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Topic: Sinharaja Forest Reserve

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	Ceylon Beach Travel & Tours (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-06)
		The Sinharaja forest was initially declared a Man and Biosphere Reserve (MAB) in 1978, as representative of Tropical Humid Evergreen Forest ecosystem in Sri Lanka and has been recognized by UNESCO as part of its International Network of Biosphere Reserves.
		Sinharaja Forest consists of a series of continuous ridges, aligned approximately in an east -west direction and lies between the tributaries of the Kalu Ganga in the north and the Gin Ganga in the South.
		The Sinharaja Reserve lies within the transition zone of two important groups of rock types, the south/western group which consist of metasediments- charnockites and scapolites bearing calcgranulites and the highland group comprising Khondalites of metamorphosed sediments and Charnockites.
	www.ceylon.cz /en/sinhara.htm (1877 words)

	MSN Encarta - Sri Lanka
		In the central highlands, montane evergreen forests are interspersed with grasslands.
		National reserves and sanctuaries, covering about 27 percent of the total land area as of 2003, have been established for the protection of forests and wildlife.
		Sinharaja Forest Reserve, which protects the island’s last extensive remnant of tropical lowland rain forest, was declared a World Heritage Site in 1988.
	encarta.msn.com /encyclopedia_761568352_2/Sri_Lanka.html (762 words)

	Encyclopedia: Sinharaja Forest Reserve
		Sinharaja Forest Reserve is a national park in Sri Lanka.
		The reserve is only 21km from east to west, and a maximum of 7km from north to south, but it is a treasure-trove of endemic species, including trees, insects, amphibians, reptiles, birds and mammals.
		An interesting phenomenon is that birds tend to move in mixed feeding flocks, invariably led by the fearless Greater Racket-tailed Drongo and the noisy Orange-billed Babbler.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Sinharaja-Forest-Reserve (752 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-06)
		Most of the area was originally declared a forest reserve on 3 May 1875 under the Waste Lands Ordinance and notified in the Ceylon Government Gazette No. 4046, dated 8 May 1875, while the rest was notified a proposed forest reserve in the early 20th century.
		Sinharaja Forest Reserve, comprising the existing and proposed forest reserves, was declared a biosphere reserve in April 1978, and inscribed on the World Heritage list in 1988.
		The soils and ecology of the wet evergreen forests of Ceylon.
	www.unep-wcmc.org /sites/pa/0318v.htm (2970 words)

	Sinharaja Verging Forest
		The vegetation of Sinharaja may be described either as a tropical lowland rain forest or tropical wet evergreen forest.some striking characteristics of the forest are the loftiness of the dominant trees, the straightness of their bole, the abundance of regeneration and the diversity of species.
		One of the most interesting and colorful spectacles to be found in the in the Sinharaja is the presence of mixed species of foraging bird flocks, a phenomenon commonly found in rain forests total of 100 such flocks were systematically observed, and studies have revealed that some flocks contained 48 species including 12 endemic species.
		It is desirable that you, who visit the forest, be sensitive to the need to conserve forests such as Sinharaja.Contray to the chaos and congestion prevailing in urban areas, it is in forests that the quality of life is best expressed.
	www.mysrilanka.com /travel/sinharaja.htm (707 words)

	Sinharaja Forest Reserve in Sri Lanka (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-06)
		Sinharaja is a must-see for all keen birders as well as a great location for general wildlife enthusiasts.
		This lowland forest is considered to be one of the best birding sites in Sri Lanka with 22 out of Sri Lanka's 26 endemic birds having been sighted here, and large mixed feeding flocks providing an unusual spectacle.
		It is possible to enter Sinharaja at several checkpoints with the preferred location, Kudawa, in the North West.
	www.tigertrails.co.uk /sinharaga.html (399 words)

	Asia-Pacific Forestry Sector Outlook Study: Country Report - Sri Lanka
		As the forest policy emphasis was given to timber and fuel wood production, the expansion of forest plantations was used as the main strategy to meet the new demand and reduce the pressure on the natural forests.
		The Forest Ordinance has become greener through various amendments during this period and some activities such as bark stripping, tapping, quarrying, burning lime or charcoal, collecting forest products and pasturing cattle are prohibited in reserve forest under the Amendment Act No. 13 of 1966.
		The remaining natural forests are to be used sustainably to provide for the growing demand for bio-energy, wood and non wood forest products and various services especially for the benefit of the rural population without ignoring environmental objectives.
	www.fao.org /DOCREP/003/W7708E/W7708E02.htm (7144 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-06)
		Sinharaja Forest Reserve is the largest area of undisturbed tropical rainforest on the Island.
		Sinharaja Forest Reserve is a beautiful, tranquil park that is home to a wide variety of interesting flora and fauna.
		Sinharaja boasts impressive 45m canopy trees, and a high proportion of its trees and woody climbers are endemic to Sri Lanka.
	www.i-to-i.com /ProjectBooking.aspx?mid=3281&tabindex=1&tabid=941&subtabindex=0&subtabid=942&pmt=538&prj=3&dst=21&pkg=1&stg=2 (671 words)

	Sinharaja Forest Sri Lanka - EnvironmentLanka - Biodiversity
		Bio diversity of the forest is very high and a large proportion of the flora in this forest is endemic to the country and some endemic to the Singharaja Forest itself.
		Sinharaja is administered by the Forest Department under the Ministry of Lands and Land Development.
		Of the many constraints to the protection of Sinharaja, socio-economic ones relating to the people and organisations in the immediate vicinity of the reserve are perhaps among the most important.
	www.environmentlanka.com /sinharaja.html (2451 words)

	Publications
		The impact of drought on the population dynamics of canopy-tree seedlings in an aseasonal Malaysian rain forest.
		Drought and reproductive phenology in a lowland Dipterocarp forest.
		Forest structure of a tropical rain forest at Lambir, Sarawak with special reference to the dependency of its physiognomic dimensions on topography.
	www.huh.harvard.edu /ctfs/ctfs/publications.htm (5644 words)

	::PLACES OF INTEREST::
		The Hakgala natural reserve can be found at the end of the gardens and is home to a variety of wild life including bears, monkeys and bird life.
		Singharaja Forest Reserve is one of the biggest rain forests in this part of the region.
		Bio diversity of the forest is very high and a large proportion of the flora in this forest is endemic to the country and some are found only in the Singharaja Forest.
	www.ceylonhotels.lk /plase.html (879 words)

	Sinharaja Forest Reserve -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-06)
		Sinharaja Forest Reserve is a (A tract of land declared by the national government to be public property) national park in (A republic on the island of Ceylon; became independent of the United Kingdom in 1948) Sri Lanka.
		It is of international significance and has been designated a World Biosphere Reserve and (Click link for more info and facts about World Heritage Site) World Heritage Site by (An agency of the United Nations that promotes education and communication and the arts) UNESCO.
		There are no (Five-toed pachyderm) elephants, and the 15 or so (Large feline of African and Asian forests usually having a tawny coat with fl spots) leopards are rarely seen.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/s/si/sinharaja_forest_reserve.htm (284 words)

	Birdwatching Trip Report from Sri lanka
		At Gilimale forest near Ratnapura, one bird noted on April 1 and one seen at Victoria Gardens in Nuwara Eliya on April 2.
		Forest Wagtail -- A single at Victoria Gardens on Nuwara Eliya on April 3 was followed by two birds at the botanical gardens at Peradeniya, near Kandy, on April 6.
		Purple-rumped Sunbird -- A pair at Gilimale forest reserve on April 1, a male at the botanical gardens in Peradeniya on April 4 and another male at Sigiriya on April 7.
	www.birdtours.co.uk /tripreports/sri-lanka/sri3 (4536 words)

	Sinharaja Forest Reserve - World Heritage Site - Pictures, info and travel reports
		We approached Sinharaja from the Ratnapura end, I think there are several areas where one can enter, and this was the region closest to us from where we were staying in Avissawella.
		Upon entering Sinharaja, we hiked about 1 and a half kilometers and climbed about 350 meters to reach a mountain summit from where we could see all the surrounding hills and valleys, it was really a remarkable sight.
		Unfortunately for me Sinharaja added little to the experiences already gained and did not really repay the time and effort even though I have no doubt about its significance in terms of being a threatened and unique ecosystem.
	www.worldheritagesite.org /sites/sinharaja.html (1063 words)

	Birdwatching Trip Report from Sri Lanka
		Sinharaja, Sri Lanka’s last major remaining area of tropical wet lowland forest, which was declared a World Heritage site in 1988, is arguably the best site in Sri Lanka for it harbours 19 out of the 24 endemics.
		The park is a mixture of dry semi-evergreen forest, scrub jungle, wetland habitat with shallow water holes.
		A highland plateau comprising of dense, cloud-wreathed montane forest where the stunted trees are hung with lichen and epiphytes, and grassland.
	www.birdtours.co.uk /tripreports/sri-lanka/sri15/report-03.htm (6241 words)

	Holidays in Sri Lanka. World's best responsible & ecotourism holidays
		Sinharaja Forest Reserve is Sri Lanka's last remaining virgin rainforest.
		Mammals include the leopard, sambar, barking deer and wild boar, and there are 45 species of reptiles, 21 of which are endemic.The 22 villages that circle the forest use the resources at the forest's edge: rattan creepers, fuel resins, kitul sap as well as plants for medicinal purposes and food.
		We can learn more about the conservation of the forest and visit educational projects in the outlying villages.Overnight: (2 nights), Sinharaja Forest ecolodge (note that the eco lodge is very basic, but offers you a once-in—a-lifetime opportunity to sleep and wake up in the rainforest).
	www.responsibletravel.com /Trip/Trip100616.htm (1021 words)

	FEEM
		This paper develops a two sector dynamic model for agriculture and forest resource extraction which suggests that agricultural development in the periphery of protected forests may be an effective strategy for forest protection.
		Most experts agree that there are two main causes of deforestation: (i) conversion of forests to farmland and human settlements and (ii) logging and extraction of forest products by commercial and local interests.
		This paper develops a dynamic model that integrates forest resource extraction and farming by local communities, which are related through the amount of household labour allocated to the two activities.
	www.feem.it /Feem/Pub/Publications/WPapers/WP2000-041.htm (520 words)

	.:: Exploresrilanka.biz ::. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-06)
		The reserve has an unique and interesting flora and is often referred to as a refugium for many rare and threatened species of plants.
		The reserve is famous for epiphytic orchid and terrestrial orchids.
		Also visit Hakgala strict natural reserve, consists of a botanicals rich cloud forest which is noted for its endemic flora, especially abundance of wild orchid.
	www.exploresrilanka.biz /wildorch.htm (515 words)

	Biodiversity Hotspots - Western Ghats & Sri Lanka - Conservation Action
		In 1980, the Forest Conservation Act was enacted, providing an important means of biodiversity protection for the entire nation.
		This act states that forested land cannot be used for any purpose without approval by the central government.
		One of the most important reserves in the hotspot is the Sinharaja Forest Reserve, which encompasses 50 percent of the remaining lowland rainforest vegetation in Sri Lanka.
	www.biodiversityscience.org /xp/Hotspots/ghats/conservation.xml (1109 words)

	Sri Lanka conservation tour. World's best responsible & ecotourism holidays
		The eco lodge is in a forest garden, surrounded by paddy fields and mountains.
		The 1,630 hectare nature reserve consists of marshlands, canals, scrub forest, paddy lands homesteads and a belt of mangroves.
		The emphasis is on introducing you to the local culture and landscape - a stroll through a village and a cup of tea in one of the homes; helping to cook a dinner, or a train or boating expedition.
	www.responsibletravel.com /Trip/Trip101289.htm (1518 words)

	The Sinharaja Forest Reserve (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-06)
		Sinharaja is situated close to Ratnapura and is between the villages of Rakwana, Deniyaya and Matugama.
		Out of a total of 830 indigenous flowering plants in the Island Sinharaja has nearly 500 plants and out of 21 native bird species in the country 17 species have made Sinharaja their home.
		The length of the forest is about 21km and width from North to South is about 3.7km.It was declared a Man and Biosphere Reserve (MAB) in 1978,as representative of tropical humid evergreen forest Eco system in Sri Lanka and has been recognized by UNESCO as part of it’s International Network of Biosphere reserves.
	www.slmts.slt.lk /sinharaja.htm (222 words)

	Serendipitous species discovery in Sri Lanka
		Essentially a nocturnal forest bird of secretive habits, it, begins calling at dusk, but remains at its roost until darkness falls, when it starts to hunt, still calling.
		These forests are all protected areas managed by the Forest Department of Sri Lanka.
		The total extent of the five forests is 230 km², and this can be considered the extent of occurrence of the species as known so far.
	www.birdlife.org /news/features/2004/07/scops-owl.html (850 words)

	Sinharaja Forest Reserve in Sri Lanka
		The accommodation we use is located in the hills and provides stunning views of the forest canopy.
		Due to the dense forest animal life is more difficult to spot, although you would have a good chance of seeing Giant Squirrels, Mongoose, Purple-faced langur, Wild Boar and Barking Deer.
		Martin, one of the lodge owners, has observed a large fl cat while driving between his lodge and the Forest Department, though there is no firm evidence it is possible that a rare 'Black Panther' has a territory within Sinharaga.
	www.bengal-tiger.co.uk /sinharaga.html (340 words)

	Sri Lanka - moss collecting
		Lower down was an area of forest in which cardamom had been planted (Gongala Division, Hayes' Estate), which included a stream, and ended at an area of grassland, which was also investigated (locality 5).
		The southern edge of the forest is bounded by a wide river, and rises steeply into rugged terrain.
		We then descended to the north, first looking at an area of forest at 1095 m (locality 12), and then an area of granite pavement with scattered shrubs, and some dryish forest (locality 13).
	www.oshea.demon.co.uk /tbr/srlcoll.htm (931 words)

	Online edition of Daily News - News (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-06)
		The number of tourists visiting Sinharaja forest reserve, has increased rapidly.
		The Department of Forest Conservation has taken steps to provide better facilities to tourists who visit the forest, through a promotion program to be launched shortly, a spokesman of the Ceylon Tourist Board told the Daily News.
		The new program will consist of a propaganda campaign to educate tourists on the attractions of the flora and fauna of the forest and the facilities at their disposal.
	www.dailynews.lk /2002/08/30/new25.html (115 words)

	UNESCO in the Mountains of the World (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-06)
		Soil biology and nutrient cycling; phytosociology of the tree flora; reproductive biology and genetic diversity of under-utilised plant species; population dynamics of plant and animal species; ecology of birds and small mammals, amphibians and crustaceans; long-term forest dynamics; restoration and regeneration ecology; rural sociology; resource economics; mapping of the different zones of the biosphere reserve.
		There are two villages within the south-west of the reserve, and about 52 families live in the north-western sector.
		The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of UNESCO concerning the legal status of any country or territory, or of its authorities, or concerning the frontiers of any country or territory.
	valhalla.unep-wcmc.org /unesco/sites/2105.htm (255 words)

	Sinharaja Forest Reserve in Sri Lanka (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-06)
		Horton Plains has been a nature reserve since 1969 and became a National Park in 1988.
		In common with other Sri Lankan forests growing above an altitude of 5000ft, it has in fact received some protection since 1873 on the advice of the botanist Sir Joseph Hooker.
		The montane forest is very distinctive with all the trees reaching a similar height to protect themselves against excessive precipitation, the western slopes support the most extensive area of cloud forest in the country.
	www.tigertrails.co.uk /horton-plains.html (431 words)

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