| | Art Bulletin, The: Remapping borders: Ren Bonian's frontier paintings and urban life in 1880s Shanghai |
 | | In Shanghai of the 1880s, the Sino-French War, for example, was experienced not as a distant affair but as a daily disruption, given the fact that many Chinese lived in the French concession, and even those living in the Chinese sections of the city frequently visited its shops and pleasure quarters. |
 | | As a direct consequence of the Opium War (1840-42), the treaty port of Shanghai emerged as one of the most cosmopolitan and commercially vibrant cities in nineteenth-century China. |
 | | In addition, the circulation of modern print media such as newspapers and magazines in urban centers like Shanghai not only made events occurring on the nation's borders--once so distant--more vivid and visible than ever but also gave an immediacy to inhabitants' sense of the threat of war and the nation's imperilment. |
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