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Topic: Singapore Area Licensing Scheme

	NationMaster - Statistics on Singapore. facts and figures, stats and information on Singapore economy, crime, people, ...
		facts and figures, stats and information on Singapore economy, crime, people, government, health and education.
		Singapore was founded as a British trading colony in 1819.
		Singapore subsequently became one of the world's most prosperous countries with strong international trading links (its port is one of the world's busiest in terms of tonnage handled) and with per capita GDP equal to that of the leading nations of Western Europe.
	www.nationmaster.com /country/sn-singapore (196 words)

	Singapore Area Licensing Scheme - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Singapore Area Licensing Scheme, introduced in 1975, charged drivers entering downtown Singapore, and thereby aimed to manage vehicle traffic.
		It is one of a number of anti-congestion policies that has operated in Singapore since the 1970s.
		In September 1998, the Area Licensing Scheme was terminated as Singapore switched to the current Electronic Road Pricing system.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Singapore_Area_Licensing_Scheme (91 words)

	Electronic Road Pricing - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Implemented by the Land Transport Authority in September 1998 to replace the Singapore Area Licensing Scheme, it was the first city in the world to implement electronic toll collection.
		The scheme consists of ERP gantries located at all entrances to Singapore's central business district - areas within the Central Area such as the Downtown Core.
		This was mentioned half in jest by the Mayor of London, Ken Livingstone, when he credited Singapore's ERP system while addressing the issue of traffic management for London's bid to host the 2012 Summer Olympics during the 117th IOC Session held in Singapore.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Electronic_road_pricing (896 words)

	Road pricing (Site not responding. Last check: )
		A fourth aim, more applicable to rural areas, is to directly charge for any public bad that arises from use of a road, for example, charging more for use of roads that enable poaching, illegal logging, and even road accidents.
		This aim is shared by some schemes of pay at the pump automobile insurance, which may apply a higher charge near roads with more accidents.
		Proponent of pricing would counter the fairness or equity argument by stating that prices create choices, and choices are fair because people are not identical, sometimes people have high values of time (e.g when they are late for an appointment), sometimes they have lower values of time (e.g.
	bopedia.com /en/wikipedia/r/ro/road_pricing.html (531 words)

	Best Practices & Local Leadership Programme
		Singapore's integrated approach in tackling traffic congestion is premised not only on the traditional means of increasing transport capacity through road building programme but also on innovative measures to manage demand for road space by encouraging more efficient use of existing transport facilities especially within the usually congested city area.
		Many of Singapore's transport policies are universally applicable especially use of area licensing scheme, control of car population through various fiscal measures, promotion and establishment of a more efficient public transportation system, highly integrated land use and transportation planning.
		The rehabilitation and expansion of the Guarapiranga area entailed relocation and resettling of the slum dwellers.
	www.bestpractices.org /bpbriefs/urban_infrastructure.html (5844 words)

	Róbinson Rojas.- World Resources 1996-97 - (A joint publication by The World Resource Institute, The United Nations ... (Site not responding. Last check: )
		To be most effective, a road pricing scheme should cover all important roads throughout an urban area, and the charge should vary according to demand, with higher prices charged during peak periods, as is the case for electric utilities or telephone service.
		Perhaps the most well-known of these is Singapore's area licensing scheme, which seeks to reduce traffic into the city center by charging low-occupancy vehicles a fee when they enter the area.
		Bans in the form of license number restrictions have been tried in Athens, Mexico City, and Santiago as a means of reducing the number of cars in the city and thereby reducing congestion and air pollution (123).
	www.rrojasdatabank.org /tp_txt4.htm (2271 words)

	TRANSPORT FOR URBAN DEVELOPMENT (Site not responding. Last check: )
		For instance, the fraction of registered private cars and motor cycles that was licensed was 87% in December 1994, which explains the sizable gap between the number of vehicle registrations and vehicle licenses in Fig.
		For any of the three ERP schemes, four-tenths of the benefits are reaped by those on public transport, whereas about a quarter of the benefits each is realized by private cars and goods vehicles respectively, with taxis obtaining the rest of the benefits (of less than a tenth).
		Because area pricing can target the most congested locations and can directly charge road use (as opposed to ownership) during the busiest times of day, it is regarded as the most flexible, selective and effective instrument to use for curtailing congestion external effects.
	www.unchs.org /unchs/english/transpor/hongkong.htm (6506 words)

	Magplane
		But residents who live within the charging area will be furious if they have to pay the full charge every time they move their cars.
		If special discounts are given to residents, however, those who live just outside the charged area will feel aggrieved.The boundary effects are also likely to be troubling with increased congestion as drivers change their routes to avoid paying the charge.
		Singapore’s area licensing scheme has been in operation since 1975, but it involves a tiny area and much smaller traffic flows.
	www.magplane.com /html/oct10.htm (707 words)

	Business Horizons: The high cost of motoring in Singapore
		Singapore is an island city-state, 250 square miles in area, strategically located at the crossroads of commerce and tourism at the southern tip of the Malaysian Peninsula.
		Singapore enjoys the second highest standard of living in Asia (after Japan), with an export-oriented economy that is growing at a robust rate of 8.8 percent a year.
		Because traffic density in Singapore has been highest in the city center, as early as the 1970s the government embarked on an aggressive policy of restraining the rapid growth in the number of cars by increasing the cost of ownership.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_m1038/is_n2_v37/ai_15419789 (1539 words)

	Nat' Academies Press, Meeting the Challenges of Megacities in the Developing World: A Collection of Working Papers ...
		Singapore has updated its area licensing scheme over the years through the implementation of a number of measures, including extending morning restricted hours, raising fees progressively, expanding the area in which the scheme is applied, putting restrictions on evening hours, eliminating the carpool exemption, and including motorcycles and taxis in the restrictions.
		The scheme was supported by necessary improvements in public transport, such as the expansion of the bus system, the installation of a rapid mass transit line, and the provision of park-and-ride lots.
		Despite Singapore’s success with congestion pricing, and although most transportation economists, planners, and engineers believe that it is a excellent idea, experience in other democratic countries suggests that congestion pricing is likely to be introduced on a piecemeal basis.
	www.nap.edu /books/0309055385/html/80.html (769 words)

	Tencer2
		Singapore is an island with a total land area of 648 square kilometres and in 1991, had a population of 3.4 million (Phang and Toh, 1997:97).
		Singapore’s experience indicated that the ALS is easy to set up and does not require heavy investments in infrastructure, but its operation is labour intensive as it is manually enforced.
		Singapore averaged 25 km/h (or 19 km/h according to Phang and Toh, 1997:97) during evening rush hour before the implementation of the ALS.
	www.utoronto.ca /envstudy/INI498/tencer2.htm (4027 words)

	ASEAN Investment Area
		Singapore has reduced business costs significantly as past of a cost-reduction package amounting to savings of US$10 billion, in addition to extending a 30% corporate investment tax allowance on a liberal basis to industrial projects and to selective service industries.
		Pursuant to the mandate of the Fifth ASEAN Summit, ASEAN Ministers signed the Framework Agreement on the ASEAN Investment Area (AIA) on 7 October 1998 in Manila.
		An ASEAN investor is defined as being equal to a national investor in terms of the equity requirements of the member country in which the investment is made.
	www.aseansec.org /6480.htm (1355 words)

	Road & Transport Research: A note o the electronic road pricing in Singapore
		Unfortunately, the economic efficiency and welfare implications of the ERP scheme in Singapore were beyond the scope of Luk (1999).
		It is heartening to see that the Singapore government has reduced the congestion toll but it has also increased the number of time periods and enlarged the areas affected by the ERP scheme.
		Again, this objective does not apply to the Singapore ERP scheme as the government has been experiencing budget surplus and the motor-related revenue raised is far larger than the expenditure spent on road infrastructure development and maintenance (Olszewski and Tay 1996).
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_qa3927/is_200006/ai_n8908612 (1395 words)

	Technical Paper
		In conclusion, traffic restrained schemes are a group of projects when implemented would result in changing of 4 main travel characteristics: mode of travel, travel route, destination, and time of travel with the main objectives to alleviate traffic congestion and improvement of environmental quality.
		The evaluation of each scheme was carried out by studying 6 main characteristics: simplicity effectiveness, flexibility, alternative of movement, impact, and activities related to the implementation of the project.
		For the first case, it is assumed that other improvements except the restraint project would gain their own benefits, while for the second case, the total benefit gained were from the whole improvements and it was necessary to try to separate the benefit for every single project.
	www.angelfire.com /me/Dkp/page4.html (3231 words)

	FOSTERING COMMERCIAL TRANSIT: ALTERNATIVES IN GREATER LOS ANGELES (Site not responding. Last check: )
		In Singapore, the area licensing scheme (a crude form of congestion pricing) that charges motorists a fee for entering the downtown area during the peak hours relies heavily on shared-ride taxis to absorb many displaced auto passengers, thus holding the public transit system to a much more manageable scale.
		Because of complaints from the local hospitality industry and tourist operators, city officials have suspended the issuance of new jitney licenses and begun to re-regulate what one decade earlier was the most deregulated taxi market in the country.
		Another possible worthwhile area of federal assistance would be the provision of a seed grant to help stimulate the emergence of a commercial-van sector for serving commuter markets.
	www.rppi.org /transportation/ps146.html (11896 words)

	Agenda 21 - Singapore
		Singapore is also embarked on the construction of Light Rapid Transit (LRT) Systems in public housing estates to serve as feeders to the MRT network.
		Singapore ONE’s application will revolutionise the business, leisure, education and day-to-day living in Singapore and is consistent with the plans to become a fully intelligent island.
		The Port of Singapore Authority (PSA) was corporatised in October 1997 to free PSA from its statutory functions in order to concentrate on its commercial terminal operations.
	www.un.org /esa/agenda21/natlinfo/countr/singapor/eco.htm (4832 words)

	Congestion charge (Site not responding. Last check: )
		This aim is shared by some schemes of pay at the pump automobile insurance, which may apply a higher charge near roads withmore accidents.
		New toll roads in a largely free system may be seen as punishing one area when others don't payfor roads.
		Proponent of pricing would counter the fairness or equity argument by stating that prices create choices, and choicesare fair because people are not identical, sometimes people have high values of time (e.g when they are late for an appointment),sometimes they have lower values of time (e.g.
	www.therfcc.org /congestion-charge-9746.html (431 words)

	Michael Li's Homepage - Research
		Ng Guan Sim and Michael Li Zhi-Feng, “Singapore Road Pricing Scheme: Is Three Dollars Really Too High?” in Chew Soon Beng and Jon D. Kendall (eds.) Regional Issues in Economics, Vol.
		Neo Yi-min and Michael Li Zhi-Feng, "An Evaluation of the Impact of the Area Licensing Scheme on Commuters", in "East Asian Economic Issues — Volume III", edited by Jon D. Kendall, Park Donghyun and Randolph Tan, World Scientific, 1997, pp.
		Michael Li Zhi Feng and Lim Dyi Chang, “An Outlook of Singapore’s Residential Property Market,” The Realtor — The Journal of the Association of Singapore Realtors, pp.1 — 24, August 1998.
	www.ntu.edu.sg /home/zfli/research.htm (1215 words)

	Traffic (Site not responding. Last check: )
		In Singapore, despite the high demand, all motor vehicles are imported with an additional customs duty of 41 percent.
		In the context of Singapore, the government is quite aware of the dynamic nature of architecture and is constantly trying to improve the technology or the framing of fundamental architectural designs to reflect changes in the society and adapt more appropriately.
		Before the ERP is implemented, an Area Licensing Scheme (ALS), which charges a fee per day if one decides to enter the restricted area, was used.
	www.thefreepaper.com /archive/01/traffic.htm (1966 words)

	Congestion Pricing Technical Information Summary (Site not responding. Last check: )
		It either provides a disincentive to driving on highly-used roadways by imposing fees in congested areas that vary depending on location, time or vehicle occupancy, or it offers a priced alternative to a congestion roadway that enables the motorist to reach his or her destination more quickly.
		The Singapore Area Licensing Scheme was implemented in 1975 to reduce congestion in the central area during the morning peak period.
		Twenty-two entry stations are located around the central area of the city where windshield inspections verify that a vehicle has the required permit.
	yosemite.epa.gov /aa/tcmsitei.nsf/Pages/ConPriInfoDoc (2255 words)

	Electronic Road Pricing -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The Electronic Road Pricing (ERP) scheme in (A country in southeastern Asia on the island of Singapore; achieved independence from Malaysia in 1965) Singapore is a form of
		It was implemented in September 1998 to replace the earlier (additional info and facts about Singapore Area Licensing Scheme) Singapore Area Licensing Scheme, and is operated by the (additional info and facts about Land Transport Authority) Land Transport Authority.
		The system was first considered to be used by (Formerly a Crown Colony on the coast of southern China in Guangdong province; leased by China to Britain in 1842 and returned in 1997; one of the world's leading commercial centers) Hong Kong in the late 1980s, but public opinion made it impossible to be implemented.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/e/el/electronic_road_pricing.htm (210 words)

	Phoenix Training & Development - Our Trainers
		A successful career with Air Canada, United Airlines and Radisson Edwardian Hotels, where she was Sales and Marketing employee of the year three years in succession, created the perfect template for Joanna to enter the arena of training and communications in 1998.
		David is a highly regarded trainer, facilitator and coach, and has a particular passion working with people to develop their individual and team working areas of effectiveness to their full potential.
		As Commercial Director of the Good Housekeeping Institute she was directly responsible for the launch of the GHI Accreditation Scheme into the market working directly with key manufacturers in the homes sector.
	www.phoenix-training.co.uk /pages/trainers/default.asp (4996 words)

	Cities. (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Addae-Dapaah, Utilization of urban residential land: a case study of Singapore, Cities 16 (2) (1999) pp.
		I.M. Eldemery, Towards a participatory loan - supported housing scheme - Helwan New Community, Egypt, Cities 19 (6) (2002) pp.
		T.S. Foo, An effective demand management instrument in urban transport: the Area Licensing Scheme in Singapore, Cities 14 (3) (1997) pp.
	www.elsevier.com /cdweb/journals/02642751/viewer.htt?viewtype=keywords (412 words)

	e-books Australia (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Now that the blame game is on in earnest, it may be that richer institutions or governments will have to directly subsidise their poorer brethren, or Open Access may end up replacing old sins with entirely new ones.
		So the scheme is not the “universal Web public library” that some assumed, nor could publishers ever allow it be so without cutting their own throats further down the line.
		The scheme was launched in February 2004, with resources provided by international library vendors Gale and EBSCO.
	www.e-book.com.au /main.html (9221 words)

	General Road Safety Issues - ADB.org
		This depends on factors such as the objective of the strategy, local conditions, and nature of the built-up area.
		In Asia, some TDM measures are currently in use such as the Area Licensing Scheme in Singapore, Electronic Road Pricing in Hong Kong, and partial restriction of vehicle use in Manila.
		For a comprehensive strategy to succeed, policy makers should consider some of the TDM measures currently being taken by Asian cities.
	www.adb.org /Projects/PRCRoadSafety/tdm.asp (165 words)

	IECEx: Members' Area - Committee Documents - Archive
		Rules of Procedure of the IEC Scheme for Certification to Standards for Electrical Equipment for Explosive Atmospheres (IECEx Scheme), Publication IECEx 02
		Draft Rules of Procedure of the IEC Scheme for Certification to Standards for Electrical Equipment for Explosive Atmospheres (IECEx Scheme), Publication IECEx 02.
		Legal advice 1994-05-03 on IECEx Scheme supplied to IECEE Secretariat by Dr Ute Ruede-Bugnion, Brunschwig Wittmer, Geneva.
	www.iecex.com /committee_doc_archive.htm (5403 words)

	Watch (Site not responding. Last check: )
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	www.byglrb.com /jewelry/Watch&start=4610 (1283 words)

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