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Topic: Singular term

	Term logic - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Traditional logic, also known as term logic, is a loose term for the logical tradition that originated with Aristotle and survived broadly unchanged until the advent of modern predicate logic in the late nineteenth century.
		Term logic dominated logic throughout most of its history until the advent of modern or predicate logic a century ago, in the late nineteenth and early twentieth century, which led to its eclipse.
		Term logic was still part of the curriculum in many Catholic schools until the late part of the twentieth century, and taught in places even today.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Term_logic (2358 words)

	Information on Singular term
		Singular proposition (Logic), a proposition having as its subject a singular term, or a common term limited to an individual by means of a singular sign.
		Singular succession (Civil Law), division among individual successors, as distinguished from universal succession, by which an estate descended in intestacy to the heirs in mass.
		Singular term (Logic), a term which represents or stands for a single individual.
	www.wkonline.com /d/Singular_term.html (359 words)

	Medieval Theories of Singular Terms
		Just as some common terms, such as ‘sun’ and ‘moon’, in fact have only one referent, so there are referring phrases which in fact have only one referent, but do not count as singular terms because by the mode of their signification they could supposit for more than one thing.
		Indeed, any term whatsoever could be taken as having material supposition for itself or its equiforms, or as having personal supposition, and in early sixteenth-century Parisian logic texts it was normal to remark that all singular terms are common, and all common terms are singular when taken in these different ways.
		Singularity is not tied to the absence of generality, but to the presence of ‘confusion’ or the lack of discrimination.
	plato.stanford.edu /entries/singular-terms-medieval (7434 words)

	Term logic - Open Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		And it must have a major term (P), let's say "vegetarians", a middle term, say "cats", and a minor term, say "domestic felines".
		which we rewrite replacing the major term P by "vegetarians", the middle term "M" by "cats", and the minor term S by "domestic felines".
		Finally, the conclusion must consist of the minor term followed by the major term.
	open-encyclopedia.com /Term_logic (2756 words)

	Singular "their" in Jane Austen and elsewhere: Anti-pedantry page
		Singular "their" etc., was an accepted part of the English language before the 18th-century grammarians started making arbitrary judgements as to what is "good English" and "bad English", based on a kind of pseudo-"logic" deduced from the Latin language, that has nothing whatever to do with English.
		So it seems that it was only in the late 18th century or early 19th century, when prescriptive grammarians started attacking singular "their" because this didn't seem to them to accord with the "logic" of the Latin language, that it began to be more or less widely taught that the construction was bad grammar.
		Jane Austen's attitude towards singular "their" is shown by the fact that she uses it even in the narration of her novels -- it is conspicuously not confined to the quoted speech of vulgar and ignorant characters, in the way that certain other constructions in Jane Austen are.
	www.crossmyt.com /hc/linghebr/austheir.html (1993 words)

	Russell’s Theory of Description
		Singular term: a word or phrase that refers to an individual object; its semantic value is an object.
		General terms: a word or phrase that refers to/is true of objects that satisfy some general condition; its semantic value is a set.
		On a referential interpretation, ‘The F’ functions as a singular term, with ‘F’ simply being used to ‘point’ to a particular object that may or may not in fact be F. Donnellan’s claim, then, is that, at best, Russell’s account is partial: it completely ignores referential uses.
	www.uea.ac.uk /~j108/Russell.htm (3461 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		Support for the Singular Term Theory Widespread agreement over the singular term theory is hardly surprising, for a strong case can be made for it on a number of fronts.
		Although this conclusion does not by itself imply the singular term theory, it is significant because it significantly weakens the standard syntactic analysis of a functor theory of that-clauses.
		Finally, the view that that-clauses are singular terms is supported by the intuitive appeal of the intentional theory of mind and, correspondingly, a relational theory of the attitudes (e.g., Fodor 1987). On this view, propositional attitude verbs such as ‘believe’ express relations that hold between cognitive agents and intentional contents.
	www.uwyo.edu /moffett/research/attitudes.doc (5912 words)

	20th WCP: A Unified Theory of Names
		One consequence of this distinction is that a connotative term may be either general or singular depending on whether the attribute that "gives the name" is shareable, but a nonconnotative term will always be a singular term applying just to the individual that bears the term as a proper name.
		To predicate a connotative term is to ascribe an attribute.
		A proper name, in contrast, is a nonconnotative singular term having as its sense the attribute of having the term itself as a label.
	www.bu.edu /wcp/Papers/Lang/LangJust.htm (3155 words)

	New Page 2 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		But in negative propositions, the term is denoted not to sup-posit for anything, or to supposit for something of which the predicate is truly denied, and therefore such a negative has two causes of [its] truth.
		And so, in general, a common term that follows such a verb so that it is not merely a part of the extreme always supposits merely confusedly and not determinately.
		That is, one cannot descend to singulars by a disjunctive [proposition] but only by a proposition with a disjoint extreme or with a disjoint part of an extreme.
	www.humnet.ucla.edu /humnet/phil/faculty/tparsons/phil133/OckI7072.htm (4974 words)

	Logic for Dummies
		The former is typical of the singular term, and the latter of the general term.
		Singular terms are used to identify what we might call singularities, unique objects in their capacity of being unique.
		A singular term is singular in that it purports to describe a singularity.
	folk.uio.no /perar/EngLogic.html (15744 words)

	Singular term: Definition and Links by Encyclopedian.com - All about Singular term
		A term that tells us which individual is being talked about (Mill, Prior[?], Strawson)
		A term that is inherently about the object to which it applies or refers.
		A term that is true "in the same sense" of only one object (Peter of Spain[?]).
	www.encyclopedian.com /si/Singular-term.html (114 words)

	CHAPTER XII
		When a singular term is used in a sentence to specify its object, and the sentence is true of the object, then certainly the sentence will stay true when any other singular term is substituted that designates the same object.
		This passage presents a two-fold distinction: one, a distinction among positions occupied by singular terms in a sentence, and, two, a distinction among uses of singular terms in a sentence.
		Objectual quantification is best understood in terms of satisfaction of open sentences, and it appears to me that the problems of determining what it is for a sequence to satisfy an open sentence are to be settled independently of any considerations about what kinds of singular term other than the variable are available.
	www.crvp.org /book/Series02/IIA-3/chapter_xii.htm (7647 words)

	ejap 6:4: Chrisley, "Singular Terms and Reference" (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		By "Russellian singular term", Evans means a singular term whose significance depends on its having a referent (VOR: 46) or, equivalently, any term that, when lacking a referent, cannot contribute to the expression of a thought (VOR: 12).
		Evans' method of establishing singular terms as Russellian was anti-realist because it did so in a way that did make sense's existence dependent on what we can say, and not just in the trivial way that the existence of the sense depends on itself.
		An earlier version of this paper, "The Significance of Singular Terms: A Critique of Evans", presented to the Wolfson Philosophy Society, Oxford, 1 May 1990.
	ejap.louisiana.edu /EJAP/1998/chrisley98.html (9157 words)

	Plural and Singular Term Forms (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		ISO 5964 states that in general the singular is preferred in French and German thesauri, while the plural is preferred in British English and American English thesauri.
		Singular or plural use may also depend on the type of institution that creates the vocabulary.
		Equivalents are acceptable between singular terms in one vocabulary and plural in the other[17].
	www.chin.gc.ca /Resources/Publications/Guidelines/English/Contents/plural.html (161 words)

	Abstract and Table of Contents for "The Paradox of Identity" (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		The meaning of a singular term is exhausted by its reference.
		The reference of a singular term is an entity that is logically simple.
		term), with an ontology whose ground-level objects are ontologically differentiated and logically complex.
	structuredindividuals.com /paradox/toc.html (186 words)

	Bertrand Russell - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		In time, however, he came to agree with his philosophical hero, David Hume, who believed that ethical terms dealt with subjective values that cannot be verified in the same way that matters of fact are.
		Peano was able to define logically all of the terms of these axioms with the exception of 0, number, successor, and the singular term, the.
		Russell's influence on individual philosophers is singular, and perhaps most notably in the case of Ludwig Wittgenstein, who was his student between 1911 and 1914.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Bertrand_Russell (8366 words)

	Chapter Sing-sing <i>to</i> Sinque of S by Webster's Dictionary (1913 Edition)
		The singular number, or the number denoting one person or thing; a word in the singular number.
		The quality or state of being singular; some character or quality of a thing by which it is distinguished from all, or from most, others; peculiarity.
		In a singular manner; in a manner, or to a degree, not common to others; extraordinarily; as, to be singularly exact in one's statements; singularly considerate of others.
	www.bibliomania.com /2/3/257/1210/24064/2.html (240 words)

	Extensions as Meanings: Chronicle of an Exile Foretold
		EX : When in a sentence, a singular term is substituted for another with the same meaning, the meaning of the sentence remains constant.
		If [singular terms] have no other semantic role but to refer, then it appears that if two [singular terms] refer to the same individual, then a principle...is warranted...that says that substitution of one [term] for the other will...preserve...the proposition expressed.
		Whether a singular term's reference is its meaning, and whether the meaning of a sentence remains constant when one singular term is replaced by another with the same meaning, are separate questions--as are whether "Hesperus" and "Phosphorus" mean Hesperus and Phosphorus, and whether the meaning of
	structuredindividuals.com /paradox/2.html (375 words)

	On Sense and Intension
		Analogously, the extension of a general term is plausibly seen as a class: the extension of 'cat' is a particular class of animals (the class of cats).
		For example, the two terms `the morning star' and `the evening star' have the same extension, but this sameness of extension does not seem to be implicit in the cognitive roles of the terms.
		So the intension of a singular term is a function from scenarios to individuals; the intension of a general term is a function from scenarios to classes; the intension of a sentence is a function from scenarios to truth-values; and so on.
	consc.net /papers/intension.html (22489 words)

	THE ORIGIN OF UNIVERSALS:
		I will call such words "singular terms" and the individual objects to which they relate their "referents." Words are like labels we paste onto the objects to which they refer.
		Like singular individuals, Universal Forms are objects in themselves in the sense that their being does not depend on our perceiving them or referring to them; they just sit there, waiting for us to refer to them by means of our general terms.
		In effect, all universal terms are indexicals: Which objects they refer to, their extension, is determined not just by their "meanings," the psychological states of the speakers, but also by the factual circumstances in which they are uttered.
	www.ucs.mun.ca /~davidt/Universals.html (4635 words)

	V. Markin. Aristotle's singular negative syllogistic and free logic (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		According to him, a singular term occurs only as a subject but never as a predicate, singular propositions are considered as a special kind of propositions which couldn't be reduced to universal or particular ones, negative terms can be constructed only from general terms.
		S from a general term S), usual syllogistic constants a, e, i, o, new syllogistic constants j (for singular affirmative propositions) and y (for singular negative), propositional connectives and brackets.
		The reason of this choice is that Aristotle allowed singular terms to be empty, but the standard quantification theory assumes their non-emptiness.
	www.logic.ru /Engl/depart/Markin1.htm (560 words)

	43ComplexDem
		It thereby exhibits `that' as a genuine singular referring term whose contribution to a sentence does not depend on the nominal to which it is conjoined.
		According to us, complex demonstratives are not singular terms, but like Richard we have their nominals contributing semantically to the sentences in which the complex demonstrative occurs.
		If `he' is a singular term, receiving a reference clause in a truth theory, then we must decide whether gender is to play a role in determining the referent of a use of `he'.
	ruccs.rutgers.edu /ftp/pub/papers/semprag.html (12381 words)

	Untitled Document
		Some singular terms are semantically simple in that their references aren't determined by the references or semantic values of any of their parts.
		Other singular terms are semantically complex in that their references are determined by their syntax and the references of their constituent expressions.
		These are trivial transformations that take one from a sentence in which no singular term refers to the linguistic posit to a sentence that does contain such a singular term.
	www.nyu.edu /gsas/dept/philo/courses/concepts/concmean.html (5359 words)

	Edge cracks (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		Since this element has the singularity at its one end only it can either model an entire edge crack or only the near crack tip straight portion of any crack provided that the non-zero crack opening displacement is properly taken into consideration by regular terms such as in (15).
		The size of this crack tip element may be large if a sufficient number of Jacobi polynomial terms in (15) is used.
		The crack opening displacement for the rest of the crack elements is interpolated by ordinary polynomials given by (8).
	www.rci.rutgers.edu /~denda/papers/ctelem/node9.html (621 words)

	Derivation Rules for PD (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		a (the singular term you've replaced with the variable) does not occur in an undischarged assumptions.
		a (the singular term you've used in the assumption for the subderivation) does not occur in any undischarged assumptions.
		a (the singular term you've replaced with the variable) does not occur in q (the statement you're deriving).
	www.unc.edu /~theis/logic/PDrules.html (142 words)

	Singular term -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		Singular term -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article
		A term that tells us which individual is being talked about ((Machine that processes materials by grinding or crushing) Mill, (The head of a religious order; in an abbey the prior is next below the abbot) Prior, (Click link for more info and facts about Strawson) Strawson)
		An expression whose (Act of expanding in scope; making more widely available) extension is an individual (rather than a class or a truth-value)
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/s/si/singular_term.htm (167 words)

	Untitled Document
		wherein the ostensible singular term 'the property of being a dog' evidently refers to the property of being a dog.
		No one will dispute that 'the property of being a dog' is ostensibly a singular term and that its referent, if it has one, is the property of being a dog.
		I use 'proposition' as a term of art for the referents of that-clauses; that is to say, that-clauses are referential singular terms and 'proposition' occurs superfluously in 'the proposition that snow is white'.
	www.nyu.edu /gsas/dept/philo/courses/concepts/lclie.html (7009 words)

	Synopsis of 'Understanding Demonstratives' (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		singular terms is Frege's regarding of the reference of a singular term as
		Now, when it comes to singular terms, the sense of the expression is a
		(ii) the sense of singular terms are existent-dependent
	mind.ucsd.edu /syllabi/95-97/strawson-evans/ud.html (2292 words)

	STC Technical Editing SIG - Corrigo Supplement (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		Though many Latin terms have developed a common singular/plural form (data as a singular term has almost entirely replace datum), but my sense is that this hasn't yet happened with criterion/criteria.
		To quote Merriam Webster's Collegiate Dictionary: "The plural criteria has been used as a singular for nearly half a century...the singular criteria is not uncommon in edited prose, and its use both in speech and writing seems to be increasing."
		More knowledgable writers and editors recognize the singular form will probably go the way of datum.
	www.stcsig.org /te/newsletter/supplement/sep2004_marpollresults.asp (273 words)

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