Sino-Tibetan language family

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Topic: Sino-Tibetan language family

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	Tibetan language - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Tibetan language is typically classified as member of the Tibeto-Burman which in turn is thought by some to be a branch of the Sino-Tibetan language family.
		Languages on the Tibetan Plateau and the Himalayas - Nicolas Tournadre
		The classical written language has nine cases: the absolutive, (unmarked morphologically), the genitive (-gi, -gyi, -kyi, -'i, -yi), the ergative/instrumental (-gi, -gyi, -kyi, -'i, -yi), the locative (-na), allative (-la), terminative (-ru, -su, -tu, -du, -r), comitative (-dang), the ablative (-nas), and the elative (-las).
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Tibetan_language

	Burmese
		The Sino-Tibetan language family consists of the Chinese, or Sinitic, languages (dialects), all spoken in China, and several hundred Tibeto-Burman languages spoken as far west as Pakistan and as far east as Vietnam.
		While this phenomenon has yet to be studied in detail in the family as a whole, it is widespread in both Tibeto-Burman and Chinese languages, and is clearly present in the oldest reconstructible forms of Chinese, and thus apparently was a feature of Proto-Sino-Tibetan.
		Because of the clear relationship between these agreement markers and the independent pronouns, these languages are often referred to as "pronominalized." Many languages of the family are "ergative," placing case-marking on the subject of a transitive verb, rather than on the object as in most European languages, and leaving transitive objects and intransitive subjects unmarked.
	thor.prohosting.com /~linguist/burmese.htm

	Gelao. Who is Gelao? What is Gelao? Where is Gelao? Definition of Gelao. Meaning of Gelao.
		The Gelao language, belongs to the Zhuang-Dong group of the Sino-Tibetan language family.
		The Miao, Yi and Bouyei languages are also used.
		Since the various Geloa dialects differ greatly from each other, Mandarin has been used as a lingua franca and is now the main language spoken by Gelaos.
	www.knowledgerush.com /kr/encyclopedia/Gelao

	AllRefer.com - Sino-Tibetan languages (Language And Linguistics) - Encyclopedia
		The classification of a number of the languages suggested for the Sino-Tibetan family and its various subfamilies is still unresolved, and more work must be done before general agreement is reached.
		Sino-Tibetan languages, family of languages spoken by over a billion people in central and SE Asia.
		This linguistic family is second only to the Indo-European stock in the number of its speakers.
	reference.allrefer.com /encyclopedia/S/SinoTibe.html

	Sino-Tibetan languages - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Sino-Tibetan languages form a language family of about 250 languages of East Asia, second only to Indo-European in terms of the number of speakers.
		Other linguists, especially in China, believe the Tai-Kadai and Hmong-Mien languages belong in Sino-Tibetan, though this view has fallen out of favor in the West, with the similarities being credited to borrowings and areal features.
		Many of the languages are tonal, which however is usually considered to be an areal feature rather than evidence of a genealogical relationship.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Sino-Tibetan_languages

	MSN Encarta - Multimedia - Chinese Language
		This map shows the distribution of the main dialects of the Chinese language, a member of the Sino-Tibetan language family.
		These dialects are sometimes classified as separate languages because of their mutual unintelligibility.
		In addition to the area shown here, Chinese is also spoken by a large number of emigrants throughout Southeast Asia, North and South America, and the Hawaiian Islands, making it the most widely spoken language in the world.
	encarta.msn.com /media_461520369/Chinese_Language.html

	Newari
		Newari is a Tibetic Language (of the Sino-Tibetan language family) spoken in Central Nepal by between 400 and 600 thousand people.
	www.flw.com /languages/newari.htm

	Tibet.Ethno.Info » Tibet´s ethnische Gruppen
		While there is no written language, most Moinba people can speak and write Tibetan.
		In ancient times Tibetans buried their dead in the ground but in modern times Tibetans practise celestial burial (in which the corpse is chopped to bits and exposed on a mountain face to be eaten by vultures and other birds of prey), cremation and water burial.
		Tibetans traditionally wear long-sleeved silk or cloth jackets which men top with loose robes and women with long sleeveless gowns which are tied at the waist with a sash.
	tibet.ethno.info /index.php?p=159

	An Account of Austronesian
		It is agreed that at least 300 languages trace their roots back to the Sino-Tibetan language family.
		Sino refers to the various Chinese languages or dialects, while Tibetan refers to the languages spoken primarily in Tibet, Burma, and surrounding areas.
		At a major language conference held in Beijing in 1955, a consensus was reached and putonghua was introduced.
	linguistics.byu.edu /classes/ling450ch/reports/Chinese1.html

	BBC - h2g2 - Linguistic Isolates
		English (for example) belongs to the Germanic branch of the Indo-European language family, whereas Mandarin belongs to the Chinese branch of the Sino-Tibetan language family.
		Most languages on the planet are gregarious things, so they group together in large organisations, or families with the languages with which they have something in common - their relatives.
		This language was for many years thought to be an isolate but actually had a few relatives (Arin, Assan and Kott) which all died in the 18th century, because people stopped speaking them anymore.
	www.bbc.co.uk /dna/h2g2/A309124

	OHCHR: Tamang (Tam) - Universal Declaration of Human Rights
		This language belongs to the Tibeto-Burman language of the Sino-Tibetan language family.
		Tamang language is one of the oldest languages in the Himalayan region.
		The langauge is known as the "Tamang Language" as it is spoken by the Tamang people.
	www.unhchr.ch /udhr/lang/taj.htm

	Washington Academy of Languages in Seattle
		It is a member of the Sino-Tibetan language family and is quite different from the Indo-European languages.
		Mandarin Chinese, the national language of China, is spoken by approximately one-fourth of the world's population.
		By focusing on practical language usage, students are able to actively participate in situations which they can expect to encounter in their travels.
	www.wal.org /new/wl/classDesc/chinese.htm

	Katia Chirkova
		The Baima language belongs to the recently discovered Qiangic group of the Sino-Tibetan language family and is of considerable interest for both synchronic and diachronic research in Sino-Tibetan languages.
		Conclusion: Baima is an independent language, which belongs to the Tibetan branch of the Tibeto-Burman language family.
		Officially classified by the PRC as belonging to the Tibetan nationality in 1951, Baima people all along maintain that they are distinct from Tibetans in language, customs, history and religion.
	www.let.leidenuniv.nl /chirkova/Baima/handoutbochum.htm

	Languages : Sino-Tibetan Family
		The Sino-Tibetan Family is an important Asian family of languages.
		The language family is thought to have originated in northern China around the Yangse River valley.
		When written, the scripts of many of these languages are derived either from the curly scripts of south India or the angular scripts of north India.
	www.krysstal.com /langfams_sinotibe.html

	The U of MT -- Mansfield Library LangFing Sino-Tibetan
		You have reached the Sino-Tibetan language family page which is just one part of the "Language Finger" homepage, which is an index by language to the holdings of the Mansfield Library of The University of Montana.
		The Sino-Tibetan family of languages covers East and Southeast Asia.
		Thai is the best-known language belonging to the Daic branch.
	www.lib.umt.edu /guide/lang/sintibh.htm

	Language School Explorer - Chinese_language information.
		The Chinese language (æ±è¯/æ¼¢èª, åè¯/è¯èª, or ä¸æ—; Pinyin: HÃ nyÇ”, HuÃ¡yÇ”, or ZhÅngwÃ©n) is a tonal language often regarded as a member of the Sino-Tibetan family of languages.
		The Chinese language, spoken in the form of Standard Mandarin, is the official language of the People's Republic of China and the Republic of China on Taiwan, as well as one of four official languages of Singapore, and one of six official languages of the United Nations.
		In the sense that the written language is based on Standard Mandarin and the dialects are (for the most part) spoken but not written languages, the situation in China is a complex and interesting case of diglossia.
	www.school-explorer.com /Chinese

	STEDT: The Sino-Tibetan Family
		Ersu/Tosu is perhaps an indirect descendant of the extinct Xixia (=Hsi-hsia=Tangut) language, spoken in a once-powerful empire in the Tibetan-Chinese-Uighur border regions, finally destroyed by the Mongols in the 13th c.
		Thus, the 20,000 speakers of a certain language of Nagaland call themselves and their language Memi (and used to call themselves Imemai), but they and their language are now known to outsiders either as Mao, or as Sopvoma (the name of their principal village).
		A further complication is the fact that many language names are used in both a narrower and a broader sense, sometimes referring to one specific language, but often to a whole group of linguistically or culturally related languages.
	stedt.berkeley.edu /html/STfamily.html

	Hmong National Development, Inc.
		Hmong belongs to the Hmong-Mien (a.k.a Miao-Yao) language family.
		Linguists suspect the tonal aspect was not orignally a part of Hmong language, but grew out of contact with the different Chinese languages through the centuries.
		Hmong is a tonal language: The meaning of a word can be completely altered by pronouncing it in a different tone.
	www.hndlink.org /language.htm

	The Hmong
		For these reasons, scholars in the past classified Hmong-Mien as members of the Sino-Tibetan language family.
		Hmong Der and Mong Leng are dialects in the Hmong branch of the Hmong-Mien family, spoken in Southeast Asia and southern China.
		Thomas A. Lyman’s 1976 Dictionary of Mong Njua, a Miao (Meo) Language of Southeast Asia translates leng as ‘tendon, artery; cord; seam.’ The meaning of leng in the context of Mong Leng is unclear, however.
	www.culturalorientation.net /hmong/hlang.html

	Open Directory - Bookmarks: C: chintfc
		The Sino-Tibetan language family - Overview of the Sino-Tibetan language family by the Department of Linguistics, University of California.
		The Miao-Yao Language Family - Overview of the Miao-Yao language family and division in its members.
		Chinese Cultural Studies: The Chinese Language and Alphabet - Description of the languages of China based on the Cambridge Encyclopedia of Language.
	dmoz.org /Bookmarks/C/chintfc

	Linguistics Language Program - LING 19
		The term Mandarin derives from a Beijing expression, which means "officials' language." Since Mandarin, in the guise of Modern Standard Chinese, was adopted in 1956 as the officially sanctioned language for the nation, it has been actively and zealously promoted through the media of education, broadcasting, television, and the press.
		It is the official language of the People's Republic of China and is used by upwards of 720 million people (70 percent of the population) in China.
		The fiction of a single Chinese language persists because of a common writing system with deep historical roots and because of a common ideal of cultural unity.
	ling.ucsd.edu /courses/ling19/ling19langdis/mandarin.htm

	Hindustan Culture
		The Manipuri language of Assam and the Newari language of Nepal are usually classified, along with languages of the Bodo group, as belonging to the Tibeto-Burman branch of the Sino-Tibetan language family.
		Languages spoken in the Indian subcontinent are generally classified as belonging to the following families: Indo-European (the Indo-Iranian branch in particular), Dravidian, Austro-Asiatic (Munda in particular), and Sino-Tibetan.
		Among the Munda languages (classified as a branch of the Austro-Asiatic language family), Santhali and Khasi have the most speakers.
	www.hindustan.org /index/hindustan-culture.htm

	Linguistic Overview
		Another subgroup of the Nu people, those who live along the lower reaches of the Nu river (in China), speak the language known as 'Anung', which seems to be the same as, or closely related to, the Kwinpang dialect of Rawang spoken in Myanmar.
		Barnard 1934 is a description of the Wvdamkong dialect of Rawang, though does not mark tones or glottal stops, and the structures presented there seem to have been influenced by the working language (Jinghpaw) used for the elicitation.
		Within Myanmar, the people who speak what is now known as the Rawang (Rvwang) language (possibly up to 100,000 people) live in northern Kachin State, particularly in the Mae Hka ('Nmai Hka) and Maeli Hka (Mali Hka) river valleys.
	victoria.linguistlist.org /~lapolla/rda/LO.htm

	Untitled Document
		The numerous Naga languages (sometimes classified as dialects) belong to the Tibeto-Burman group of the Sino-Tibetan language family.
		The Naga tribes lack a common language; there are about 60 spoken dialects, all belonging to the Sino-Tibetan language family.
		English is the official language of the State.
	www.geocities.com /tangkhulghy/nagahistory.htm

	Manipuri/Meiteilon/Meithei:
		Manipuri belongs to the Sino-Tibetan family of languages.
		The Sino-Tibetan family branches out into the Siamese-Chinese and the Tibeto-Burman sub families based on the word order – the Siamese-Chinese has SVO word order while the Tibeto-Burman has SOV pattern, where S stands for Subject, V stands for Verb, and O stands for Object.
		the first language of the ethnic group Meitei (Meetei).
	www.arbornet.org /~prava/eeyek/mani_intro.html

	Chinese Cultural Studies: The Chinese Language and Alphabet
		The membership and classification of the Sino-Tibetan family of languages is highly controversial.
		But as there are notable similarities with many other languages of the region, some scholars 'adopt a much broader view of the family, so as to include the Tai and Miao-Yao groups.
		There are nearly 300 languages in the Tibeto- Burman family, and these have been classified in several different ways.
	acc6.its.brooklyn.cuny.edu /~phalsall/texts/chinlng2.html

	Overview of the Chinese Language to Help You Learn Chinese
		Mandarin Chinese is the official language of the People’s Republic of China and Taiwan, and it is the most widely-spoken form of Chinese.
		The Chinese language is a tonal language, which means that a given word can change meaning depending on its tone.
		Another change initiated in the PRC is the widespread use of Pinyin, a system of transliteration, representing the sounds of the Chinese language using the Latin alphabet.
	www.transparent.com /languagepages/chinese/overview.htm

	201Gnrl"InSrchFrstLg"FllOtln
		What kinds of words are used in the reconstruction of earlier stages of a language family as in the case of the reconstruction of Sino-Tibetan by James Matisoff?
		C. The overall problem of the history of the languages of the Americas.
		III. A complex case: The languages of the Americas.
	lang.syr.edu /BigC/firstlang.html

	The Unreached Peoples Prayer Profiles
		Sui is the language of the Shui and belongs to the Sino-Tibetan language family.
		Since this ancient language is used only in worship, Han Chinese is the language most commonly used.
		Neither the Bible, the Jesus film, nor radio broadcasts are available in their native language.
	www.global12project.com /2004/profiles/p_code/2038.html

	Additional Dictionaries
		Tibetic (or Bodic) language belonging to the Tibeto-Burman group of the Sino-Tibetan language family; it is spoken in Tibet, Bhutan, Nepal, and in parts of northern India (including Sikkim).
		Another Tibetan Unicode font, Tibetan Machine Uni, now in alpha release, has been developed by Nathaniel Garson of THDL (University of Virginia, USA) under the guidance of Christopher Fynn, based upon the glyphs of Tony Duff's (Tibetan Computer Company) Tibetan Machine typeface.
		To type in Tibetan use one of the Keyman keyboard layouts, developed by Linguasoft.
	www.popdict.com /dict_tibetan.htm

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