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	Mackinder, Sir Halford John - MSN Encarta
		Mackinder, Sir Halford John (1861-1947), British geographer, civil servant, Member of Parliament, and privy counsellor, often described as the greatest geographer of modern times because of his leading role in the establishment of geography as an academic discipline in Britain, and in the development of regional geography.
		Mackinder was born in Gainsborough, Lincolnshire, and educated at Christ Church, Oxford University, becoming President of the Oxford Union in 1883.
		Mackinder’s main contribution to the study of geography was to argue for the wholeness of the subject.
	uk.encarta.msn.com /encyclopedia_761579095/Mackinder_Sir_Halford_John.html (713 words)

	halford john mackinder - Article and Reference from OnPedia.com
		Sir Halford John Mackinder PC (February 15 1861 - March 6 1947), was an English geographer.
		Although Mackinder was anti-Bolshevik (as British High Commissioner he tried to unite the White Russian forces), the principal concern of his work was to warn of the possibility of another major war (a warning also given by economist John Maynard Keynes).
		Mackinder was given a personal chair at the University of London in 1923.
	www.onpedia.com /encyclopedia/Halford-John-Mackinder (597 words)

	MacKinder, Sir Halford John - MSN Encarta
		Halford John MacKinder was born in Gainsborough, Lincolnshire, England.
		MacKinder was instrumental in establishing geography as an academic subject in Britain.
		MacKinder is known as the author of the “heartland” theory, originally stated in 1904 and revised in 1919 and 1943.
	encarta.msn.com /encyclopedia_761579095/MacKinder_Sir_Halford_John.html (135 words)

	Test Area: Halford Mackinder
		Halford John Mackinder was born on 15 February 1861 at Gainsborough, a small port and market town at the river Trent in England.
		Mackinder always pushed for the founding of a geographical institute in London arguing that there has to be a central place for lectures which are devoted to geography.
		Mackinder became "the grand old man of British geography" who, with the development of his New Geography, lead the field from an age of exploration to an age of education (Martin, James, 1993).
	www.valpo.edu /geomet/histphil/test/mackinde.html (2062 words)

	EURASIAN MOVEMENT
		Mackinder believed that the world had evolved into what he called a "closed system." There was no more room for expansion by the end of the 19th century, for colonialism had brought the entire world under the sway of Europe.
		Mackinder's relevance to the containment of a heartland-occupying Soviet Union in the cold war was so apparent as to approach the status of a cliché."[16] Indeed, many policymakers came from the world of academia, where they were certainly exposed to Mackinder's geopolitical theories.
		Mackinder, Kissinger, Brzezinski, Gray, and the rest all would have us believe that they can see the proper course for policy because they understand the "eternal" realities that the earth provides, despite the fact that their assumptions are often baseless or archaic.
	www.geocities.com /eurasia_uk/mac1.html (3635 words)

	Sir Halford John Mackinder - Encyclopedia.com
		Revisiting the 'pivot': the influence of Halford Mackinder on analysis of Uzbekistan's international relations.
		Halford Mackinder and the 'geographical pivot of history': a centennial retrospective.
		British geographer and founder of modern geopolitics, Sir Halford Mackinder, stated in a historic speech that the Eurasian heartland...
	www.encyclopedia.com /doc/1E1-Mackinde.html (706 words)

	Dr Pascal Venier : Research
		The absence of a systematic study of Mackinder's strategic thought is most puzzling on account of its considerable influence on the history of the twentieth century.
		Mackinder's methodology will therefore be carefully scrutinized, the internal coherence of his arguments will be tested; it will also be necessary to unravel the author's textual strategies.
		Bearing in mind that Mackinder primarily defined himself as a geographer, it is important to apply to his work an "an approach to geography's history that will do full justice to the intellectual and social context within which geographical knowledge is produced" (Livingstone, 1993).
	www.pascalvenier.com /mackinder_research_project.htm (1064 words)

	Reference.com/Encyclopedia/Halford John Mackinder
		Sir Halford John Mackinder PC (February 15 1861 – March 6 1947), was an English geographer and geopolitician.
		Whilst Geopolitik was later embraced by the German Nazi regime in the 1930s, Mackinder was always extremely critical of the German exploitation of his ideas.
		Mackinder was given a personal chair at the London School of Economics in 1923.
	www.reference.com /browse/wiki/Halford_John_Mackinder (770 words)

	Country Information, a world portal on countries, politics and governments
		Sir Halford John Mackinder PC (February 15 1861 – March 6 1947), was an English geographer and geopolitician.
		Whilst Geopolitik was later embraced by the German Nazi regime in the 1930s, Mackinder was always extremely critical of the German exploitation of his ideas.
		Mackinder was given a personal chair at the London School of Economics in 1923.
	www.asiaiworld.com /wiki-Halford_John_Mackinder (636 words)

	CONK! Encyclopedia: Halford_John_Mackinder (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Sir Halford John Mackinder PC (February 15, 1861 - March 6, 1947), was an English geographer.
		Although Mackinder was anti-Bolshevik (as British High Commissioner he tried to unite the White Russian forces), the principal concern of his work was to warn of the possibility of another major war (a warning also given by economist John Maynard Keynes).
		Mackinder was given a personal chair at the University of London in 1923.
	www.conk.com /search/encyclopedia.cgi?q=Halford_John_Mackinder (570 words)

	Test Area: Halford Mackinder
		Halford John Mackinder was born on 15 February 1861 at Gainsborough, a small port and market town at the river Trent in England.
		Mackinder always pushed for the founding of a geographical institute in London arguing that there has to be a central place for lectures which are devoted to geography.
		Mackinder became "the grand old man of British geography" who, with the development of his New Geography, lead the field from an age of exploration to an age of education (Martin, James, 1993).
	wwwstage.valpo.edu /geomet/histphil/test/mackinde.html (2062 words)

	geopolitics - Halford Mackinder, Other Theories, Definitions, Institutions on Geopolitics
		The doctrine of Geopolitics gained attention largely through the work of Sir Halford Mackinder in England and his formulation of the Heartland Theory in 1904.
		The Heartland theory hypothesized the possibility for a huge empire to be brought into existence in the Heartland, which would not need to use coastal or transoceanic transport to supply its military industrial complex, and that this empire could not be defeated by all the rest of the world coalitioned against it.
		The basic notions of Mackinder's doctrine involve considering the geography of the Earth as being divided into two sections, the 'World Island' which comprised Eurasia and Africa, and the 'Periphery', which included the Americas, British Isles, and Oceania.
	encyclopedia.stateuniversity.com /pages/8340/geopolitics.html (704 words)

	Mackinder Sir Halford John: Free Encyclopedia Articles at Questia.com Online Library
		John Ross of London, Robert...travelers have agreed with Sir Walter Scott that Perthshire...acquaintance with Dr. John H. Bridges, one of the...course supervised by Sir William Thiselton-Dyer...introduced a new speaker, Sir W, a curator representing...
		In the campaign Mackinder displayed his...on the Amazons John Murray, London Blouet B W 1975 Sir Halford Mackinder 1861-1947.: some...political career of Sir Halford Mackinder Political Geography...
		Halford John Mackinder was born in the market town of Gainsborough...later Christ Church College, Oxford.
	www.questia.com /library/encyclopedia/mackinder-sir-halford-john.jsp?l=M&p=1 (1067 words)

	Guru Profile
		All this new perspective was development after read some about Sir Halford Mackinder (1861-1947) who propounded the view of Eurasia as the geographical pivot and “heartland” of history.
		I choose Mackinder as my ideal Geographer not only because he outlined his ideas of a "New Geography", and also his theories about heartland are the extension of the theater of operations in Europe nowadays.
		Halford John Mackinder was born on 15 February 1861 at Gainsborough.
	geog.tamu.edu /~ariasc/guru.htm (486 words)

	mackinder
		H.J. (later Sir Halford) Mackinder (1861-1947), the most prominent British academic geographer of the time, joined LSE on its foundation in 1895 and remained on the staff as Reader and Professor (1923) until 1925.
		In brilliant lectures he expounded the principles of the 'new' geography which synthesised the study of the physical landscape and human activity in a historical context.
		Mackinder was active in politics, at first as a Liberal Imperialist standing for social reform, wider educational opportunities and greater economic efficiency: later he became a Conservative.
	www.lse.ac.uk /resources/LSEHistory/mackinder.htm (285 words)

	PARAMETERS, US Army War College Quarterly - Summer 2000
		Sir Halford Mackinder, Geopolitics, and Policymaking in the 21st Century
		Mackinder believed that the world had evolved into what he called a "closed system." There was no more room for expansion by the end of the 19th century, for colonialism had brought the entire world under the sway of Europe.
		Mackinder, Kissinger, Brzezinski, Gray, and the rest all would have us believe that they can see the proper course for policy because they understand the "eternal" realities that the earth provides, despite the fact that their assumptions are often baseless or archaic.
	www.carlisle.army.mil /usawc/Parameters/00summer/fettweis.htm (5556 words)

	AllRefer.com - Sir Halford John Mackinder (Political Science, Biography) - Encyclopedia
		Sir Halford John Mackinder[hal´furd, mukin´dur] Pronunciation Key, 1861–1947, English geopolitician.
		He was a member of Parliament (1909–22) and later held various imperial posts.
		The theory received little attention in Great Britain and the United States before World War II, but the idea of the heartland as a natural seat of power was adopted in Germany, notably by Karl Haushofer, and was used to support Nazi geopolitics.
	reference.allrefer.com /encyclopedia/M/Mackinde.html (269 words)

	Sir Halford Mackinder (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Mackinder was educated and grew up in Gainsborough, he later attended Epsom College and Christ Church Oxford.
		Mackinder even prepared a discourse on Australia at the tender age of 12.
		In 1886 Halford was called to the bar where he continued to formulate further strategies relating to the study and teaching of Geography.
	www.visitoruk.com /gainsborough/history/famous_mackinder.htm (511 words)

	Halford John Mackinder -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Possibly disappointed at not getting a full Chair, Mackinder left Oxford and joined the (Government workers; usually hired on the basis of competitive examinations) civil service, lecturing only part time, mainly at the (Click link for more info and facts about London School of Economics) London School of Economics.
		The Heartland Theory was enthusiastically taken up by the (A person of German nationality) German (A German member of Adolf Hitler's political party) Nazi regime in the (The decade from 1930 to 1939) 1930s, in particular by (Click link for more info and facts about Karl Haushofer) Karl Haushofer.
		Mackinder was given a personal chair at the (Click link for more info and facts about University of London) University of London in 1923.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/H/Ha/Halford_John_Mackinder.htm (559 words)

	Sir Halford Mackinder (1861-1947): an author, politician and explorer, Halford Mackinder helped to put geography on the ...
		Halford John Mackinder was born in the market town of Gainsborough, Lincolnshire, on 15 February 1861.
		Mackinder's background was conducive to learning; his father, Draper, was a doctor, and while the family were by no means well off, they spent much of their income on the children's education.
		Having had the benefit of a French governess, Mackinder was at ease with the French language by the age of nine.
	www.highbeam.com /doc/1G1-121572048.html?refid=ip_hf (206 words)

	The Crisis of the modern World, the New World Order and Kali Yuga
		Mackinder's Heartland theory is a another example of inappropriately applied analogy.
		Sir Halford took Britain's traditional fear of the dominance of the resources of continental Europe by one power and extended it to encompass the entire world.
		Halford J. Mackinder, "The Round World and the Winning of the Peace," Foreign Affairs, 21 (July 1943), 603.
	www.geocities.com /integral_tradition/mackin.html (5418 words)

	ninemsn Encarta - Search Results - Mackinder Sir Halford John (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Mackinder, Sir Halford John (1861-1947), British geographer, civil servant, Member of Parliament, and privy counsellor, often described as the...
		The British geographer Sir Halford Mackinder was also heavily influenced by the concept of the region and by environmental determinism.
		Many scholars have looked to geopolitics for a deeper understanding of the fundamental structure of power relations between states.
	au.encarta.msn.com /Mackinder_Sir_Halford_John.html (93 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Mackinder was the son of a physician of Scottish descent.
		Mackinder observed that the majority of the world's population resided on the HYPERLINK "http://www.britannica.com/eb/article?idxref=262543" Eurasian and African landmass and that control of this “world island” would lead to eventual world domination.
		Mackinder, however, writing some decades before the development of intercontinental ballistic missiles with nuclear warheads, believed that air power did not diminish the significance of the heartland. geopolitics the analysis of geographic influences on power relationships in international politics.
	www.sis.pku.edu.cn /upteachfile/teach200492914395.doc (1378 words)

	Mackinder, Sir Halford John -- Encyclopædia Britannica
		Mackinder, detail of a drawing by Sir William Rothenstein, 1933; in the collection of the London …
		Mackinder was the son of a physician of Scottish…
		Sir Isaac Newton law of gravity helped prove that the sun was the center of the universe.
	www.britannica.com /eb/article?tocId=9049795 (779 words)

	mackinder21stcentury (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Mackinder believed that the world had evolved into what he called a "closed system." There was no more room for expansion by the end of the 19th century, for colonialism
		Mackinder's relevance to the containment of a heartland-occupying Soviet Union in the cold war was so apparent as to approach the status of cliché.[16]
		One of the reasons that Mackinder is being resurrected yet again is because policymakers are searching for ways to conceptualize and deal with the heart of his Heartland--Central Asia and the Caspian Sea--which is a region that has the potential to become a major source of great-power contention in the next century.
	homepages.stuy.edu /~badgleyb/geopolitics/docs/mackinder21stcentury (5620 words)

	Sempa \| Spykman's World
		That same year, Halford Mackinder’s 1919 geopolitical masterpiece, Democratic Ideals and Reality, was reprinted; and a year later (ironically in the same month that Spykman died), Mackinder’s article, “The Round World and the Winning of the Peace,” in which he updated his famous “Heartland theory,” appeared in Foreign Affairs.
		Mackinder, as early as 1904, had identified the northern-central core of Eurasia as the “pivot region” or “Heartland,” and viewed this region as a potential seat for a world empire.
		Mackinder surely would have had no argument with Spykman’s conclusion in The Geography of the Peace that, “The United States must recognize once again, and permanently, that the power constellation in Europe and Asia is of everlasting concern to her, both in time of war and in time of peace.”
	www.unc.edu /depts/diplomat/item/2006/0406/semp/sempa_spykman.html (6663 words)

	PARAMETERS, US Army War College Quarterly - Summer 2000
		Sir Halford Mackinder, Geopolitics, and Policymaking in the 21st Century
		Mackinder's relevance to the containment of a heartland-occupying Soviet Union in the cold war was so apparent as to approach the status of a cliché.[16]
		One of the reasons that Mackinder is being resurrected yet again is because policymakers are searching for ways to conceptualize and deal with the heart of his Heartland--Central Asia and the Caspian Sea--which is a region that has the potential to become a major source of great-power contention in the next century.
	carlisle-www.army.mil /usawc/Parameters/00summer/fettweis.htm (5556 words)

	Sempa \| Mackinder’s World (III)
		During the inter-war period, Mackinder was knighted (1920), lost his seat in Parliament (1922), chaired the Imperial Shipping Committee (1920-1939), sat on the Imperial Economic Committee (1925-1931), was made a Privy Councilor (1926), and continued to write and lecture on geography and related topics.
		The Heartland, in essence, wrote Mackinder, was equivalent to the territory of the Soviet Union, minus the land east of the Yenisei River.
		Mackinder died on March 6, 1947, at the age of eighty-six.
	www.unc.edu /depts/diplomat/AD_Issues/amdipl_14/sempa_mac3.html (1613 words)

	Halford John Mackinder
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		Sir Halford John Mackinder PC (February 15 1861 - March 6 1947), was an English geographer and geopolitician.
	www.spock.com /Halford-John-Mackinder (120 words)

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