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Topic: Single European Act 1986

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	Single European Act - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Single European Act (SEA) was the first major revision of the Treaty of Rome.
		The act also formally introduced the concept of the European Political Cooperation which was the forerunner of the European Union's later Common Foreign and Security Policy.
		The act was signed at Luxembourg on February 17, 1986, and at The Hague on February 28, 1986.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Single_European_Act (263 words)

	European Union law - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The European Union is unique among international organisations in having a complex and highly developed system of internal law which has direct effect within the legal systems of its member states.
		The heads of state and government of the member states of European Union signed a constitution in 2004, but it subsequently failed to be ratified by the member states.
		The European Community constitutes one of the 'three pillars' of the European Union and concerns the social and economic foundations of the single market.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/European_Union_law (1138 words)

	The Single European Union and the road toward the Treaty of the European Union (1986-1992) - The history of the ...
		The Single European Act, signed in Luxembourg and The Hague and came into force on 1 July 1987, was the first modification of the fundational treaties of the European Communities, that is to say, the Treaty of Paris in 1951 and the Treaties of Rome in 1957.
		In the institutional field, it ratifies the European Council, that is to say, the periodical meeting of Head of State and Government, as the organism where major political negotiations take place among the member States and great strategic decisions are taken.
		In 1989, at Delors' request, an Intergovernmental Conference (IGC) was called to agree the definitive establishment of the monetary and economic union In 1990, another IGC was called to study the constitution of a political union.
	www.historiasiglo20.org /europe/acta.htm (1118 words)

	SCADPlus: The Single European Act
		The European Parliament adopted the draft Treaty on 14 February 1984.
		The Act establishes a Community policy of economic and social cohesion to counterbalance the effects of the completion of the internal market on the less developed Member States and to reduce development discrepancies between the regions.
		The act adds three new articles (Artices130R, 130S and 130T of the EC Treaty) which permit the Community "to preserve, protect and improve the quality of the environment, to contribute towards protecting human health, and to ensure a prudent and rational utilization of natural resources".
	europa.eu /scadplus/treaties/singleact_en.htm (1785 words)

	Single European Act
		Act signed in 1986 (and in force from July 1987) to establish a single European market, defined as an area without frontiers in which free movement of goods, services, people, and capital is ensured.
		The act was the first major revision of the Treaties of Rome.
		It provided for greater involvement of the European Parliament in the decision-making process, and the introduction of qualified majority voting in the Council of Ministers (now the Council of the European Union) for some policy areas.
	www.tiscali.co.uk /reference/encyclopaedia/hutchinson/m0039113.html (271 words)

	Say No To Nice - Statement from The Workers' Party - Published in Spectre Magazine
		The most significant treaties were the Treaty of Rome [1957], the Single European Act [1986], the Treaty on European Union, (the Maastricht Treaty) [1992] and the Treaty of Amsterdam [1997].
		The legislative authority in the European Union is the Council and it is not answerable to the European Parliament.
		The European Union will be equipped with military capabilities and, whatever the protestations of the YES camp, the structures and resources are being put in place for the creation of a European army with the development of a 60,000 strong Rapid Reaction Force, deployable within sixty days and sustainable in the field for one year.
	www.spectrezine.org /europe/NOTONIECE.htm (2719 words)

	The European Union
		European Council are the heads and the foreign-secretaries of the members states who, twice a year, have an audience with the President of the European Union.
		European Union membership being normally intended to be permanent the right to veto of individual member states has since been abolished (except in relation to taxation, for a while longer), as well as in e.g.
		In 2004, the European Union having sought to incorporate all of its treaties into one single document in the form of its Constitution in some countries whether it is to be adapted is to be the subject of referendums to be held by the year 2006.
	www.geocities.com /erpun/index.html (361 words)

	SCADPlus: Judicial cooperation in civil matters: introduction (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		Since the Single European Act (1986) and the realisation of the concept of a European Community without frontiers, the idea of a "European judicial area" has developed.
		The Council of Europe had already adopted a number of initiatives to facilitate cooperation between European States, but it was Title VI of the Maastricht Treaty which in 1993 included judicial cooperation in civil and criminal matters as matters of common interest for Member States of the European Union.
		The conclusions adopted by the Tampere European Council (15-16 October 1999) were based on the idea that individuals and businesses should not be prevented or discouraged from exercising their rights by the incompatibility or complexity of legal and administrative systems in the Member States.
	europa.eu /scadplus/leg/en/lvb/l33079.htm (979 words)

	A Concise Encyclopedia of the European Union --S--
		The European single currency is part of the wider EMU project, the central objective of the 1992 Maastricht Treaty.
		She for her part doubtless wished the EC to concentrate on the task of organising a transparent internal market and accepted that a degree of supranational control was indispensable to that end, little suspecting that the enhanced role of QMV would prove to be the thin end of a giant wedge.
		Others, including Thatcher, regarded the single market as a finite end in itself, irritated at the excessively detailed regulation which accompanied it and resistant to the open-ended amplifications which were being attached to it and which raised fundamental issues of national sovereignty.
	www.euro-know.org /dictionary/s.html (9861 words)

	BN23 :: Culture and Community :: History of European Union (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		The first step in European integration was taken when six countries (Belgium, the Federal Republic of Germany, France, Italy, Luxembourg and the Netherlands) set up a common market in coal and steel.
		Meeting in Lisbon in March 2000, the European Council adopted a comprehensive strategy for modernising the EU's economy and enabling it to compete on the world market with other major players such as the United States and the newly industrialised countries.
		The member state governments, whatever their political colour, know that the age of absolute national sovereignty is over and that only by joining forces and pursuing "a destiny henceforward shared" (to quote the ECSC Treaty) can their ancient nations continue to make economic and social progress and maintain their influence in the world.
	www.bn23.com /channels/Culture_and_Community/history-of-european-union.html (782 words)

	EUROPA - The EU at a glance - European treaties
		The most recent one, the draft Treaty establishing a Constitution for Europe, aims to replace all the existing Treaties with a single text and is the result of the work done by the Convention on the Future of Europe and an Intergovernmental Conference (IGC).
		The Single European Act (SEA), signed in Luxembourg and the Hague, and entered into force on 1 July 1987, provided for the adaptations required for the achievement of the Internal Market.
		The Treaty establishing the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC), which was signed on 18 April 1951 in Paris, entered into force on 23 July 1952 and expired on 23 July 2002.
	europa.eu /abc/treaties/index_en.htm (726 words)

	The EU Constitution
		A Study of the Wider Implications of the Single European Act, London and New York: Routledge, 1992.
		Campell, A., "The Single European Act and the implications", The ICLQ, vol.
		From the 'Crocodile' to the European Council in Milan (28-29 June 1985)", Brussels, Luxembourg: Agence Europe, 1985.
	www.unizar.es /euroconstitucion/Treaties/Treaty_SingleEA_Bibliography.htm (1737 words)

	[No title]
		At the signing of the Maastricht Treaty, in 1992, when the European Union was constituted of 12 member-states, some activists among immigrants involved in transnational networks expressed deliberately their desire to go beyond national frameworks and spoke of “a 13th population” or “a 13th state” or even “a 13th nation”.
		This procedure is the result of a co- development policy of the European countries with the countries of immigration which comes down to including the countries of origin in the representation of the migrants in Europe and consequently provides a legitimacy of action and claim to populations in a minority situation in their home country.
		But paradoxically enough European citizenship as a more global concept of membership then nation-states introduces the allegiance of immigrants to their home country into the process of bargaining in the same way they express their allegiance to their state of residence and to the transnational community in which they are involved.
	www.yale.edu /polisci/info/conferences/kastoryano1.doc (7889 words)

	European Union Profile
		The European Union (EU) is one of the United States' strongest strategic partners, with the importance of the relationship reflected in our close cooperation on regional crises and conflicts, our extensive collaboration on a wide range of global challenges, from counter-terrorism to nonproliferation, and our deep trade and investment relations.
		Acting as the EU’s policy and executive engine, the Commission is composed of 25 Commissioners, one from each Member State and is supported by a substantial staff located primarily in Brussels, Belgium.
		European firms were the largest foreign investors in 44 U.S. states and the second largest foreign investor in the remaining six.
	www.state.gov /p/eur/rls/fs/54126.htm (4253 words)

	Delegation of the European Commission to the Philippines (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		The European integration process has been ongoing for nearly a half century, delivering unprecedented stability, peace and economic prosperity to a continent once ravaged by war.
		These legal texts are: the Treaty of Rome (1957), the Euratom Treaty, (1957) the European Single Act (1986), the Treaty of the European Union (1992), the Treaty of Amsterdam (1997), and the Treaty of Nice (2000).
		Single European Act is signed by the 12 Member States, providing a new impetus for the creation of a single market.
	www.delphl.cec.eu.int /index.cfm?pagename=eu_global&GlobalID=8 (821 words)

	peo European citizenship
		European identity A feeling of belonging to a single European entity and sharing a common destiny cannot be created.
		European symbols One of the ways for people to identify with a complex political entity such as Europe and the EU is through the use of symbols.
		Other symbols used by the EU are annual awards of European prizes, European signs in place of the customs signs at internal frontiers, the European passport (1985), the standardised driving licence (1996) and Europe Day on 9 May. The new single currency, the euro, is gaining momentum as a symbol of a unified Europe.
	presidency.finland.fi /doc/eu/peo_1euro.htm (716 words)

	The Single European Act
		European Parliament Resolution on European Union and the Single Act (17 April 1986)
		Single European Act (Luxembourg, 17 February 1986, and The Hague, 28 February 1986)
		Conclusions of the Luxembourg European Council (2 and 3 December 1985)
	www.ena.lu /europe/european-union/single-european-act.htm (576 words)

	European Union Law, UK law Online
		European law was incorporated into UK law (here no distinction need be drawn between the different jurisdictions within the UK) by the European Communities Act 1972.
		The effect of section 2 is that European law must be considered to be a valid and binding source of UK law.
		The Ombudsman is empowered to act as a conciliator between citizens and the Community administration.
	www.leeds.ac.uk /law/hamlyn/european.htm (1486 words)

	How the European Union Works - The APC European Internet Rights Project
		After having summarised the roles of the different European public institutions, we will describe briefly what the European policies are in order to show the importance of method in lobbying in the EU.
		The role of the European Parliament is mostly to advise the Council and to monitor the activities of the Commission.
		European Union law is based on the Treaties, EU legislation, international law and judicial interpretation.
	www.apc.org /english/rights/europe/eu/eurolob.html (3194 words)

	The Single European Act and 1992:
		First, the SEA was passed against the backdrop of an existing supranational legal structure which assured all of its participants of the strict observance of rules and procedures agreed upon.
		Thus, the European experience with the rule of law as a decisive factor in economic integration may contribute to a more rule-oriented approach in world trade relations.
		European integration, as it is conceived by the SEA, has encountered suspicions and fears abroad of a forthcoming "fortress" closing in on itself behind walls of protectionism.
	www.ejil.org /journal/Vol1/No1/art5-04.html (2269 words)

	Law Society of England and Wales - European law
		Although this appears to undermine parliamentary sovereignty, Parliament retains the right to repeal the 1972 Act which made the UK a member of the EU and therefore to leave the jurisdiction of the EU.
		The key EU treaties in the development of the EU include: The Treaty of Rome (1958), the Single European Act (1986), the Treaty of Maastricht (1991), the Treaty of Amsterdam (1997) and the Treaty of Nice (2000).
		They tend to be used in areas in which the European Union has a large degree of competence, such as agriculture or competition policy.
	www.lawsociety.org.uk /influencinglaw/europeanlaw.law (322 words)

	European Union FAQ
		The competence of the existing European Court of Justice was extended and the Council of Ministers given powers to impose penalties on any member state found "in persistent breach of the Treaty".
		Opponents of the European Union usually divide their arguments into two categories, those relating to loss of sovereignty, and those relating to economics, although there are inevitably overlaps between the two issues.
		The European Commission intends to enforce the existing VAT system on Internet transactions, imposing a requirement on ecommerce firms to register, collect and account for VAT in the appropriate jurisdiction, even though there is no international agreement or consensus on this issue.
	members.aol.com /esceptic/eurofaq1.html (2051 words)

	Janus-faced Immigration in Europe
		The Single European Act of 1986 established the free movement of workers as an essential element of Europe.
		Economic recession and increasing hostility towards immigration from the European public meant that the opportunities to work in the EU were still restricted.
		A report published by the European Commission in February called attention to the positive benefits immigration brings, and that the number of people moving to those countries who have opened up their labour markets (Finland and the UK among others) is much less than commonly feared.
	www.cafebabel.com /en/article.asp?T=A&Id=1757 (707 words)

	Structure and Components of the EU---EU Online Resource Guide
		The EU came into being through the Maastricht Treaty on European Union, and is based on the "three pillars," one of which includes the EC.
		The European Union and the European Community were not founded or based on a Constitutional document.
		The Treaty on European Union marked the official birth of the EU as an over-arching supranational organization, held up by the three pillars of the CFSP, the Community (including the EC, Euratom, and the ECSC), and finally Justice and Home Affairs.
	www.unc.edu /depts/europe/conferences/eu/Pages/eu2.htm (747 words)

	Caribbean Single Market and Economy : is it realistic without commitment to political unity? by Havelock R. Brewster
		A single market is thus somewhat different from a 'common market' which is an arrangement among States to remove market barriers, while the frontiers themselves remain.
		By contrast, the European Union when inaugurating its single market in the mid-1980s introduced the concept of the internal market that created an area without internal frontiers in which the free movement of goods, persons, services and capital is ensured.
		The change to a single market was accomplished by changes in the Community legislative system (the introduction of European Directives, approved by qualified majority voting for most subjects, that are obliged to be transposed into national law in the Member States) designed to encourage adoption of the measures needed for completion of the single market.
	www.caricom.org /jsp/speeches/csme-politicalunity-brewster.htm (3037 words)

	European Union (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		The European Union (EU) is a political and economic union of certain countries in Europe.
		The European Coal and Steel Community was set up in 1951, the European Atomic Energy Commission was founded in 1957 and the European Economic Community was also founded in 1957.
		The fundamental laws of the European Union are set out in the various treaties agreed and ratified by the Member States.
	www.oasis.gov.ie /government_in_ireland/government_and_politics_at_european_level/european_institutions/european_union.html (387 words)

	EUROPEAN UNION LEGAL SYSTEM
		Established the European Union; amended and expanded the EEC Treaty; created the co-decision procedure; created "pillars" of Common Foreign and Security Policy (CFSP) and Cooperation in the fileds of Justice and Home Affairs (JHA).
		Act concerning the election of the representatives of the European Parliament by direct universal suffrage, annexed to the Council Decision of 20 September 1976
		provides free public access to issues of the Official Journal of the European Communities (both L and C series) published in the last twenty days, the Treaties, consolidated versions of existing legislation and recent judgments by the Court of Justice.
	web.gc.cuny.edu /Eusc/euinfo/legal.htm (442 words)

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