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Topic: Simple Plurality

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	Tutor2u - simple plurality electoral systems
		An example of a plurality seat is given below; this was the result of the constituency of Conway, in North Wales, from the General Election of May 1997.
		Under plurality systems the extent of proportionality depends mainly upon the number of parties and the degree of concentration of a party in a particular region.
		The plurality system, by lacking proportionality, traditionally rewards the party which benefits from a split opposition: Labour in 1997 was able to achieve 419 seats, representing 63.5% of the seats based upon only 43% of the votes, and the Tories in 1983 obtained a similar result.
	www.tutor2u.net /politics/content/topics/elections/plurality_system.htm (682 words)

	Plurality electoral system - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Plurality electoral system (or first past the post electoral system), is a voting system for single-member districts.
		In May 2005 the Canadian province of British Columbia had a referendum on abolishing single-member district plurality in favor of multi-member districts with the Single Transferable Vote system after the Citizens' Assembly on Electoral Reform made a recommendation for the reform.
		A safe seat is one in which a plurality of voters support a particular candidate so strongly that their votes for that candidate are guaranteed in advance of the election.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/First_Past_the_Post_electoral_system (3269 words)

	BOOK 1 Part b (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		They are relatively simple concepts that are perceived as being universally applicable, they are the median principle and the pluralist principle.
		Four aspects of plurality have been isolated for the purpose of this study: the sheer number of things, the number of functions, the number of parts, and the number of changes.
		The most important thing to be recognized from pluralism, is saliency or the nature of the observable phenomenon to dominate the minor phenomenon.
	www.angelfire.com /yt/LEGACY/BOOK1b.html (4207 words)

	Cumulative voting - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		A cumulative voting election is counted very similarly to a simple plurality election with the winners being the top vote-getters, however cumulative voters are allowed to split their own vote to some degree amongst multiple candidates.
		Possibly the simplest ballot uses the equal and even cumulative voting method, where a voter is given a simple checklist of candidates similar to an approval ballot with his vote being automatically divided evenly among them.
		Although simple, this ballot type may be the least flexible, as voters are unable to specify a differing level of support for a more preferred candidate.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Cumulative_voting (775 words)

	RangeVoting.org - Plurality system (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Once that happens, the remaining two parties tend to become similar ("tweedledum and tweedledee") because it is strategically desirable for each to "grab the central ground." That leads to even-further-reduced voter choice (beyond the reduction we already had from having only 2 parties) and long periods of boredom.
		However, the long periods of boredom are interspersed with exciting periods of randomly directed and sometimes dangerous extremism, whenever one of the parties suffers a vote split with a temporarily rising popular third party, causing the less-popular and more extreme main-party competitor to be elected.
		The plurality system is so bad that (computer simulations indicate) replacing it by range voting would improve society by a comparable or greater amount than the entire invention of democracy in the first place.
	rangevoting.org /Plurality.html (271 words)

	Introduction
		The Vermont Commission to Preference Voting stated that "the fundamental problem with plurality election rules is that they allow a candidate that is the least preferred choice of a majority of the voters to be declared the winter"(Vermont Commission to Study Preference Voting, 1999).
		An alternative to simple plurality voting that nine Southern States have instituted is runoff election.
		IRV is almost as efficient as plurality, and the polling process is twice as efficient as runoff voting.
	www.uvm.edu /~vlrs/doc/pluralityvoting.htm (933 words)

	Center for Voting and Democracy
		Instant runoff voting (IRV) is a well-tested voting method that corrects the defects in plurality elections and two-round runoff elections, the two most widely used voting systems in the country.
		Plurality voting, used in most American elections, does not meet these basic requirements for a fair election system that promotes wide participation, and traditional runoff elections are costly to the taxpayer and often suffer from low voter turnout.
		In plurality voting -- as used in most U.S. elections -- candidates can win with less than a majority when there are more than two candidates running for the office.
	www.fairvote.org /irv/talking.htm (578 words)

	Afi Forums.com - The Unofficial Forum of A.F.I. - French Double Ballot System vs. British system of Simple Plurality.
		Simple Plurality only requires you to vote once, whereas the Double Ballot system requires you to vote twice — this is because there are two ballots held a week apart.
		With Simple Plurality, the final result takes around 24 hours to obtain, whereas with the Double Ballot System the results take 7-8 days to be calculated.
		Not only that, but as Simple Plurality involves only one vote and not two, the process is cheaper than that of the Double Ballot System — the staff required for counting are only paid once, making the process less expensive.
	www.afiforums.com /showthread.php?t=4359 (1219 words)

	[No title]
		It is true that Plurality Runoff is an improvement over Simple Plurality in this respect, in that a third candidate (such as Nader) with little first-preference support cannot act as a spoiler in what is essentially a straight fight between two major candidates, because the runoff will become precisely that straight fight.
		This is not a distinctive flaw in plurality runoff voting, however; as previously noted, the problem is unavoidable with three or more candidates.
		Each voter votes for a single candidate, as under Simple Plurality, but this vote counts in two ways: first, as a party vote to determine which party wins the election and, second, as a candidate vote to determine which candidate of the winning party is elected.
	userpages.umbc.edu /~nmiller/POLI325/WINNERS.htm (4122 words)

	The Plurality Method
		The Plurality Method is the election method with which many of us are most familiar.
		The mayor of Smallville is being chosen in an election using the Plurality Method.
		When using the Plurality method, all of the other information in the preference schedule is irrelevant.
	www.ctl.ua.edu /math103/Voting/pluralit.htm (162 words)

	Center for Voting and Democracy
		The Governor's reasoning is simple: Suppose that, say, on the first part of the ballot 51% vote for his recall, and 49% oppose it.
		As I will explain, this simple reasoning is also deeply flawed, and unlikely to prevail in court (for a number of reasons, including perhaps a lack of standing by the plaintiffs).
		But at the end of the day, STV would generally make it harder for a fringe candidate to win with a simple plurality in a three-way race, like the one that elected Ventura, or a 30-way race, as is likely in California.
	www.fairvote.org /commentary/findlawpart2.htm (2033 words)

	AAPM&R - RPC Bylaws (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		The election of officers will be by a simple plurality of RPC members who are present at the annual elections and/or RPC annual lecture and vote.
		The remaining officers shall be elected at the Annual Assembly by a simple plurality of the participating members of the RPC who are present at the annual elections and vote, pursuant to the provisions of Article VIII.
		A simple plurality of RPC members who are present at a General RPC Business Meeting and vote will be required to pass an amendment.
	www.aapmr.org /resident/rpc/rpcbylaw05.htm (2330 words)

	[No title]
		Definition: A Simple Plurality is a vote where a majority of those gentles voting are in favor of the motion.
		I. A simple majority may be used instead of a simple plurality to determine more important decisions (i.e.
		A. A simple majority in favor of the Officer is required for the Officer to receive the Shire's support.
	www.ironbog.eastkingdom.org /misc.txt (2425 words)

	REM (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Simple Plurality Voting: Each voter casts a single vote for a single alternative, and the alternative with the most votes wins.
		Plurality Runoff: Each voter casts a single vote for a single alternative, and the two alternatives with the most votes move to a second stage in which the balloting is repeated between these two survivors according to simple plurality voting.
		Sequential Runoff (“Knockout”): Each voter casts a single vote for a single alternative, the alternative with the fewest votes is eliminated, and the balloting is repeated.
	darkwing.uoregon.edu /~osmirnov/347/w3m.html (346 words)

	Evaluate strengths and weaknesses of various voting systems regarding voting
		The argument for a reformed voting system is even stronger on marginality grounds, for a small group of the electorate have significance out of proportion to their number.
		Mainly because of the problems of disproportional and unfairness in the British simple plurality system, since the 1970's discussion of reform has become almost a permanent feature of the political system increasing as either Labour or Liberal Democratic parties feel more disadvantaged.
		The fear was that should the Conservative government win a fifth consecutive term they would not change the simple plurality system and so arguments would continue.
	www.coursework.info /i/12797.html (526 words)

	POLITICAL PARTIES
		Members of the House of Representatives are elected by a simple plurality to represent their district.
		To get all the electoral votes of a state, a candidate has to get a simple plurality of the vote.
		Because that tends to be a Democrat or Republican, even those with strong support throughout the electorate, cannot win electoral votes.
	www.redwoods.cc.ca.us /instruct/klee/polticalparties.htm (415 words)

	Northwestern mathematician to discuss voting paradoxes at AAAS meeting
		He contends that the outcomes of such races may not accurately reflect voters' true wishes -- a paradox that can result from elections decided on a simple plurality where one person casts one vote.
		Using principles adopted from geometry, Saari has demonstrated that in most decision-making processes, including political elections, a weighted vote of two for first place, one for second and none for third is the most effective means of making choices among three candidates.
		Saari's research, published in the January 2000 issue of the journal Economic Theory, has shown that the "Borda count" of weighted choices is far more reflective of an electorate's wishes than simple plurality voting or other procedures.
	www.eurekalert.org /pub_releases/2000-02/NU-Nmtd-1302100.php (515 words)

	Up4 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		In lecture, I thought I had heard that the House of Commons' members are elected by simply majority, and that a runoff is held in the event that no one candidate receives a majority in the general election.
		On page 46 of the Roskin book in the "Key Concepts" box, however, it appears to suggest that Commons is elected by plurality vote.
		It seems the term "simple majority" in British English is equivalent to "plurality" in American English.
	menic.utexas.edu /~bennett/__344/cm-notes.htm (257 words)

	[No title]
		Condorcet, Borda, approval voting, and simple plurality are included.
		Condorcet, Borda, simple plurality, and check-votes expect every line to list all the candidates in the order of the voter's preference.
		A couple of simple voting situations with no clear Condorcet winner are included.
	www.canonical.org /~kragen/named-msgs/voting-code (237 words)

	Chapter 11: Comparative Perspectives (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Both countries' national elections employ a method known as "first-past-the-post," which assigns electoral victory to one political candidate per electoral district, based on a simple plurality principle.
		Second, the legislator knows she has the electoral support of at least a plurality of votes within the district.
		Within any district, a party may win a plurality of votes and thereby win the district's single seat yet never come close to receiving a majority of votes cast in the district.
	www.wwnorton.com /wtp3e/ch11_comp_pers.htm (586 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		List PR is commonly recommended for such a “plural society.” However, suppose that an encompassing cross-group (i.e., multi-ethnic, multi-lingual, and/or secular) “alliance” party tries to form.
		The opposition coalition wins 51.5% of the popular votes, but the incumbent coalition wins a majority of seats because the opposition’s votes are “unstrategically” split between its two parties, with the result that the FDP falls below the 5% threshold and fails to win any seats.
		Most notably, in Germany half members of the Bundestag (parliament) are elected from SMDs on the basis of Simple Plurality, while the other half are elected by list PR that is (in effect) applied on a national basis.
	userpages.umbc.edu /~nmiller/POLI325/MMD.htm (2566 words)

	Nader: GOP's Man on the Left (logicalrealism.org) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Over time, it may make races in some districts or states where the outcome is usually a forgone conclusion competitive again.
		Simple plurality (or, in the Presidential race, simple plurality all mucked up by the electoral college) just isn't equipped to handle that though.
		Instant runoff voting, or the simpler approval voting, would be vastly better at handling multiple candidates.
	www.logicalrealism.org /archives/409 (568 words)

	Archives: Story
		The Elizabethtown Town Council Monday took no action on a proposal to change the town's election method to a simple plurality.
		Commissioners began discussing the possible change to a simple plurality system in September.
		Elizabethtown is one of a minority of municipalities in the state that still use a runoff system.
	www.bladenjournal.com /articles/2003/11/04/news/news01.txt (530 words)

	My short essay on the Rank-based Voting - UNIVERSIST FORUM (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		The most reliable of the rank-based systems is simple majority rule (a.k.a.
		Unlike plurality voting, simple majority rule will prohibit a vote for one candidate to politically benefit any other candidate.
		Because no voting system is perfect, simple majority rule has a flaw, although an inconsequential one.
	www.faithless.org /community/index.php?showtopic=719 (823 words)

	CNN.com - Gov. Davis' claim to be his own successor is meritless - Aug. 14, 2003
		In this lawsuit, he argues, among other things, that should a majority of voters opt to recall him, the federal Constitution still entitles him to be a candidate on the second part of the ballot -- the part that asks voters to fill the recall-created opening.
		The governor's reasoning is simple: Suppose that, say, on the first part of the ballot 51 percent vote for his recall, and 49 percent oppose it.
		In 1998 Jesse Ventura won the Minnesota governorship with a bare plurality in a three-way race -- 37 percent compared to 34 percent for Republican Norm Coleman and 28 percent for Democrat Skip Humphrey.
	cnn.com /2003/LAW/08/14/findlaw.analysis.amar.recall (2115 words)

	Plurality and Probability of Victory: Some Equivalence Results - John (ResearchIndex) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		In particular, we are interested in when the optimal strategies for expected vote share, expected plurality, and probability of victory maximizing candidates coincide in simple plurality elections.
		It is shown here that if voters' behavior, conditional on the policies proposed by the candidates, is identical from the candidates' perspective, and candidates are restricted to choosing pure...
		Ledyard s claim was argued at the limit, and thus it is not clear that it is true.
	citeseer.ist.psu.edu /patty99plurality.html (477 words)

	Elections Made By Plurality Are Not Always Fair (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		In many elections, the winner is decided by a simple plurality; i.e., each voter votes for one candidate, and the candidate who receives the most votes wins.
		Then, the remaining candidate with the fewest number of votes is eliminated, and each of the candidate's voters is also automatically switched to his/her 2nd-choice candidate (or 3rd-choice candidate, as the case may be).
		This continues until there are only two candidates remaining, at which point a simple binary comparison can determine the winner.
	www.pitt.edu /~wek3/irv.html (611 words)

	Away with Simple Plurality!
		Our familiar Simple Plurality (SP) method allows the voter to affirm only one candidate even if several are attractive.
		Mathematicians and political scientists have known for years about more expressive (yet still simple) voting methods, and such methods are already in use in American professional societies and in other countries.
		(Try it yourself with a group of friends choosing a restaurant...it can be done informally with a simple hand count, no ballots required!) But in the bigger picture it is much more important to me that either Approval or Preference would be far superior to Simple Plurality, and should replace it as soon as possible.
	www-personal.umich.edu /~bpl/better-voting.htm (1614 words)

	Winner of New Hampshire's primary may not be true choice of the people
		Saari's research, published in the January 2000 issue of the journal Economic Theory, has shown that the "Borda count"of weighted choices is far more reflective of an electorate's wishes than simple plurality voting or other procedures.
		When elections are decided by a simple plurality, the same inequity can occur."
		His research goal, he said, is to understand which ranking procedures can unintentionally lead to inferior choices.
	www.eurekalert.org /pub_releases/2000-01/NU-WoNH-2601100.php (418 words)

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