes for a single director or may distribute them among the number of directors to be elected or any two or more of them as the stockholder may see fit.
		If the proposal to require majority voting on all matters submitted for a stockholder vote is approved by the stockholders, the Board intends to amend the bylaws or the Charter to exempt Allegheny from the Control Share Act.
	www.sec.gov /divisions/investment/opur/filing/35-27813.htm (2249 words)

	House votes for simple majority for school levies
		The second would allow levies with a simple majority only at the primary or general election, leaving the supermajority requirement for special elections.
		"Voting to give this option to the citizens of Washington is not a vote for higher taxes, it is a vote for democracy," asked Rep. Phyllis Kenney, D-Seattle.
		OLYMPIA (AP) -- Votes Monday as the House, on a 73-25 vote, approved a constitutional amendment to allow simple majority votes for school levies.
	www.citizenreviewonline.org /mar_2003/simple%20majority.htm (708 words)

	Amazon.ca: Books: The Calculus of Consent: Logical Foundations of Constitutional Democracy (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-18)
		In discussing their choice of optimal rules, the authors state that an assumption of their model is that all votes are considered equal, and that if this assumption is not valid then there model will fail to function properly.
		They continue in stating that this is not a very large constraint as one vote is only one vote whether or not the individual uses it or cares about it or not.
		The authors also repeatedly give the same importance to the protection of property that they do to the protection of liberty, another normative assumption that influences their model, as they seem to egg the reader on in thinking that greater decision costs can be tolerated if the stake is Liberty and property.
	www.amazon.ca /exec/obidos/ASIN/0865972176 (1238 words)

	Voting Systems (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-18)
		Proportional representation voting is used for Senate elections in Australia.
		It is used to elect candidates in multi-member electorates and requires the winners to reach a set quota of votes.
		This is a particular variation of the Proportional Representation voting system and is used in elections to the Tasmanian House of Assembly and the ACT Legislative Assembly.
	www.australianpolitics.com /closed/voting-systems.shtml (180 words)

	VUNA Views, Vol. 8, No. 3, Summer (June), 2000
		After months of discussion through e-mail, member societies of the International Vegetarian Union voted to adopt a new IVU Constitution and Bylaws as of October 31, 1999.
		The Bylaws can be changed by a simple majority of voting member societies; alterations to the Constitution require approval of 75% of voting members.
		Voting can now take place by mail or e-mail rather than a physical presence at the IVU General Meeting at a World Vegetarian Congress.
	www.ivu.org /vuna/news/news201/ivuvote.html (618 words)

	Weighted Voting Systems Practice Exercises (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-18)
		In a certain village each man's voting weight is determined by the number of his children.
		A simple majority is needed to pass a measure.
		Note: This describes a company with four shareholders (whose weights are the percentages of shares owned) with a simple majority needed to pass a measure.
	home.snu.edu /~kwantz.fs/m1113/powerpractice.htm (282 words)

	2004 Proxy Statement
		The vote requirement for such changes is reduced to a majority of the outstanding shares if the Board, in the exercise of its fiduciary duties, finds that such actions are in the best interests of the Company and its shareholders.
		These voting provisions do not preclude changes to the corporate governance provisions, but they do ensure that fundamental changes can only be made when a broad consensus of shareholders agrees that a change is prudent.
		It should be noted that although last year a similar simple majority vote shareholder proposal was approved by a majority of the shares present or represented by proxy and entitled to vote at the meeting, it received approval of only 34.54% of the outstanding shares entitled to vote.
	www.boeing.com /companyoffices/financial/finreports/annual/04proxy/item7.html (869 words)

	Simple majority voting
		It is informally used in small groups to make all kinds of practical decisions, by counting hands or judging the loudness of the cheers, without the users giving any thought to its formal background, its assumptions, implications and fallacies.
		Before starting on the formal definition of simple majority voting, it is important to point out that certain matters, though from a formal point of view irrelevant, should be considered if we look at the practical use of democratic procedures.
		Women have been allowed to vote in Germany since 1918.
	www.sciencedaily.com /encyclopedia/simple_majority_voting (1233 words)

	Review 5: On Voting
		This is significant for Tullock, who is keen to defend the claim famously made in The Calculus of Consent, that simple majority voting is just one point on a spectrum of possible voting rules.
		Where party discipline is weak, as in the U.S., there are straightforward exchanges of votes between elected representatives and (a useful term I had not heard before) the mechanism of the “soup kitchen” through which various apparently irrelevant small items are added to a bill so as to attract the votes of wavering representatives.
		Constraints on the rate at which votes can be taken induce a further kind of logrolling, when the proposers of a bill or referendum proposition negotiate about just what that bill or proposition should contain.
	www.thelockeinstitute.org /books/onvoting_review5.html (779 words)

	1998 STATE CONVENTION RULES - Minnesota YMCA Youth in Government (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-18)
		Voting delegates must be in the 9th, 10th, 11th, or 12th grade of high school.
		A simple majority of votes, or the Chair's determination that the vote is too close to be called, shall lead directly to the polling of the Convention on the original issue.
		A simple majority of votes, or the Chair's determination that the vote is too close to be called, shall lead directly to a vote on the issue of whether or not to suspend the rules.
	www1.umn.edu /gavel/archive/1998-1999/convrules98.htm (4024 words)

	Weirton Steel To Continue Survival Strategy Despite Vote Tally; Super Majority Vote Not Attained To End Super Majority ...
		Shareholders learned the company did not receive the required 80 percent super majority vote, or 43 million shares, to give the company the opportunity to attract an investor and ultimately acquire assets to improve its competitiveness.
		Elimination of the super majority vote would have enabled the company to move quickly in attracting a financial partner to make acquisitions of distressed steel operations.
		What’s most gratifying was the vote among employee-shareholders who registered a 90 percent approval vote.
	www.weirton.com /company/invest/press/press121102.html (602 words)

	UF RESEARCHERS: FOR THE BEST DECISIONS, USE A SIMPLE MAJORITY VOTE (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-18)
		Psychologists at the University of Florida and Indiana University have found that if accurate committee votes are needed, groups are better off using a simple majority rule, or requiring a vote of 50 percent plus one vote.
		The groups performed the experiment under a simple majority rule and a strict majority rule that required yes votes from four, five, six or seven members.
		The results showed that answer accuracy was highest in the groups when a simple majority rule was used to determine a group vote.
	www.napa.ufl.edu /98news/majority.htm (588 words)

	2001 Proxy Statement
		According to Delaware law, which governs the Company, most proposals submitted to a vote of the Company's shareholders, whether submitted by management or a shareholder, require a vote of a majority of the shares present and eligible to vote at the meeting, whether in person or by proxy.
		The proposal cannot reduce this voting requirement to a "simple majority vote." The proponent is mistaken in asserting that Boeing should "return" to a rule it never had.
		The proposal purports to require that matters be subject to a "simple majority vote on all issues" without regard to the role of the Board of Directors.
	www.boeing.com /companyoffices/financial/finreports/annual/01proxy/proposal5.html (860 words)

	Frank Carver's weblog - voting. consensus and democracy
		However, thinking about it further, going with the majority vote might not be the best way to go.
		Next time when you're voting on something among your team, spare a moment to think about whether a majority vote decision is your best option.
		Voting is often hugely divisive - a close vote can destroy any sense of community or shared goals, splitting teams into cliques, replacing harmony with a "them and us" culture.
	radio.javaranch.com /frank/replyToComment.action?entry=1101678870000&comment=1101808002000 (449 words)

	The Number of Electors Necessary for the Election of a President (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-18)
		Proponents of a "simple" majority requirement in the Electoral College have argued that the word "appointed" in the phrase "if such Number be a Majority of the whole Number of Electors appointed," (emphasis added) means the number of electors actually chosen on election day and properly certified by their States.
		Their votes, thus given, are to be transmitted to the seat of the national government; and the person who may happen to have a majority of the whole number of votes will be the president.
		But as a majority of the votes might not always happen to centre on one man and as it might be unsafe to permit less than a majority to be conclusive, it is provided, that in such a contingency, the house of representatives shall select out of the candidates.
	www.heritage.org /Research/LegalIssues/LM1.cfm (4808 words)

	Your Congregation's Bylaws: A Guide to Effective Writing and Revising
		Example 1: A simple majority of those votes cast shall be sufficient to either approve or disapprove matters submitted for determination by vote, except for those votes taken relating to the election of a Minister as described in these bylaws.
		Example 2: All voting and elections shall be determined by a simple majority of the people present and voting, except as otherwise noted in these bylaws; and except when more than one Board or Committee person is being filled, when a plurality of the people present and voting shall determine the election.
		Dismissal shall be by a majority vote of voting members present and voting.
	www.uua.org /cde/education/congbylaws/meetings-voting.html (681 words)

	About CSSA (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-18)
		Vice president, secretary and treasurer are appointed by the president and must be passed by a simple majority, voting by ballot.
		Advisor is nominated by the president and must be passed by a simple majority, voting by ballot.
		Major financial source is the allowance from the Chinese Consulate.
	www.nmsu.edu /~CSSA/about.html (715 words)

	SOHH.com Global Forum - My short essay on Rank-based Voting
		Unlike plurality voting, simple majority rule will prohibit a vote for one candidate to politically benefit any other candidate.
		Because no voting system is perfect, simple majority rule has a flaw, although an inconsequential one.
		Your argument that plurality voting allows a vote for one candidate to beneft another is baseless.
	forums.sohh.com /printthread.php?t=451472 (1251 words)

	Senate panel approves simple majority vote for school levies (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-18)
		OLYMPIA -- A plan to allow a simple majority of voters to approve school levies sailed over its first hurdle yesterday, but Republican opposition could doom its passage in the full Legislature.
		The vote was 8-4, with Sen. George Sellar of East Wenatchee the only Republican to join the majority Democrats in favor.
		The public vote on the constitutional amendment "ironically would be by majority vote," he said.
	seattlepi.nwsource.com /local/maj09.shtml (627 words)

	Our Constitution
		Voting privileges are possessed by full members who have paid the dues established in the bylaws.
		Write-in votes must include the vote itself as well as the signature of the member.
		A simple majority vote of the membership will allow an election to be called back in this manner.
	www.bradley.edu /campusorg/mcs/constit.html (1143 words)

	ELHS Rules Handbook
		Rules may be amended by a simple majority of voting members of the Executive Committee or the Section membership participating in an annual business or special meeting, or by mail ballot unless otherwise specified in the Bylaws.
		The order of business can be changed or suspended for the duration of a business meeting by a simple majority of voting members in attendance.
		Mail ballots for the election of regional representatives must specify that the electorate are to vote only for the regional representative candidates that are to represent their region (VI,A,1).
	www.ncsu.edu /elhs/rules.html (1739 words)

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