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	Public key infrastructure - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		In cryptography, a public key infrastructure (PKI) is an arrangement which provides for third-party vetting of, and vouching for, user identities.
		An alternative approach to the problem of authentication of public key information across time and space is the web of trust scheme, which uses self-signed certificates and third party attestations of those certificates.
		Aspects typically validated include (a) that the key is published with the knowledge of the holder of the email address it purports to be for (b) that holder of the email address is in possession of the secret key corresponding to the public key and (c) the currency of use of the key.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Public_key_infrastructure (1279 words)

	Support > PKI Basics
		With the advent of public key cryptography technology and the legal recognition of digital signatures at both the state and federal level, the full potential of the Internet is just beginning to be discovered.
		The owner of the key pair must guard his private key closely, as sender authenticity and non-repudiation are based on the signer having sole access to his private key.
		The signer's private key is incorporated into the signature algorithm during the signing process, and the public key is incorporated into the signature algorithm during the verification process.
	www.digsigtrust.com /support/pki_basics.html (2158 words)

	XML Security: The XML Key Management Specification
		The XKMS service generates a key pair for the client, registers the public key of the pair with itself, and sends the private key of the pair to the client for its use.
		In client-generated key registration, the client generates the keys and then requests that the XKMS service register the public key of the pair by sending the public key and providing the private key as proof of possession.
		Of the key pair, the public key is registered and the private key is used as proof of possession.
	www-128.ibm.com /developerworks/xml/library/x-seclay3 (2571 words)

	What is public-key encryption? - A Word Definition From the Webopedia Computer Dictionary
		An important element to the public key system is that the public and private keys are related in such a way that only the public key can be used to encrypt messages and only the corresponding private key can be used to decrypt them.
		What's needed, therefore, is a global registry of public keys, which is one of the promises of the new LDAP technology.
		Public key cryptography was invented in 1976 by Whitfield Diffie and Martin Hellman.
	www.webopedia.com /TERM/P/public_key_cryptography.html (476 words)

	Public Key Infrastructure
		Unfortunately, “secret key” or “symmetric key” cryptography (as it is known) clearly relies on both parties involved having access to the same secret key, since the sender uses the key to encrypt the message, and the receiver uses the same key (together with the same algorithm in reverse) to decrypt the message.
		Note that for authentication, the roles of the public and private keys are converse to their roles in encryption, where the public key is used to encrypt and the private key to decrypt.
		Since public keys are designed to be readily available, it is difficult to ensure that a particular public key does indeed belong to the person you are expecting, and is not a forgery.
	www.nss.co.uk /WhitePapers/pki.htm (10847 words)

	Roger Clarke's 'PKI as Mis-Fit'
		Its key deficiencies are its inherently hierarchical and authoritarian nature, its unreasonable presumptions about the security of private keys, a range of other technical and implementation defects, confusions about what it is that a certificate actually provides assurance about, and its inherent privacy-invasiveness.
		Public key cryptography involves two related keys, referred to as a 'key-pair', one of which only the owner needs to know (the 'private key') and the other which anyone can know (the 'public key').
		public keys may be stored in one or more centrally managed directories, enabling each party to an exchange to look up the public key of the other party.
	www.anu.edu.au /people/Roger.Clarke/II/PKIMisFit.html (7935 words)

	SPKI/SDSI Certificate Documentation [Carl Ellison]
		digital signature: a computation with a private key and typically the hash of a document or data record such that any entity in possession of the matching public key can verify computationally that the computation was performed by the associated private key and that the signed document has not changed since the signature was computed.
		private key: a key in an asymmetric cryptosystem that is kept secret and held by one entity, called the keyholder.
		In some cases, it is assumed that the public key speaks for the named entity.
	world.std.com /~cme/html/spki.html (3175 words)

	Create a Simple, Reusable Infrastructure for Public Key Encryption Using VB.NET
		These are transformed through mathematical algorithms, involving the use of one or more "keys." A key is a number or group of numbers that, used in a transformation algorithm, transform or restore the numbers that represent the characters of a message.
		In asymmetric cryptography, the key that is used to encrypt messages can be freely distributed via any non-secure medium, or a public key.
		Public key encrypted messages can only be decrypted using the corresponding private key which is kept secure.
	www.devx.com /security/Article/17249 (516 words)

	SDSI 2.0 - Introduction
		Your public key can be known far and wide; the private key you hold in secrecy.
		Since the public key will only correctly unscramble signatures that were made by its matched private key, a correct signature (and therefore, the message) can be believed to be from you.
		Public keys are long numbers, and people have a hard time remembering numbers - even short ones like phone numbers.
	theory.lcs.mit.edu /~cis/sdsi/sdsi2/sdsi20_1.html (1417 words)

	SDSI - A Simple Distributed Security Infrastructure
		This paper was motivated by the perception that the existing proposals for a public-key infrastructure (such as X.509-based schemes that require global certificate hierarchies [4]) are both excessively complex and incomplete.
		We feel that the process of accepting another individual’s public key(s) and associating it with a local name is very important, and that it must therefore be a manual process.
		Public keys are for signature verification and/or encryption (depending on the algorithm), while private keys are for the corresponding operations of signing and/or decryption.
	research.microsoft.com /users/blampson/59-SDSI/WebPage.html (8684 words)

	[No title]
		In SPKI this is the public key itself, a collision-free hash of the public key or a Fully Qualified Name.
		This entity is said to be the keyholder of the keypair or just the public key, but control of the private key is assumed in all cases.
		This can be in the form of a key, a name (with the understanding that the name is mapped by certificate to some key or other object), a hash of some object, or a set of keys arranged in a threshold function.
	world.std.com /~cme/spki.txt (8669 words)

	Public-Key Certificates and Certification > Certificates (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		The fundamental principle that enables public-key technology to scale is the fact that the public component of the public/private-key pair may be distributed freely among the entities that need the public component to use the underlying security services.
		However, a data integrity mechanism alone is not sufficient to guarantee that the public key belongs to the claimed owner.
		A mechanism that binds the public key to the claimed owner in a trustworthy manner is also required.
	www.awprofessional.com /articles/article.asp?p=31065 (4723 words)

	Introduction
		It is well known that the integrity of public key vitally determines the whole security of communication, especially electronic transactions on the network.
		So different kinds of Public Key infrastructures (PKI) [1] are designed and their implementations are currently evolving.
		However, like the applications of public key cryptosystem in human society, all of security schemes and protocols designed for open agent society can not make any sense without a scalable authentication service, and PKI aim at providing such authentication service.
	www.cs.cmu.edu /~qihe/paper/open_solution/node1.html (724 words)

	1. Introduction
		This protocol defines public key certificate and signature formats, along with many associated objects, to support security for a wide range of applications.
		The principals are represented by the key itself, a hash of the key, or a name that is bound to the key.
		A certificate that gives some authority to a key is, in effect, transferring some authority to the keyholder (anyone with access to the private key).
	www.cnri.reston.va.us /software/pisces/manual/node2.html (375 words)

	Public Key Infrastructure references (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Public Key Infrastructure (PKI) is the term generally used to describe the laws, policies, standards, and software that will regulate or manipulate certificates and public and private keys.
		Finding a user's public key should be as easy (and as reliable) as looking up a friend's phone number.
		The IETF SPKI (Simple Public Key Infrastructure) Working Group has produced specifications for a non-X.509 certificate format and accompanying infrastructure.
	www.columbia.edu /acis/rad/pki (282 words)

	David's World: Making e-mail secure: simple instructions
		So again: there is a key pair with a public key P and a private key S. They belong together.
		Somehow, you'll need to make sure that you're using the correct public key P. You must be sure that P actually belongs to B, and not to some evil intruder.
		Public key encryption is known to be very secure.
	www.davids-world.com /archives/2005/01/email_is_almost.html (1777 words)

	CS392 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		SDSh - A Simple Distributed Security Infrastructure SDSI is a proposal for a public-key security infrastructure designed to provide art efficient and secure means of defining group membership and certification of such groups that is being developed by Ronald Rivest of MIT and Butler Lampson of Microsoft.
		To design a public-key infrastructure that is simpler than existing proposals (such as X.509-based schemes) by not requiring global certificate hierarchies.
		To provide ideas and techniques that facilitate the construction of secure systems by providing simple clear data structures and emphasizing clarity and readability at the expense of economical encodings, although efficient representations of its data structures are provided.
	isis.poly.edu /courses/cs392-f2000/project/sdsh.htm (161 words)

	SDSI - A Simple Distributed Security Infrastructure
		We were also motivated by similar corresponding design efforts, such as that of the IETF ``SPKI'' (Simple Public-Key Infrastructure) working group (in particular, Carl Ellison's work), the work of Blaze, Feigenbaum, and Lacy [1], and work within the World-Wide Web Consortium's security group.
		, which may be a public encryption key, or the hash of a public encryption key, or an encrypted key.
		A group does not have an associated public key; there is no way for the group to make statements as such.
	theory.lcs.mit.edu /~rivest/sdsi11.html (11909 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		SDSI combines a simple public-key infrastructure design with a means of defining groups and issuing group membership certificates.
		A key can delegate to a group the authority to sign certificates on behalf of the key.
		In this environment the system is auto-configuring: there is no need to preload either clients or servers with anything other than their private keys and the definitions of their local name spaces.
	dimacs.rutgers.edu /Workshops/Management/Lampson.html (176 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		The task of the working group will be to develop Internet standards for an IETF sponsored public key certificate format, associated signature and other formats, and key acquisition protocols.
		The SPKI is intended to provide mechanisms to support security in a wide range of internet applications, including IPSEC protocols, encrypted electronic mail and WWW documents, payment protocols, and any other application which will require the use of public key certificates and the ability to access them.
		It is intended that the Simple Public Key Infrastructure will support a range of trust models.
	www.ietf.org /html.charters/OLD/spki-charter.html (171 words)

	Nick Szabo -- Delegation and Agreement Based Certification Policy
		In this article I discuss trust, delegation, and policy issues related to the Simple Public Key Infrastructure, Matt Blaze's PolicyMaker, and PGP's Web of Trust.
		Whether trust is transitive, and whether it is a leap of faith to delegate, depends on who we are trusting with what.
		"Public key X is bound to Alice" is clearly different than "I trust Alice to certify public key Y is bound to Bob", not to mention trusting Alice to certify anybody, much less trusting Alice generally with anything.
	szabo.best.vwh.net /trust.html (971 words)

	Simple Public Key Infrastructure (spki) Charter (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Many Internet protocols and applications which use the Internet employ public key technology for security purposes and require a public key infrastructure to manage public keys.
		The key certificate format and associated protocols are to be simple to understand, implement, and use.
		For purposes of the working group, the resulting formats and protocols are to be known as the Simple Public Key Infrastructure, or SPKI.
	www.ietf.org /html.charters/REMOVED/spki-charter.html (186 words)

	PKI (public-key infrastructure)
		PKI refers to a set of security services for authentication, encryption and digital certificate management under which documents are encrypted with a private key and decrypted using a publicly available key accessible to the recipient via a network.
		PKI differs from private key technology, like Kerberos, in which a single key that is shared by the sender and receiver is used to encrypt and decrypt a message or document.
		It should read that a sender uses the recipient's public key to encrypt the message and the recipient uses their own private key to decrypt the message.
	www.networkworld.com /details/522.html (743 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Abstract: The Simple Public Key Infrastructure [SPKI] group has come up with a proposed certificate structure to fit the charter of the group.
		1) to know with assurance if a public key is authorized to perform some action, eg.: a) access a system b) spend money from a given account c) write a purchase order d) sign a contract binding a company e) pay taxes f) vote g)..
		That draft also specifies the simple binary encoding for SPKI certificates and a short summary of the reasoning behind the rejection of ASN.1 and X.509.
	dimacs.rutgers.edu /Workshops/Management/Ellison.html (513 words)

	Fall 2000 Computer Science (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		The Key Distribution Server will store public keys and their associated certificates for any client.
		The secret key will then be encrypted with the receiver's public key obtained from the Key Distribution Server, so only the receiver can decrypt the message.
		The encrypted messages and the encrypted keys can then be sent out via any e-mail service with the sender's certificate, which will contain information on the encryption algorithm that was used.
	www.ecs.csus.edu /csc/grad/krell.html (356 words)

	Report on DIMACS Workshop on Trust Management
		A certificate declares that a key's holder is allowed to do a particular thing.
		Ellison's view: before granting someone access, you should authenticate them in person and get their public key.
		This poses a whole set of problems, like keeping the web servers from being swamped by the general public, and reserving their bandwidth for emergency workers.
	www.ieee-security.org /Cipher/ConfReports/conf-rep-DIMACStw.html (1343 words)

	IETF
		Active IETF Working Groups - A directory of the Internet Engineering Task Force groups in these areas: applications, general, Internet, operations and management, routing, security, transport, and user services.
		IETF-PKIX Public-Key Infrastructure X.509 Working Group Charter - Charter of the working group that develops Internet standards needed to support an X.509-based PKI.
		RFC 2339 - An Agreement Between the Internet Society, the IETF, and Sun Microsystems, Inc. in the Matter of NFS V.4 Protocols.
	www.nebulasearch.com /encyclopedia/article/IETF.html (387 words)

	Trust Management on the World Wide Web by Rohit Khare and Adam Rifkin (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Two new decentralized PKI proposals, Simple Distributed Security Infrastructure (SDSI) [6] and Simple Public Key Infrastructure (SPKI) [7] - currently being merged into a common SDSI 2.0 draft -are better adapted to these principles and to the Web's decentralized growth.
		Consider some alternative content-selection policies, each written in its own format: one may be a simple numerical gamut applied to Platform for Internet Content Selection (PICS) ratings [10]; another may weight the opinions of several ratings in different systems; and yet a third may incorporate a Turing-complete content analyzer.
		The publication of a Presidential speech could be as complicated as the story of how a bill becomes a law.
	www.firstmonday.dk /issues/issue3_6/khare (4977 words)

	PKI (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		The chair of the IETF's PKIX Working Group once named these as the most important of their RFCs to do with public key security.
		The PKCS series of cryptographic standards is managed by RSA Security Inc. The PKCS standards have moved beyond being proprietary and have equivalent standing in most of the PKI community as IETF or IEEE standards.
		This document defines a supporting key management architecture and infrastructure, based on public-key certificate techniques, to provide keying information to message originators and recipients.
	www.pkiforum.org /resources/techstandards (1549 words)

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