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	Simulated Annealing
		Simulated annealing is a special case of either MD (`quenched' MD), LD, or MC simulation, in which the temperature is gradually reduced during the simulation.
		Of course, annealing is more expensive than energy minimization.
		Simulated annealing can overcome barriers by heating and cooling the system.
	cmm.info.nih.gov /intro_simulation/node27.html (111 words)

	Simulated annealing - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Simulated annealing (SA) is a generic probabilistic meta-algorithm for the global optimization problem, namely locating a good approximation to the global optimum of a given function in a large search space.
		The name and inspiration come from annealing in metallurgy, a technique involving heating and controlled cooling of a material to increase the size of its crystals and reduce their defects.
		In the simulated annealing (SA) method, each point s of the search space is compared to a state of some physical system, and the function E(s) to be minimized is interpreted as the internal energy of the system in that state.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Simulated_annealing (2083 words)

	Annealing - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Annealing (metallurgy), a heat treatment wherein the microstructure of a material is altered, causing changes in its properties such as strength and hardness.
		Simulated annealing, a technique for searching for a solution in a space otherwise too large for "ordinary" search methods to yield results.
		Information annealing or knowledge annealing, in library and information science, is a network-based information system or body of knowledge in which all users of the system are permitted to change the system at will.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Annealing (185 words)

	Simulated Annealing and Rapid Quenching
		Simulated annealing approaches resemble local optimum algorithms, except that a random component is introduced which allows occasional ``uphill'' moves (moves which worsen the current solution to the problem according to a cost schedule).
		As simulated annealing methods have been successfully applied to a wide variety of problems, it seems reasonable to consider adding simulated annealing techniques to Seysen's algorithm in the hope of reducing the number of lcoal minima which cause the algorithm to stop before reaching a global minimum.
		Simulated annealing slowly reduces the temperature of the solution, thus gradually reducing the probability of accepting a move to a higher energy/cost state.
	www.farcaster.com /papers/sm-thesis/node21.html (455 words)

	Simulated Annealing Demonstration
		Simulated annealing is a technique, which was developed to help solve large combinatorial optimization problems.
		Simulated annealing finds a very good approximation to the shortest path out of the huge number of all possible paths.
		Simulated annealing mimics on a computer the natural process by which crystal lattices of glass or metal relax when heated.
	home.att.net /~srschmitt/sa_demo/SA-demo_1.html (556 words)

	11.2 Simulated Annealing
		The Simulated Annealing algorithm used in Gadget is derived from that presented by Corana et al, ''Minimising Multimodal Functions of Continuous Variables with the 'Simulated Annealing' Algorithm'' in the September 1987 (Vol.
		This is the initial value for the ''temperature'' of the Simulated Annealing algorithm, used to control the speed of the convergence of the algorithm, using the Metropolis Criteria given in equation 11.1 above.
		For efficient use of the Simulated Annealing algorithm, it is recommended that the parameters to be estimated are scaled (by the user) so that they are all approximately the same order of magnitude.
	www.hafro.is /gadget/userguide/node71.html (1531 words)

	generation5 - Simulated Annealing
		Simulated annealing takes a variety of forms, but the method presented here is one of the simplier ones.
		Simulated annealing basically involves perturbing the independent variables (in a neural network, the weights) by a random value, and keeping track of the value with the least error.
		Because of its highly iterative (thus computationally slow) nature, simulated annealing should be either completely avoided, combined with the gradient descent algorithm, or only used when speed is not of the essence.
	www.generation5.org /content/2000/anneal.asp (583 words)

	ipedia.com: Simulated annealing Article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		Simulated annealing is a generic probabilistic heuristic approach for the global optimization problem, namely locating a good approximation to the global optimum of a given function in a large search...
		The annealing schedure is defined by the call temp(r), which should yield the temperature to use, given the fraction r of the time budget that has been expended so far.
		The annealing schedule too is less critical than the neighborhood function, but still must be chosen with care.
	www.ipedia.com /simulated_annealing.html (1500 words)

	PracticalExperience
		Simulated annealing is often applied to optimization problems where a continuous gradient function to guide the minimization process does not exist, or where standard gradient following algorithms are likely to become trapped at a local minimum.
		Identification of a global optimum by simulated annealing is statistically guaranteed, provided that the temperature reductions are "small enough," and that for each temperature the number of perturbations is "large enough." In fact, most practical applications settle for near optimal solutions, and make corresponding compromises in the annealing schedule.
		Simulated annealing provides an efficient and robust method for solving PFLP problems encountered in mapping for the petroleum industry - even for maps involving thousands of labels, many possible positions for each label, hundreds of thousands of potential label overplots, clustering of point features, and other real world problems.
	www.szoraster.com /Cartography/PracticalExperience.htm (6291 words)

	Simulated Annealing for Independent Sets (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		Simulated Annealing for Independent Sets Jason Kroll ======================================== October 2003 Simulated annealing is applied with various cooling schedules and infeasibility penalties on graphs of 256 and 128 nodes of varying connectivity.
		Stochastic local search, of which simulated annealing is one variety, is often applicable in situations where one can produce a reasonable objective function (a heuristic of sorts) and generate neighboring solutions from the current point.
		Each annealing process is run until a maximum appears and ceases to improve for a substantial number of iterations such that the solution is likely at that point to be optimal.
	www.eskimo.com /~hyena/anneal.html (1103 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		The simulated annealing algorithm is a method of testing the solution space of a given problem with rules on deciding which solutions to keep and which to discard.
		The simulated annealing algorithm is general as its application to a given problem is entirely dependent on decisions made "outside" the algorithm.
		Comparison of the simulated annealing approach with other proposed algorithms is planned, including execution of the algorithm on proposed solutions by other algorithms to determine if any improvement can be achieved.
	www.cs.uiowa.edu /~rlawrenc/research/Papers/annealing.txt (1465 words)

	Simulated Annealing
		This is because a random placement of the M atoms may, at some point of the simulation, place two of the atoms so close together that their interaction energy is virtually infinite.
		As described in more detail in the discussion of a Metropolis Monte Carlo simulation, a more difficult aspect is to determine who long to run this simulation at each temperature.
		While a pure Metropolis Monet Carlo simulation attempts to reproduce the correct Boltzmann distribution at a given temperature, the inner-loop of a Simulated Annealing optimization only needs to be run long enough to explore the regions of search space that should be reasonably populated.
	members.aol.com /btluke/simann1.htm (1092 words)

	Traveling Salesman Problem (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		However, the method of simulated annealing quickly gives a reasonable answer, where "reasonable" means close enough to the true minimum path for practical purposes.
		Simulated annealing starts with the cities connected in a random order, and then considers making random changes in that order.
		The term "simulated annealing" comes from the analogy with annealing of metal, in which the metal is heated to a high temperature to give its atoms a lot of thermal motion, then is slowly cooled to give them a chance to align themselves into their lowest-energy (generally crystalline) configuration.
	www.svengato.com /salesman.html (269 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		Mean field annealing (Soukoulis et al., 1983; Bilbro et al., 1989) is a deterministic approximation to simulated annealing which is significantly more computationally efficient (faster) than simulated annealing (Bilbro et al., 1992).
		Instead of directly simulating the stochastic transitions in simulated annealing, the mean (or average) behavior of these transitions is used to characterize a given stochastic system.
		Mean-field annealing can be realized very efficiently in electronic (analog) nets like the one in Figure (7.1.3) where dynamic amplifier gains allow for a natural implementation of continuous cooling schedules (Lee and Sheu, 1993).
	neuron.eng.wayne.edu /tarek/MITbook/chap8/8_4.html (792 words)

	Simulated Annealing
		Simulated annealing is a problem solving technique based loosely on the way in which a metal is annealed in order to increase its strength.
		A simulated annealing algorithm always accepts moves that decrease the value of the objective function.
		In general, the temperature is lowered in accordance with an annealing schedule .
	www.brpreiss.com /books/opus5/html/page474.html (416 words)

	Simulated Annealing
		Simulated Annealing is a stochastic computational technique derived from statistical mechanics for finding near-globally-minimum-cost solutions to large optimization problems.
		One must use an annealing process, where the temperature of the system is elevated, and then gradually lowered, spending enough time at each temperature to reach thermal equilibrium.
		The annealing algorithm proposed by Kirkpatrick consists of running the Metropolis algorithm at each temperature in the annealing schedule for the amount of time prescribed by the schedule, and selecting the final configuration generated as a near-optimal solution.
	www.ecs.umass.edu /mie/courses/761/srikanth/761LEC.html (802 words)

	Simulated Annealing
		The simulated annealing procedure is very slow in refining the exact location of a minimum, and specialized local methods (much more rapid) are used for exact location.
		The theory and terminology behind simulated annealing comes from statistical mechanics (the behavior of systems with many degrees of freedom in thermal equilibrium at a finite temperature).
		This is the data relating to the first minimum located by annealing, and is a refined version of the input structure pictured in Figure 11.2.
	blake.lsmc.u-bordeaux.fr /Ampac/anne.html (5676 words)

	Simulated Annealing Tech Reports
		In simulated annealing parlance, the nodes are called `states', the arcs represent `moves' from one state to a neighboring state, and the energy is sometimes called `cost'.
		Simulated annealing cannot be used to prove optimality of codes found; in that case, the problem is viewed and solved as a set covering problem.
		Attempts to parallelize simulated annealing, particularly on distributed memory multicomputers, are hampered by the algorithm's requirement of a globally consistent system state.
	www.cs.cmu.edu /afs/cs.cmu.edu/project/anneal/www/tech_reports.html (4284 words)

	Simulated Annealing
		Annealing is the process of heating and cooling a metal in a controlled manner.
		Simulated Annealing is used in traveling salesman and scheduling problems and also it has been used to do some image clean up work.
		Simulated Annealing was developed by S. Kirkpatrick, CD Gelatt and MP Vecchi in 1983 and by Cerny 1985.
	herselfsai.com /2007/03/simulated-annealing.html (433 words)

	Simulated Annealing
		Simulated annealing is a generalization of a Monte Carlo method for examining the equations of state and frozen states of n-body systems [Metropolis et al.
		In an annealing process a melt, initially at high temperature and disordered, is slowly cooled so that the system at any time is approximately in thermodynamic equilibrium.
		Simulated annealing has been used in various combinatorial optimization problems and has been particularly successful in circuit design problems (see Kirkpatrick et al.
	www.cs.sandia.gov /opt/survey/sa.html (491 words)

	[No title]
		In fact, simulated annealing can be used as C a local optimizer for difficult functions.
		C C This implementation of simulated annealing was used in "Global Optimization C of Statistical Functions with Simulated Annealing," Goffe, Ferrier and C Rogers, Journal of Econometrics, vol.
		simulated annealing C algorithm for multimodal and robust optimization as implemented C and modified by Goffe, Ferrier and Rogers.
	www.netlib.org /opt/simann.f (4212 words)

	Abstract: Simulated Annealing, Bill Goffe (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		Reference: This implementation of simulated annealing was used in "Global Optimization of Statistical Functions with Simulated Annealing," Goffe, Ferrier and Rogers, Journal of Econometrics, vol.
		Description: Simulated annealing is a global optimization method that distinguishes between different local optima.
		In fact, simulated annealing can be used as a local optimizer for difficult functions.
	emlab.berkeley.edu /Software/abstracts/goffe895.html (268 words)

	Simulated Annealing
		The inspiration for simulated annealing comes from the physical process of cooling molten materials down to the solid state.
		Annealing is a metallurgical technique that uses a disciplined cooling schedule to efficiently bring the steel to a low-energy, optimal state.
		It might pay to start from an existing implementation of simulated annealing, pointers to which are provided in Section
	www2.toki.or.id /book/AlgDesignManual/BOOK/BOOK2/NODE92.HTM (603 words)

	VLSI Floorplanning / Simulated Annealing - John A. Nestor (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		Simulated Annealing is a general approach to optimization in which small transformations called moves are randomly applied to a configuration (in our case, floorplanning).
		As annealing proceeds, the temperature is slowly lowered.
		On the right, it displays annealing status information, controls, and a plot of maximum (red), average (fl), and minimum (green) accepted configuration costs at each temperature.
	foghorn.cadlab.lafayette.edu /cadapplets/fp/fpIntro.html (217 words)

	The Travelling Salesman Problem
		The algorithm is so named because it can be seen as a simulation of the physical process of annealing (in which a hot material cools slowly, allowing its constituent atoms to assume arrangements that would not be possible with rapid cooling).
		The impetus behind the SA algorithm is its analogy to the statistical mechanics of annealing solids...
		This program uses the Simulated Annealing Algorithm to solve a form of the travelling salesman problem, which is to find the shortest (or a nearly shortest) path connecting a set of sites, such as cities or delivery points.
	hermetic.nofadz.com /misc/ts3/ts3demo.htm (767 words)

	simulated annealing
		The slower the cooling schedule, or rate of decrease, the more likely the algorithm is to find an optimal or near-optimal solution.
		Note: This technique stems from thermal annealing which aims to obtain perfect crystallizations by a slow enough temperature reduction to give atoms the time to attain the lowest energy state.
		Paul E. Black, "simulated annealing", in Dictionary of Algorithms and Data Structures [online], Paul E. Black, ed., U.S. National Institute of Standards and Technology.
	www.nist.gov /dads/HTML/simulatedAnnealing.html (253 words)

	Parallel Simulated Annealing-Library
		Although there is a lot of reference given in literature on the successful application of simulated annealing to different optimization problems, there are only few general purpose software packages provided for public use.
		The parallelization of the simulated annealing algorithm is transparent to the user of the library.
		The generality of the metaheuristic simulated annealing was kept.
	www.uni-paderborn.de /fachbereich/AG/monien/SOFTWARE/PARSA (552 words)

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