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Topic: Simple commodity production

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	Karl Kautsky: Economic Doctrines of Marx (Pt.3, Ch.7)
		This mode of production was supplanted by the simple commodity production of private workers, working independently of each other, each of whom created products with means of production which belonged to himself, and it goes without saying that these products were the his private property.
		Thereafter the productivity of labour was enormously increased by the capitalist mode of production, which unchained and carried to the highest pitch all those productive forces which are marked by social, deliberately-organised labour, which enlist in their service the natural forces subjugated by science.
		Anarchical commodity production is replaced by the deliberate systematic organisation of social production, and an end is made of the domination of the producers by the product.
	www.marxists.org /archive/kautsky/1903/economic/ch20.htm (1634 words)

	Commodity - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Even so, in simple commodity production, not all inputs and outputs of the production process are necessarily commodities or priced goods, and it is compatible with a variety of different relations of production ranging from self-employment and family labour to serfdom and slavery.
		This means that both the inputs and the outputs of most production in society have become priced, tradeable goods (including the means of production and human labour power), and that what and how much is produced is largely determined by the response of producers to the "state of the market".
		Production is now explicitly engaged in for the purpose of market sales only, which implies both that its whole organisation is reshaped for this aim, and that people can meet their own needs by purchases in the market (rather than producing goods for their own consumption).
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Commodity (2174 words)

	Labor theory of value - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Marx's LTV holds that the labor needed to produce a commodity includes both labor directly expended on production of the commodity and labor expended on the production of means of production used up in its production.
		For example, if twenty workers are used for a year to produce means of production used by twenty workers in the next year to produce a consumer good, the good embodies the labor of forty workers.
		All commodities are produced by labor (using means of production and technology); the commodity-producing segment of society is nothing but a community of producers working for each other through a complex division of labor mediated by markets.
	www.wikipedia.org /wiki/Labor_theory_of_value (4217 words)

	August Thalheimer: Introduction to Dialectical Materialism - Chapter 12: Theory of History and Dialectical Materialism I
		The second criterion of this simple commodity production is that there is no collective work by many in a single enterprise as is the case with capitalism, but the individual producer works with his own tools.
		Capitalist mode of production, feudal mode of production, primitive communism, slave economy, are all forms of production or modes of production, because at their base lies a thoroughly distinct mode of social behavior in production.
		The dynamic impetus from one mode of production to another, the impetus which pushes development forward, is the opposition developed within a given mode of production, the contra-diction between the mode of production and the productive forces.
	www.marxists.org /archive/thalheimer/works/diamat/12.htm (2795 words)

	Workers World [Sam Marcy]: Yeltsin in decline (August 13, 1992)
		Although production declined precipitously during the Civil War (1918-21), the productive forces developed so much in the decades that followed that the USSR became a superpower, industrially and economically.
		In earlier societies commodity production was conducted by individuals.
		Simple commodity economy evolved into capitalist economy only when it entailed the hiring of wage labor, which in turn created a class of propertyless, landless workers who could live only by selling their labor power.
	www.workers.org /marcy/1992/sm920813.html (3342 words)

	[No title]
		Hence, commodity production, commodity circulation, and the latter's developed form, commerce, are always the historical groundwork from which capital arises.
		Commodities can, indeed, be sold at prices differing from their values, but this would mean a violation of the law of commodity exchange.
		Outside it, the commodity owner is the simple producer of his commodity, the value of which depends upon the quantity of his own labor, contained in it, measured according to a definite social law; this value is expressed in money of account -- e.g., in a price of 10 pounds.
	www.eserver.org /marx/1868-synopsis.of.capital/2-money.into.capital.txt (2388 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Another problem with the capitalists' "contribution to production" argument is that one must either assume (a) a strict definition of who is the producer of something, in which case one must credit only the worker, or (b) a looser definition based on which individuals have contributed to the circumstances that made the productive work possible.
		Since the worker's productivity was made possible in part by the use of property supplied by the capitalist, one can thus credit the capitalist with "contributing to production" and so claim that he or she is entitled to a reward, i.e.
		New production methods allow the intensity of labour to be increased, meaning that workers do more work relative to their wages (in other words, the cost of production falls relative to the market price, meaning extra profits).
	flag.blackened.net /intanark/faq/text/sectionC.txt (20524 words)

	Highbeam Encyclopedia - Search Results for production
		production The total mass of organic food that is manufactured in an ecosystem during a certain period of time.
		In cognitive psychology, an ordered set of production rules that are implemented by locating the first production rule in the list whose condition is satisfied, implementing its procedure, then beginning again at the top of the list, and so on.
		The factors of production are land, labour and capital.
	www.encyclopedia.com /searchpool.asp?target=production (588 words)

	Political Economy: The Marxian Crises Theory
		The commodities of the branches of economy which produce the means of production, can, in consequence of the natural form of their products, only be utilised for the reproduction of constant capital.
		The contradiction between the social character of production and capitalist form of appropriation thus finds its expression in the fact that the growth of the branches of economy for the production of the means of production outstrips the growth in the production of the means of consumption.
		The increase in the production of the means of production affects, in the long run, also the production of the industries which manufacture the means of consumption, inasmuch as it calls forth a rise in the production of the latter.
	www.neravt.com /left/crisispe.htm (5817 words)

	THE PHILIPPINE MODE OF PRODUCTION
		Despite the strong survivals of feudalism and the multiplicity of production arrangements emerging as a result of the commercialization of Russian agriculture, Lenin showed with great clarity that capitalism had become the determining and leading factor in the Russian economy, be it in agriculture or in industry.
		Corn production is concentrated in Mindanao, in the North, South, Central and ARMM regions contributing a total of 68.4 percent to national production (BAS, 1995).
		Production of basic food crops is costly, labor intensive, and highly dependent on chemical farm inputs such as fertilizers and pesticides.
	www.angelfire.com /rpg2/rpmp/oaq.htm (4536 words)

	INTRODUCTION: COMMODITY FETISHISM by Fredy Perlman
		The productive forces are therefore the result of practical human energy; but this energy is itself conditioned by the circumstances in which men find themselves, by the productive forces already acquired, by the social form which exists before they ~ which they do not create, which is the product of the preceding generation.
		In the commodity economy labor is not creative activity; it is the expenditure of labor-time, of labor-power, of homogeneous human labor, or labor in general.
		The amount which the capitalist receives in exchange for the commodities he sells on the market is larger than the amount which he spends for the production of the commodities, which means that the capitalist appropriates a surplus in the form of profit.
	www-rohan.sdsu.edu /%7Ergibson/commodityfetishism.htm (10922 words)

	Labor theory of value - Encyclopedia.WorldSearch (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		But to others, it is a tool for understanding the social relations of production, more of an historical and institutional theory than a price theory.
		David Ricardo stressed the role of the first kind of labor value, the amount of labor "embodied" in a commodity, developing what might be called a "labor theory of price": the amount of labor embodied in a commodity determines its price.
		To explain the normality of L > v, Marx instead pointed to capitalism's institutional framework, in which a small minority (the capitalists) monopolize the means of production, in which the workers cannnot survive except by working for capitalists, and in which the state preserves this inequality of power.
	encyclopedia.worldsearch.com /labor_theory_of_value.htm (4252 words)

	The Labor Theory of Value - A FAQ
		The labor value of the commodity can be defined as either the minimum amount of labor needed to produce it or the labor inputs into a system with just that commodity as net output and the machine being used for the same length of time that it is actually used in the economy.
		It is true, with an appropriate definition of labor values, under a wide range of assumptions, including the existence of joint production, of production processes using circulating and fixed capital, of natural resources used in production, and of heterogeneous labor not reducible to a single dimension of abstract labor time.
		Since the labor value of the means of production are transferred unchanged to the output, Marx calls the means of production constant capital, and their labor values are denoted by C. According to Marx, workers do not sell their labor time, but the ability to work under the capitalists' direction.
	www.dreamscape.com /rvien/Economics/Essays/LTV-FAQ.html (15584 words)

	Commodity Form
		On the contrary, the commodity form, and the value relation of the products of labour in which it is expressed, have absolutely nothing to do with their physical nature and the concrete relations arising from it.
		This is to be understood through the principles of simple exchange: one commodity relates to another, its exchangeability reliant upon the use-value of another.
		“The simple value form of the commodity is the simple appearance form of the oppositions of use-value and exchange value contained in it.” In many places Marx describes use-value as present in all societies, yet its disctintion to exchange value belongs especially to capitalist social relations.
	www.generation-online.org /c/ccommodityform.htm (733 words)

	Journal of Political Ecology (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		The extent to which the simple commodity producer is able to draw upon the labor of the family, however, varies with its composition and stage in the development cycle, as Chayanov, Sahlins and many other have pointed out.
		While in some ways simple commodity production resembles industrial capitalist production, and may therefore be regarded as quasi-capitalistic, it also has much in common with household production.
		A case in point is the notion of "subsistence" production employed by the International Whaling Commission, for whom whaling and sealing are the privileged activities of "indigenous" hunters who do not produce for markets and are, therefore, only minimally involved in the world economy.
	dizzy.library.arizona.edu /ej/jpe/volume_8/1001palsson.html (1246 words)

	Socialist Standard August 2006 page 13
		We say that capitalism is "the highest form of commodity production"; that workers' ability to work is today a mere "commodity", bought and sold on a market; that people's needs, and life generally, have become "commodified".
		In fact, this is what distinguishescapitalism from "simple commodity production", where this is not the case.
		The primary products on sale on these markets have two types of price: a "spot" price, which is the price on the day, and a "futures" price, which is a price at which someone agrees to buy or sell the product at some set future date.
	www.worldsocialism.org /spgb/aug06/text/page13.html (481 words)

	AAS Abstracts: Southeast Asia 80 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Recent anthropological interest in material culture combined with theories of simple commodity production have addressed how the introduction of new technology, expanded markets and a growing cash economy affects the division of labour in small-scale craft enterprises at the household level.
		Macroeconomic theories of development argue that simple commodity enterprises have been dramatically restructured by articulation with the capitalist economy such that women's positions have been marginalized.
		This industrialization of craft production and the appearance of some forms in metal and plastic may have overwhelmed or undersold intermittent earthenware production by neighboring Thai-Lao women and contributed to the development of an ethnic underclass.
	www.aasianst.org /absts/1997abst/seasia/sea80.htm (1183 words)

	CPUSA Online - Political Economy of Capitalism
		Centralization of the means of production and socialization of labor at last reach a point where they become incompatible with their capitalist integument.
		"The process of production, considered, on the one hand, as the unity of the labor-process and the process of creating value is production of commodities; considered on the other hand, as the unity of the labor-process and the process of producing surplus- value, it is the capitalist process of production or capitalist production of commodities."
		"Expansion or contraction of production are determined by the appropriation of unpaid labor..., by profit and the proportion of this profit to the employed capital..., rather than the relation of production to social requirements, i.e., to the requirements of socially developed human beings...
	www.cpusa.org /article/articleview/490/1/3 (2162 words)

	International Socialist Review (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		First he proposes that, underlying its exchange value, every commodity has a value, which is a measure of the cost of producing it to society as whole and which is equal to the quantity of socially necessary labor-time needed to produce it.
		Hence it is that in the history of capitalist production, the determination of what is a working-day, presents itself as the result of a struggle, a struggle between collective capital, i.e., the class of capitalists, and collective labor, i.e., the working class.
		Since relative surplus value is produced as a result of an increase in labor productivity, Marx goes on to trace the development of capitalist production, from the simple technology acquired from pre-capitalist society to modern industry.
	www.isreview.org /issues/49/capital.shtml (6316 words)

	International Socialist Review (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		According to Marx, at the heart of all human societies was production: the transformation of nature to produce the things needed to maintain the existence of that society.
		What is evident when production is viewed in value terms is that the capitalist must always seek to maximize the surplus value created by the worker at the point of production, whatever the price might be for his goods.
		In short, "there is a limit, not inherent to production generally, but to production founded on capital," because distributing goods is not dependent on people’s needs, but on their ability to buy–their demand.
	www.isreview.org /issues/32/crisis_theory.shtml (11567 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Jerry _____ > >(1) Simple commodity production > >Some seem to believe that the category of simple commodity production >describes an actual stage in pre-capitalist development that is analyzed >with Marx's "logical-historical" method.
		I believe instead that it is a >logical construction in Marx's argument and is not intended to be a >description of an actual mode of production prior to the advent of >capitalism or a kind of pre-capitalism.
		Petty commodity production is a definite set of production relations that can exist in combination with other modes of production.
	ricardo.ecn.wfu.edu /cgi-bin/textify.cgi?HTML=9604/0023.html (435 words)

	The Law of Value by James Devine
		That is, each of these commodities is the product of labor, as part of a community, with each commodity producer contributing his or her time to the societal division of labor.
		It represents the contribution of the labor that went into producing that commodity to the total societal labor process, to what might be thought of as a community of workers, one that's usually hidden from view.
		Even under simple commodity production, there are lots of deviations due to the constant fluctuations of supply and demand.
	myweb.lmu.edu /jdevine/notes/Law-of-Value.html (3912 words)

	Modes of production and minke whaling: The case of Iceland
		Whaling, then, ceases to be merely 'economic production', the extraction of 'resources' or lumps of energy from the sea.
		I discuss three modes of production, distinguishing between subsistence ('primitive') hunting, simple ('petty') commodity production, and industrial ('capitalist') whaling.
		Modes of production and minke whaling: The case of Iceland, by Gísli Pálsson.
	www.thearctic.is /articles/cases/minkewhaling/enska/index.htm (602 words)

	Monthly Review October 2005 John Bellamy Foster \| Organizing Ecological Revolution
		In a society of simple commodity production (an abstract conception referring to pre-capitalist economic formations in which money and the market play a subsidiary role), the circuit of commodities and money exists in a form, C–M–C, in which distinct commodities or use values constitute the end points of the economic process.
		A commodity C embodying a definite use value is sold for money M which is used to purchase a different commodity C. Each such circuit is completed with the consumption of a use value.
		What stands out, when contrasted with simple commodity production, is that there is no real end to the process, since the object is not final use but the accumulation of surplus value or capital.
	www.monthlyreview.org /1005jbf.htm (3851 words)

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