Single stage to orbit

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Topic: Single stage to orbit

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	Single-stage to orbit - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The first stage of the Titan II had the mass ratio required for single stage to orbit capability with a small payload.
		While not appearing large, the mass ratio to delta-v curve is very steep to reach orbit in a single stage, and this makes a 10% difference to the mass ratio on top of the tankage and pump savings.
		Single stage rockets were once thought to be beyond reach, but advances in materials technology and construction techniques have shown them to be possible.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Single-stage_to_orbit (2226 words)

	Single
		Single stage to orbit A single-stage to orbit (or SSTO) launcher describes an as-yet theoretical class of stages.
		Single market A single market is a customs union with common policies on product regulation, and freedom of movement of...
		Single wire earth return Single wire earth return (SWER) is a method of supplying single phase power to remote areas wit...
	www.brainyencyclopedia.com /topics/single.html (1603 words)

	Towards Reusable Launchers - A Widening Perspective
		So far, however, all space launchers are staged to orbit and expendable (with the exception of the US Space Shuttle System) and there is no SSTO-RRL as yet, despite its apparent desirability.
		Advantages: For the payload: For the majority of payloads, LEO is not the ultimate destination and many of them already carry an integrated propulsion stage to acquire higher energy orbits.
		The first stage therefore provides almost the total Delta V needed to reach orbit and the payload, ejected in vacuum but still at sub-orbital speed, achieves orbital velocity with its own propulsion system.
	esapub.esrin.esa.it /bulletin/bullet87/pfeffe87.htm (3480 words)

	Winged
		Sled-launched single stage to orbit vehicle with air-breathing propulsion to Mach 5 (subsonic combustion).
		This one was a Sled-launched horizontal takeoff / horizontal landing single stage to orbit.
		A ramjet powered first stage would release a second stage orbiter similar to, but smaller than the U.S. X-20 Dyna-Soar.
	www.friends-partners.org /partners/mwade/lvfam/winged.htm (6511 words)

	The SSX Concept
		Phoenix was a fully reusable single stage to orbit LOX Hydrogen ship which he had brought to preliminary design description stage.
		SSTO is "Single Stage to Orbit." LOX is Liquid Oxygen, which is a cryogenic fuel.
		Single Stage to Orbit ships will have many customers; but the potential users of SSTO should not dictate the development program.
	www.jerrypournelle.com /slowchange/SSX.html (6984 words)

	Johns Hopkins University Press Books Single Stage to Orbit
		Single Stage to Orbit traces the interplay of technology, corporate interest, and politics, a combination that well served the conservative space agenda and ultimately triumphed—not in the realization of inexpensive, reliable space transport—but in a vision of space militarization and commercialization that would appear settled United States policy in the early twenty-first century.
		"Single Stage to Orbit is a history of one particular aspect of US space history—the attempt to develop a single-stage-to-orbit launcher.
		"The 'holy grail' of the spaceship movement has been the development of a vehicle that could accomplish single stage to orbit (SSTO) flight.
	www.press.jhu.edu /books/title_pages/2359.html (333 words)

	Rocket Science for Earthlings 8
		The huge size of the two stage vehicle is the primary factor in it's high cost, as would also be the case for a single stage to orbit vehicle.
		Recent reports indicate that the weight, technology, and cost problems of a single stage to orbit vehicle may in fact be insurmountable.
		For a single stage to orbit vehicle this number must be at least 400 or more.
	web.wt.net /~markgoll/rse8.htm (494 words)

	Skylon - Art History Online Reference and Guide
		This is known as single stage to orbit (SSTO).
		And these differences make all the difference- the Skylon design can make orbit, and back, in a single stage and with a useful payload size.
		Staging is when parts of a launch vehicle are dropped during the flight to reduce weight—otherwise the rocket and payload would be too heavy to make orbit.
	www.arthistoryclub.com /art_history/Skylon (910 words)

	Fact Sheet #3
		Key to the study was the premise that the cost of putting payloads in orbit was too expensive, especially in light of the shrinking NASA and federal budgets.
		A new vehicle capable of placing payloads weighing up to 20,000 pounds in orbit replaced the existing Atlas rocket, while a small (70% scale) Orbiter and new cargo carrier carried crew and cargo.
		In August 1993, as the X-2000 was being briefed to NASA Headquarters, the BMDO was test flying an experimental vehicle, the DC-X, built by McDonnell Douglas Aerospace.
	www.hq.nasa.gov /office/pao/History/x-33/facts_3.htm (5015 words)

	Brilliant Buzzard
		Eventually the 2nd stage de-orbits and glides back to its base, ready to be refitted and loaded back onto the 1st stage aircraft for another sortie and both aircraft ferry to Vandenburg or Patrick AFB to load up with LH2 once every few weeks.
		The 1st stage cruise to meet up with a tanker for a full load of JP for the trip back home, while the 2nd stage continues on to orbit to deploy a satellite.
		Every few weeks the mated aircraft (both stages) would have to be loaded with fresh liquid hydrogen- most likely at Vandenburg AFB (which has a runway for the Shuttle located convienently next to a cryo storage facility) or Patrick AFB (not far from Kennedy space Center, and also the location of several Buzzard sightings).
	members.macconnect.com /users/q/quellish/Buzzard/Brilliant_Buzzard.html (5079 words)

	LAUNCH SYSTEMS
		The space shuttle was a politically proposed monstrosity, a "stage and a half" system which was selected by those half wits who "wanted" single stage to orbit.
		The upper stage that goes to orbit will still look very like the Space Shuttle.
		Any velocity difference at staging is made up by shifting weight from the lower winged stage to the second stage vehicle, so the staging velocity is not all that critical.
	www.nexialinstitute.com /launch_systems.htm (1527 words)

	SSTO (Single Stage To Orbit) (Dani Eder; Henry Spencer)
		And we've already done a feasibility demonstration of mating the payload and the upper stage in orbit, so there is no particular need to fit both onto a single launch.
		Expendable stages light enough to have definitely solved the "weight problem" were flying in 1962 (the Titan II first stage).
		Ariane was constrained to use storable propellants in its lower stages, and was generally constrained to be a low-risk design.
	yarchive.net /space/launchers/ssto.html (8062 words)

	Space Future - Single Stage to Orbit Vertical Takeoff and Landing Concept Technology Challenges
		Single Stage to Orbit Vertical Takeoff and Landing Concept Technology Challenges
		Light weight and high propulsion performance both enable a single stage to reach orbit.
		D A Heald and T L Kessler,, "Single Stage to Orbit Vertical Takeoff and Landing Concept Technology Challenges",
	www.spacefuture.com /archive/single_stage_to_orbit_vertical_takeoff_and_landing_concept_technology_challenges.shtml (2623 words)

	Why Nasa?
		SINGLE STAGE TO ORBIT (SSTO) Airlines operate at a small multiple of fuel costs.
		Shuttle Promises The original proposal for Shuttle as a National Space Transportation System used many of the arguments now heard for Single Stage to Orbit.
		Fly Higher and Faster SSX need not get to orbit, but it should fly high and fast enough to experience reentry conditions; and it should be designed so that if all goes just right it will make orbit.
	www.lunacity.com /hotspots/whynasa.html (4383 words)

	Near Single Stage to Orbit (NSTO)
		At the end of stage 2 you should be in an elliptical orbit and at an altitude of between 80 and 90 km.
		A two stage heavy lift launch vehcile based on an NSTO first stage can be found in tsto.zip (46,271 bytes).
		After the upper stage has transferred to apogee the apogee should have decreased to 185 km due to drag.
	www.sworld.com.au /steven/space/nsto (779 words)

	Allen Steele - House Testimony
		The LTV and the lander would be linked together in low-Earth orbit; a third shuttle flight would then carry the crew to the waiting moonship.
		Launched into orbit by Columbia-class shuttles or second-generation spacecraft and positioned about 600 miles above Earth, SunTower would collect sunlight, convert it into electrical power, then transmit this energy to ground-based "rectennas," or receiving antennas, via low-power microwave beams.
		The first space stations were in orbit by the mid-`70s; within a decade, the United States had a small fleet of reusable space shuttles, and by the end of the `90s these craft had flown more than 100 successful missions.
	www.allensteele.com /testimony.htm (3457 words)

	38170.010531&ELEMENT_SET=DECL
		A vehicle which is capable of launching a payload into orbit using only a single stage of engines is referred to as
		For these reasons, it is advantageous to produce a single stage design which is capable of reaching orbit.
		A further disadvantage of a multi-stage design is that when a stage has finished burning all of its fuel, it either must be carried on to orbit as dead weight producing no thrust, or it must be jettisoned.
	www.wipo.int /cgi-pct/guest/getbykey5?KEY=01/38170.010531&ELEMENT_SET=DECL (9631 words)

	SSTT - Single Stage To Tether - RLV
		Single stage to orbit makes weight a premium, so materials need to be extra light.
		The term Single Stage To Tether (SSTT) was used back at least as far as 1995.
		But to be precise there are sort of 3 stages in that we have a jet (to launch the rocket), the rocket, and a tether.
	www.spacetethers.com /sstt.html (493 words)

	Amazon.co.uk: Single Stage to Orbit: Politics, Space Technology and the Quest for Reusable Rocketry (New Series in NASA History): Books
		To the first and oldest idea - that of the reusable rocket-powered single-stage-to-orbit vehicle - were added the concepts of "aircraft-like" operations, of using an "X", or experimental, vehicle, and of running a programme with a "faster, cheaper, smaller" managerial approach.
		Single Stage to Orbit: Politics, Space Technology and the Quest for Reusable Rocketry (New Series in NASA History)
		This is not, however, the story of a single idea, but rather the history of a vision that brought together a few pioneers of space technology and several concepts, new and old.
	www.amazon.co.uk /exec/obidos/ASIN/080187338X (519 words)

	dcx4
		SSX was intended to be a single stage to orbit (SSTO) X-program, not a Single Stage Rocket Technology (SSRT) capability demonstration.
		For single stage ships, the only way to add payload is to make the ship bigger; for every pound of payload you add, you must add 10 pounds to the gross liftoff weight.
		This is not an ‘orbit or bust’ program, but going to orbit with or without payload should be the goal.
	home.earthlink.net /~jerryp/dcx4.html (2483 words)

	Chapter 3 Japanese Aerospace Vehicle Programs - Aerospace Plane Technology: Research and
		Development of an operational horizontal takeoff and landing single- or two-stage-to-orbit aerospace plane in Japan would require an international effort.
		Design configurations to be studied include single- and two-stage-to-orbit aerospace planes.
		A two-stage-to orbit vehicle would consist of an air-breathing first stage, which would take off and land from a conventional runway, and a rocket-propelled upper stage, which, at a certain altitude, would separate and continue into orbit.
	www.globalsecurity.org /space/library/report/gao/nsiad92005/part03.htm (5844 words)

	asem96.doc
		R.A. Lepsch, D.O. Stanley and R. Unal, ÒApplication of Dual-Fuel Propulsion to a Single Stage AMLS Vehicle," Journal of Spacecraft and Rockets, Vol.
		C.H. Eldred, R.W. Powell and D.O. Stanley, ÒSingle Stage Rocket Options for Future Launch Vehicles,Ó AIAA Paper 93-4162 (September 1993).
	www.lions.odu.edu /~runal/enma763/asem96.doc (1886 words)

	Integrated Propulsion/Vehicle System Structurally Optimized
		Achieving low Earth orbit with even a small payload requires an aggressive approach to weight minimization through the use of lightweight, oxidation-resistant composite materials.
		Structural optimization was applied to evaluate concept feasibility and was instrumental in the determination of the gross liftoff weight of the integrated system.
		Assessing the integrated system involved investigating the flight trajectory to determine where the critical load events occur in flight and then generating the corresponding environment at each of these events.
	www.grc.nasa.gov /WWW/RT2002/7000/7740hunter.html (554 words)

	Fact Sheet 6 -- Part I
		Until this single-stage-to-orbit vehicle became available, though, an "interim expendable launch vehicle program," the upgrading of the existing fleet of Delta, Atlas, and Titan launchers, would take place in calendar years 2000 to 2008.
		Maj. Jess Sponable, who had succeeded Pat Ladner as SSRT (Single Stage Rocket Technology) Program Manager, oversaw DC-X vehicle testing at the White Sands Missile Range, near Las Cruces, New Mexico.
		Over the following months, SSRT Program and McDonnell Douglas personnel conducted hot test firings of the propulsion system in preparation for the first test flight, which was a short "bunny hop" that took place on August 18, 1993, at 4:43pm MDT, at the White Sands launch site.
	www.hq.nasa.gov /pao/History/x-33/facts_61.htm (912 words)

	The Nitpickers Site: Movie Nitpick - Star Trek: First Contact - 1996
		The Phoenix was launched more than 60 year from now, by that time they could have figured out more efficient fuels, lighter building materials, and other techniques to allow the Titan to enter orbit in a single stage.
		A Titan II 2nd stage weighs 74,000 lbs and carries 8,500 lbs to orbit (Gemini XI).
		It is clearly only a garden variety Titan II from a silo, but flies into orbit (indeed even reaching escape velocity) using only the first stage.
	www.nitpickers.com /movies/nitpick.cgi?np=27991 (687 words)

	Halfbakery: LTA + rocket for SSTO
		LTA / rocket Single Stage To Orbit (or reentry cargo) vehicle
		The second stage (2.5 times that of the third) and the first stage (2 times the second stage!) were just to lift the third stage out of the atmosphere!
		Thus not having to climb through 99% of the earths atmosphere a rocket can be made very small - something the size of a 18 wheeler truck could get a two man capsule to orbit, as opposed to a 200 foot tall rocket from a ground launch.
	www.halfbakery.com /lr/idea/LTA_20_2b_20rocket_20for_20SSTO (812 words)

	Military Spaceplane / X-40 Space Maneuver Vehicle / Integrated Tech Testbed
		Black Horse is a proposed design for a single stage to orbit, reusable launch vehicle.
		The ITT is intended to demonstrate the technologies necessary to achieve systems integration within the mass fraction constraints of Single Stage to Orbit (SSTO) vehicles.
		The low cost reusable upper stage (i.e., mini-spaceplane) is envisioned to be an integral part of an overall operational MSP system.
	fas.org /spp/military/program/launch/msp.htm (2264 words)

	Space Future - A Single-Stage-to-Orbit Thought Experiment
		A generous 30,000 pounds was allotted to the thrust structure weight budget in Table A. No deletion of unnecessary hardware (such as the SRB load carry-thru structure, the orbiter attach bracketry, or the tank reinforcing beams) was postulated.
		The S-IVB was used for ten years, as both the second stage of the Saturn IB and the third stage of the Saturn V. In both applications the stage was subjected to far greater loads than it will see in our
		Recovery of the engines from orbit might reduce operating costs to an affordable level.
	www.spacefuture.com /archive/a_single_stage_to_orbit_thought_experiment.shtml (820 words)

	Doppelganger (Journey to the far side of the Sun)
		Two principal vehicles are featured in this film, the "Phoenix" interplanetary probe and the "Dove" single stage to orbit vehicle.
		We could assume that Phoenix type craft are typically used for Lunar transfer operations in which they carry a small tail-landing vehicle for the final stage from orbit to the Lunar surface.
		Like the Saturn V it also appears to be a three stage booster design with the Phoenix mounted as a forth stage/payload.
	www.cloudster.com /Sets&Vehicles/Doppleganger/DopplegangerTop.htm (593 words)

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