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Topic: Single wire earth return

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Ground (electricity)

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	Single wire earth return - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Power is supplied to the SWER line by a single, large step-down transformer that isolates the grid from the powered ground, and changes the grid Voltage (typically 22 kilovolts) to the SWER voltage (typically 12.7 or 19.1 kilovolts).
		The SWER line is a single conductor that may stretch for tens or even hundreds of kilometres, visiting a number of termination points.
		SWER is therefore a practical example of a phantom loop.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Single_wire_earth_return (1682 words)

	Ground (electricity) - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The part directly in contact with the earth (the earth electrode) can be as simple as a metal (usually copper) rod or stake driven into the earth, or a connection to buried metal water piping.
		The ground wire is also usually bonded to pipework to keep it at the same potential as the electrical ground during a fault.
		In Single Wire Earth Return (SWER) electrical distribution systems, costs are saved by using just a single high voltage conductor for the power grid, while routing the AC return current through the earth.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Earth_(electricity) (979 words)

	Phantom loop - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The space tether, also called "electrodynamic tether", which uses plasma contactors and the ionosphere, plus the electromagnetic induction from Earth's magnetic field, as parts of a dynamo (or an electric motor), to turn the kinetic energy of the spacecraft into electrical energy (or conversely).
		The long-distance electromagnetic telegraph, which in some cases used the ground as the return path for the circuit.
		Single wire earth return power distribution systems for supplying power at low cost to remote areas.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Phantom_loop (203 words)

	Transformer - LearnThis.Info Enclyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		In most practical transformers, the primary and secondary conductors are coils of wire (usually copper), because a coil creates a denser magnetic field (higher magnetic flux) than a straight conductor.
		Where is the voltage in the primary coil, is the voltage in the secondary coil, is the number of turns of wire on the primary coil, and is the number of turns of wire on the secondary coil.
		A balanced line is one in which the two conductors (signal and return) have the same impedance to ground: twisted pair and "balanced twin" are examples.
	encyclopedia.learnthis.info /t/tr/transformer.html (1917 words)

	Breakers and Ground Wires
		The "hot" wire carries an effective voltage of 120 volts to the appliance and the neutral serves as the normal return path.
		The third wire is the electrical ground which is just connected to the metal case of the appliance.
		In that case, if the hot wire shorts to the case and the neutral wire does not, then the breaker may not trip and the entire 120 volts will be applied to the metal case of the appliance, representing a shock hazard.
	hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu /hbase/electric/bregnd.html (845 words)

	LINE - Online Information article about LINE
		The introduction in 1883 of the hard-drawn copper wire of high conductivity invented in 1877, by T. Doolittle was of the greatest importance in rendering the use of long lines practicable, and it is universally employed for such service.
		After the withdrawal of the restriction against the companies erecting trunk wires it became evident that the development of the telephone services throughout the country would be facilitated by complete intercommunication and uniformity of systems, and that economies could be effected by concentration of management.
		The trunk wires were transferred to the Post Office in pursuance of the policy of 1892, but for all practical purposes the local authorities had vetoed the permission of the government to the company to lay wires underground.
	encyclopedia.jrank.org /LEO_LOB/LINE.html (8193 words)

	Grounding
		The earth connection is considered to be at a safe voltage, so a safety ground is obtained when you connect a metal equipment case to the earth ground.
		The hot wire is at 120 Vac and the neutral is connected to the earth at the transformer and its potential is close to zero.
		One wire connects to the signal source and the second wire connects to the signal source's earth, common or reference terminal as close as possible to the signal source.
	www.mines.edu /academic/courses/eng/EGGN383/ref/r25 (927 words)

	Beverage Antenna Earth Return Losses (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		The horizontal wire portion of a single wire beverage antenna is simple to construct but obtaining good earths at each end to minimise earth return losses can be a major exercise.
		Would it be possible to run a higher second parallel (in the vertical plane)wire in the region where the tilt is effectively zero, but lower than the height where the second wire would become a normal horizontally polarised long wire and use it as a low loss earth return.
		this would mean the termination could simply be between the ends of the 2 wires and the feeder connected between the start of the 2 wires.
	www.antennex.com /storage/atheory/_atheory/0000001d.htm (164 words)

	Inventions by R. Buckminster Fuller
		Planet Earth's safe importing of Sun radiation must first be impoundingly accomplished by vegetation in energy quantities adequate to supporting not only the vegetation and the humans but all the other myriads of species of life altogether constituting the regenerative ecologic system.
		I saw that this planet Earth's organic-biochemical interstructuring is (1) tensionally produced only by triple-bonded, no-degrees-of-freedom, crystalline interarrayings of atomic events, (2) compressionally structured only by double-bonded, flexibly jointed, pressure-distributing and omni-stress-equalizing, hydraulic interarrangements of atomic events, and (3) shock-absorbingly structured, singlebondedly and pneumatically, by gaseous interarrangement of atomic events.
		Return to this initial question has always produced for me the most relevant and incisive of insights.
	www.westnet.com /~crywalt/inventions/invtotal.html (8331 words)

	Earth Return (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		SWER stands for Single Wire Earth Return, and will reduce the cost of electric power distribution in rural areas.
		SWER stands for Single Wire Earth Return, and will reduce the cost of rural electrification.
		An effort to capture solar wind particles on a special material and return it to earth with a midair capture.
	www.earthreturn.info (274 words)

	Explanation of Rural Electrification Using SWER (Single Wire Earth Return) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		SWER is single wire earth return power distribution.
		Instead of using 3 wires to distribute electricity SWER uses one wire with the return path through the ground.
		swer inline pole; swer isolating transformer; large angle pole; small angle pole; strain pole; distribution transformer; low voltage distribution; low voltage service drop
	www.ruralpower.org /swer_003_what_is.htm (106 words)

	NASA's Cosmicopia -- Ask Us -- Earth and Moon
		The Earth is not a perfect sphere, so the distance to the center of the Earth varies from 6378 km (3963 miles) at the equator to 6357 km (3950 miles) at the poles.
		Since the Earth is revolving around the Sun, it actually has to rotate almost one degree (360 degrees/365.25 days) further until the Sun is in the same place in the sky, which is the definition of a day that everyone is used to.
		From The Nine Planets, the diameter of the Earth is 12,756 km, and the diameter of the Moon is 3,476 km.
	helios.gsfc.nasa.gov /qa_earth.html#coregravity (10674 words)

	Understanding Common-Mode Signals - Maxim/Dallas
		Leakage currents flowing in the safety-ground wire from machine windings to the case, or more commonly, flowing between ground and earth due to ac primary or secondary neutral currents in the power-distribution system, can produce a potential difference between the neutral and frame ground.
		Single line with earth return: The signal common line connects to earth ground at the source and load by the earth (frame) return path.
		A normal-mode signal is any type (other than common mode) that appears between a pair of wires, or on a single wire referenced to (or returned via) the earth, chassis, or shield.
	www.maxim-ic.com /appnotes.cfm/appnote_number/2045 (2386 words)

	Ground (electricity): Encyclopedia topic (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		In a mains (AC power) wiring installation, the ground (ground: (art) the surface (as a wall or canvas) prepared to take the paint for a painting) is the wire that carries currents away under fault conditions.
		In Single Wire Earth Return (Single Wire Earth Return: single wire earth return (swer) is a method of supplying single phase power to remote areas...
		rounding is primarily used for safety to prevent electric shock or fires caused by a voltage potential between the earth and a conductor such as an appliance cabinet or chassis.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /reference/ground_electricity (1136 words)

	NWS Melbourne Lightning Information Center (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		An electric field is also generated between the bottom of the cloud and the surface of the earth, though not nearly as strong as the field within the cloud.
		Dart leaders and their subsequent return strokes are not normally branched like the initial stepped leader and return stroke.
		However, the peak current of their return strokes is often much larger than the peak current of the negative return strokes.
	www.srh.noaa.gov /mlb/ltgcenter/whatis.html (1619 words)

	ipedia.com: Electricity distribution Article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		In North America, early distribution systems were single phase and used a voltage of 2200 volts corner-grounded delta.
		In New Zealand, Australia and South Africa, single wire earth return systems (SWER) are used to electrify remote rural areas.
		Electricity industry reform has led to the creation of electricity markets through the separation of contestable retailing from distribution, a natural monopoly and the separation of the monopoly transmission from generation.
	www.ipedia.com /electricity_distribution.html (536 words)

	Rural Electrification Using SWER (Single Wire Earth Return) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		Rural electrification with SWER is an inexpensive method of extending the electricity grid to rural areas.
		SWER will reduce electrification costs to rural communities in developed and developing countries.
		SWER stands for single wire earth return and reduces costs by using one wire instead of two and also reduces the quantity and therefore costs of poles.
	www.ruralpower.org (197 words)

	Latest News - Republic of Botswana (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		PARLIAMENT - The electrification of five Tswapong South villages using single wire earth extern (SWER) technology was a pilot project meant to determine its suitability for supplying power to rural areas.
		Tibone said there have been some perceptions that a single wire earth return technology was an inferior system compared to the other system used countrywide.
		He said these perceptions are clearly misplaced and, to a certain extent, have been aggravated by inadequate explanations on the mode of operation of the technology, adding that the BPC would step up dissemination of the relevant information.
	www.gov.bw /cgi-bin/news.cgi?d=20060309&i=Single-phase_power_supply_ideal_for_rural_areas_says_Tibone (336 words)

	Phase Change Converters - converting single phase power into 3 phase
		The Phase-Changer three phase converter changes a 240V or 480V single phase supply into an equivalent 415 volt 3-phase output, which is just like a utility 3 phase supply.
		Provided you have adequate single phase power available, there is always a Phase-Changer 3 phase converter solution that will reliably power any 3 phase machine.
		Simply put, single phase motors are expensive, inefficient and unreliable when compared to a 3 phase motor.
	www.phasechanger.com (635 words)

	OTB Archives - The Fullerphone
		Communication was mainly by telephone and various Morse buzzer telegraph instruments, connected by a single wire and earth return.
		Fullerphone signals cannot be overheard by induction or earth leakage and can be tapped only by the direct connection of a similar instrument to the line.
		The interrupter is a polarized buzzer, operating on 1.5 volts, using one pair of contacts for driving and a second pair for breaking or "chopping." The DC Morse signals of the Fullerphone at a 550-Hz rate.
	www.antiquewireless.org /otb/fullfone.htm (1419 words)

	Nampower Press Release (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		Powering the Nation and Beyond Single Wire Earth Return (SWER) power networks have been introduced to Namibia during 1994 to bring power to some of the more remote areas of the country.
		Though fairly new, the SWER system has thus far proven to be a technically and financially effective method of providing rural as well as commercial farming areas and customers with power.
		This applies particularly to the stringing of a single conductor as opposed to three conductors as for the conventional three-phase line and the fact that longer spans and therefore fewer poles can be used.
	www.nampower.com.na /nampower/lpr_show.asp?r=237 (291 words)

	Voltage-Operated Earth-Leakage Circuit-Breaker - ECN Discussion Forums
		With respect to Neutral and Earth Busbars in switch-boards, when our Regs changed here in 1992, we were told that you were no longer allowed to connect the Main Earthing Lead to the Neutral B/bar, which was where it had been connected to in all the houses wired previous to this change.
		The disconnection of the main earth from the neutral bar or link has to be able to be carried out in a manner that does not destroy the integrity of the installations earthing system.
		All the circuit earths were soldered on to the main earth, the main earth could then be taken on and off the neutral bar as many times as you liked and earthing system integrity was maintained.
	www.electrical-contractor.net /ubb/Forum9/HTML/000532.html (4159 words)

	ORIGINS.HTM
		But these hoary survivors of the world of brass pounders, of boomers and bonus men; and their milieu of the AP Wires, the Phillips Code, extra boards, Press Wireless and night tricks will soon be as extinct as the teen- age telegraphers of the Civil War.
		In 1811, Herr Schweigger of Nuremberg suggested that only two wires were needed, as the duration of the bubble stream and the spacing of the streams could furnish the necessary letter and number elements, all in binary-coded form.
		Static charges and shifting magnetic fields were problems enough for a single wire with earth return, but when parallel wires were strung for additional circuits, the resulting induced potentials caused garbling and even total signal blockage.
	pages.cthome.net /fwc/ORIGINS.HTM (3199 words)

	When The World Screamed
		The gully is wired off as well as the estate, and the place is guarded by bloodhounds.
		The earth browses upon a circular path in the fields of space, and as it moves the ether is continually pouring through it and providing its vitality.
		The position is, then, that I have sunk a shaft through the crust of the earth and that I am about to try the effect of a vigorous stimulation of its sensory cortex, a delicate operation which will be carried out by my subordinates, Mr.
	www.forgottenfutures.com /game/ff3/wscream.htm (9890 words)

	Wired News: Mars Critics Say, Look to Earth
		Today's $820 million mission using the robotic rovers Opportunity and Spirit may be just the beginning of Mars spending, and that has scientists in all fields a little worried.
		The Bush White House wants to return to the moon and eventually send astronauts to Mars, perhaps by 2035 -- an effort that would cost hundreds of billions of dollars.
		New potential marine sources of energy and medicine, as well as knowledge about climate and origins of life on Earth 4 billion years ago remain largely unexamined.
	www.wired.com /news/technology/0,1282,62569,00.html?tw=wn_tophead_3 (751 words)

	Wiring developing countries - ECN Discussion Forums (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		The good thing about a steel wire is that you can string it for longer distances than aluminium, 250 m or more between the poles.
		Finally, rural areas are not really renowned for up to the minute standards of wiring, and this concerns me the most as the Earthing in an SWER system is the most important wire in the system and I've seen them in all sorts of states!.
		With respect to electro-mechanical stresses on poles and lines, should there ever be a direct short-circuit to Earth, the Fault currents can be such that, the wires up-stream of the break can be seen to twist and snake as though they were possessed by some evil force, it's not a nice sight to see either!.
	www.electrical-contractor.net /ubb/Forum9/HTML/000306.html (2703 words)

	VH Audio (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		This wire is the result of a new process that draws the wire to physical tolerances that are at least five times tighter than most wire manufacturers.
		One of the ground wires is connected to the outlets' grounds (in a star wire fashion), and the other ground is connected to the box.
		There are shielded and unshielded versions of the twisted pair wire, and a single conductor version for use as a ground.
	www.venhaus1.com /VH_Audio_Test.html (7436 words)

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