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Topic: Sister taxon

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	Sister Taxa (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		For a given set of taxa under consideration, a taxon is always most closely related to its sister taxon (or taxa).
		For any terminal or internal node giving rise to a taxon, the sister taxon is determined by, first, finding the node (common ancestor) for a taxon, then tracing along the branch leading to this node, back toward the root, until another deeper (more ancient) node is encountered.
		The first such node encountered represents the next most recent common ancestor of the taxon in question, and this ancestor is also shared by the sister taxon (or taxa).
	biology.fullerton.edu /biol402/phylo/sisters.html (394 words)

	Lecture Notes, Nat. Hist. Vert., Emporia State Univ.
		The majority of the cladograms show humans as the sister taxon to the chimpanzees, however other studies (with their cladograms) show the gorilla to be the sister taxon to the chimpanzees.
		We will never know which taxon diverged first, but we have more data (the preponderance of evidence) supports the cladogram that shows humans as the sister taxon to the chimpanzees.
		For example, in figure 1-3, the Sauropsida in the sister taxon to the Mammalia; the Crocodilia is the sister taxon to the Aves; the Amphibia is the sister taxon to the Amniota.
	academic.emporia.edu /mooredwi/nathist/chap1.htm (841 words)

	RedOrbit - Science - Molecular Phylogenetics of Squamata: The Position of Snakes, Amphisbaenians, and Dibamids, and the ...
		Strong support is found for Xantusiidae as the sister taxon of Cordylidae, and for the placement of HeIodermatidae within a Xenosaurus-Anguidae clade to the exclusion of Varanidae, which is often considered the sister group of helodermatids (Fig.
		When snakes and anguimorphs are constrained to be sister taxa (a more traditional scenario) in 100 simulated data sets, equalweights parsimony correctly recovers this clade in only 25% of replicates, whereas in 62% of replicates parsimony incorrectly recovers a snake-acrodont clade, as in the original analysis of the real mitochondrial data.
		This grouping (though not the taxon name) dates to Camp's (1923) study, and it is supported by numerous osteological and soft-tissue characters (Estes et al., 1988; Schwenk, 1988 and subsequent authors), as well as behavioral characters related to prey prehension (Schwenk and Throckmorton, 1989).
	www.redorbit.com /news/display?id=107752 (8862 words)

	Interpreting Cladograms
		A terminal node is the hypothetical last common ancestral interbreeding population of the taxon labeled at a tip of the cladogram.
		For example, the clade that includes both Taxon 2 and Taxon 3 is hypothesized, in this cladogram, to include their shared ancestor (actually, an interbreeding population of organisms) at internal node C and everything it gave rise to (in this case, Taxon 2 and Taxon 3).
		In contrast, a grouping of Taxon 1 and Taxon 2 without Taxon 3 is not a clade, according to this cladogram hypothesis, because there is no way to snip off the first two without Taxon 3 also falling off.
	biology.fullerton.edu /biol402/phylolab_new.html (1415 words)

	BIOL201-Lab#1
		A taxon is a particular taxonomic group, which may be placed at a given rank; the plural of "taxon" is "taxa." For example, "Mammalia" is a specific taxon that is often placed at the rank of class (Figure 1.2).
		A monophyletic group or taxon is one that consists of a common ancestor and all descendants of that ancestor.
		Dichotomous, in which sister group pairs receive the same level of indentation and sister group pairs within a given group are further indented.
	www.sci.sdsu.edu /classes/bio201/lab1/lab1.html (5024 words)

	Nature, "Evolution: In search of the whales' sisters" March 16, 2000 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		One is the identity of the cetacean sister taxon.
		If hippos and whales are sister taxa to the exclusion of mesonychids (as molecular studies suggest), then cetacean adaptations such as underwater nursing of offspring and nearly hairless skin could have originated in the most recent common ancestor of both groups (Fig.
		Alternatively, if mesonychids and cetaceans are sister taxa (as the best morphological evidence has it), then the aquatic adaptations of hippos and living cetaceans must be convergences that occurred well after the split of their respective lineages.
	www.stephenjaygould.org /ctrl/news/file017.html (1206 words)

	Abstracts 49(2)
		Physignathus cocincinus from southeast Asia is the sister taxon to the Australia/New Guinea clade.
		Ceratophyllum is sister to the rest of angiosperms whith rbcL alone and in the combined atpB/rbcL analysis, whereas with atpB alone, Amborellaceae, Nymphaeaceae, and Illiciaceae/Schisandraceae form a grade at the base of the angiosperms.
		In a data set with many taxa, a single taxon that contains multiple phylogenetic histories may result in significant global incongruence, but no methods are available in a parsimony framework to localize incongruence to specific clades in a phylogeny and test the significance of incongruence on a local scale.
	hydrodictyon.eeb.uconn.edu /systbiol/issues/49_2/abstracts49_2.html (1957 words)

	BioMed Central \| Full text \| Loss of the flagellum happened only once in the fungal lineage: phylogenetic structure of ...
		Monoblepharis was sister either to the Blastocladiales clade in parsimony analysis or to the Chytridiales in Bayesian analysis (Figure 3), while Neocallimastix invariably occupied a position between the clades of Blastocladiales and Chytridiales.
		Microsporidia were sister to the fungi in all phylogenies based upon RPB1 and RPB2 sequences (Figures 2 and 3).
		Chytridiomycota is paraphyletic and the basal taxon in fungi
	www.biomedcentral.com /1471-2148/6/74 (6810 words)

	Norrbom 1994 Analysis of Cryptodacus, Haywardina and Rhagoletotrypeta Phylogeny (Diptera: Tephritidae)
		With the species of Rhagoletis as outgroup, almost all possible sister group relationships among the four genera are equally parsimonious.
		In some trees the xanthogastra and annulata groups of Rhagoletotrypeta are not sister taxa (i.e., Rhagoletotrypeta not monophyletic), and/or Haywardina is not hypothesized as monophyletic.
		Trees with bimaculata as the sister group of cuculi + cuculiformis are equally parsimonious, however, and the former hypothesis of relationship is not supported with any of the other taxa as outgroup.
	www.sel.barc.usda.gov /diptera/tephriti/Cryptoda/Nor94Phy.htm (2210 words)

	Contemporary Herpetology 2000 Number 2: Wilkinson and Drewes (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		Laurent (1986) and Blommers-Schlosser and Blanc (1993) regarded the sister taxon to hyperoliids to be the arthroleptids.
		Also, Mantella and Mantidactylus, which were sister taxa in their analysis, either formed a clade with an (Aglyptodactylus, Boophis) clade and this clade was sister to the remaining rhacophorids, or the (Mantella, Mantidactylus) clade was basal to all rhacophorid taxa, as concluded by Blommers-Schlosser (1993).
		Other studies addressing the issue of taxon sampling have concluded that increasing the number of taxa in an analysis may better resolve phylogenetic relationships, especially if the added taxa are selected to ensure coverage of the group of interest and to break up long branches (Hillis, 1998 and references therein).
	www.cnah.org /ch/ch/2000/2/index.htm (11804 words)

	Palaeos Systematics: Systematics Glossary
		To identify an organism is to determine which taxon it belongs to.
		the branching points on a cladogram, which are supported by synapomorphies; represents both a taxon in itself, and the most recent common ancestor of the terminal taxa they connect.
		Because sister groups share a common ancestor, they are each other's closest relatives.
	www.palaeos.com /Systematics/glossary.html (1351 words)

	articulata
		Another set of characters is presented that supports the monophyly of Ecdysozoa: molting under influence of ecdysteroid hormones, loss of locomotory cilia, trilayered cuticle and the formation of the epicuticle from the tips of epidermal microvilli.
		Concurring hypotheses: Panarthropoda are either the sister taxon of Annelida within the Articulata (A) or of Cycloneuralia within Ecdysozoa.
		Proposed relationships under the Ecdysozoa hypothesis: Panarthropoda and Cycloneuralia are sister taxa, the closest sister group of Ecdysozoa is Gastrotricha.
	chuma.cas.usf.edu /~garey/articulata.html (622 words)

	Lander University \| Tectura
		Eumollusca is the sister taxon of Aplacophora and includes all molluscs other than aplacophorans.
		The conchiferan shell consists of an outer proteinaceous periostracum underlain by calcareous layers and is a single piece (although in some it may appear to be divided into two valves).
		Gastropoda is the largest molluscan taxon and is the sister group of Cephalopoda.
	webs.lander.edu /rsfox/invertebrates/tectura.html (2955 words)

	Cladistics (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		The sister taxa must each be more closely related to one another than to any other group because they share a close common ancestor.
		Therefore the chimpanzees sister taxon is the human/gorilla ancestor.
		In Cladogram B, humans and chimpanzees are sister taxa and in Cladogram C, chimps and gorillas are sister taxa.
	gushwalogy.org /cladistics.htm (2251 words)

	More Taxa, More Characters: The Hoatzin Problem Is Still Unresolved -- Sorenson et al. 20 (9): 1484 -- Molecular ...
		Olson and Feduccia (1980) argued that the fossil taxon
		Galloanserae and Neoaves are sister taxa and constitute Neognathae.
		Johnson, K. Taxon sampling and the phylogenetic position of passeriformes: evidence from 916 avian cytochrome b sequences.
	mbe.oxfordjournals.org /cgi/content/full/20/9/1484 (7634 words)

	CMNH Vertebrate Paleontology
		Crompton and Luo (1993; Luo, 1994) argue that Sinoconodon is the sister taxon to all other mammals within a monophyletic Mammalia (Mammaliformes of Rowe, 1988, 1993).
		Parsimony analysis by Luo (1994) of these new data and the data from published literature (Hopson and Barghusen, 1986; Rowe, 1988; Wible, 1991) shows that both tritylodonts and tritheledonts are strong candidates for the sister taxon to the Mammalia, but these two alternative hypotheses are supported by very different anatomical characters.
		Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, D. Luo Z. Sister taxon relationships of mammals and the transformations of the diagnostic mammalian characters.
	www.carnegiemnh.org /vp/media/earlymammal.htm (925 words)

	Phylogeny of early tertiary swifts and hummingbirds (Aves: Apodiformes) Auk, The - Find Articles
		The "Jungornithidae" sensu Karhu (1999) are shown to be paraphyletic with the Upper Eocene Argornis being the sister taxon of the taxon (Jungornis + extant Trochilidae).
		As shown by a recent phylogenetic analysis (Mayr 2002), owlet-nightjars (Aegothelidae) are the sister group of swifts and hummingbirds.
		However, Karhu (1988) described a new apodiform taxon, Jungornis tesselatus, from the Lower Oligocene of the Northern Caucasus which agrees with extant Trochilidae in highly characteristic derived features of the humerus (Karhu 1988, 1992).
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_qa3793/is_200301/ai_n9214314 (770 words)

	Amborella not a "basal angiosperm"? Not so fast -- Soltis and Soltis 91 (6): 997 -- American Journal of Botany
		and concluded that Amborella is not the sister to the remaining
		a clade that is sister to the eudicots (tree not shown).
		Pollock D. Zwickl J. Mcguire D. Hillis 2002 Increased taxon sampling is advantageous for phylogenetic inference.
	www.amjbot.org /cgi/content/full/91/6/997 (3491 words)

	Digimorph - Manis tricuspis (African tree pangolin)
		Phylogenetic analyses based on morphological data place pangolins as the sister taxon to xenarthrans (Novacek and Wyss, 1986; Novacek, 1992a, b).
		Some analyses based on a variety of molecular data have pangolins as the sister taxon to carnivorans (Murphy et al., 2001; Scally et al., 2001).
		The fossil record for pangolins includes taxa from the middle Eocene through Pliocene of Europe, the Pleistocene of Asia, the Plio-Pleistocene of South Africa, and a single taxon from the Oligocene of Wyoming (Emry, 1970; Heath, 1992).
	www.digimorph.org /specimens/Manis_tricuspis/skull (708 words)

	Progress in Nemertean Biology: Development and Phylogeny -- Turbeville 42 (3): 692 -- Integrative and Comparative ...
		synapomorphy of the taxon and is used primarily in prey capture.
		The "protostome" taxa form a clade (P) composed of a paraphyletic Ecdysozoa and a sister clade comprised of spiralian coelomates and an acoelomate platyhelminth.
		Annelida and Arthropoda are not sister taxa: A phylogenetic analysis of spiralian metazoan morphology.
	icb.oxfordjournals.org /cgi/content/full/42/3/692 (5185 words)

	Teachers as Scholars 2005 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		Ghost Lineages: When we know that two taxa are sister taxa, we in essence know that they originated at the same point in geologic time - the time of the speciation event that gave rise to them.
		A node is stratigraphically consistent if both of the lineages emerging from it occur later than the node's sister taxon.
		My dissertation research, for what it's worth, suggests that Choristoderes are sister taxon to rhynchosaurs.
	www.geol.umd.edu /~jmerck/tassite/illuminations2.html (583 words)

	Lump Leptotila plumbeiceps with L. rufaxilla
		The two are allopatric, and are widely regarded as sister taxa or as members of a superspecies/species complex (with L.
		Genetic data (Johnson 2004; let me know if you want a pdf) indicate that plumbeiceps and rufaxilla are not even sister taxa; bootstrap and Bayesian support for a sister relationship between plumbeiceps and cassini was strong, with rufaxilla the sister taxon to plumbeiceps+cassini.
		As for the genetic data, although taxon-sampling is far from complete, it seems unlikely that plumbeiceps and rufaxilla could possibly be sister taxa.
	www.museum.lsu.edu /~Remsen/SACCprop110.html (519 words)

	untitled
		In some analyses, the basal Geminella clade was resolved as the sister taxon to the Chlorodendrales.
		Although Geminella, Microspora, Planctonema and Radiofilum are the focus of the investigation, additional taxon sampling from among a wide range of chlorophytan green algae was employed to broaden the context in which to interpret 18S rDNA diversity.
		The remaining Radiofilum taxon (R. conjunctivum) was resolved as the sister taxon to Prototheca wickerhamii in the Trebouxiophyceae (Fig.
	www.bio.utulsa.edu /deepestgreen/Geminella.htm (4788 words)

	Untitled Document (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		Now, look at the best tree for the group and determine which of the taxa is most closely related to to the 4 taxa for which we have good estimates of origination time.
		If the sister taxon is actually a group, then calculate the average distance between the taxon and all of the members of the group.
		Now apply this average rate to estimate when the Mepe and Cema taxa diverged from their respective sister taxa (groups).
	stripe.colorado.edu /~am/TestingClocks.html (846 words)

	Phylogeny of the Anastrepha daciformis species group (Diptera: Tephritidae)
		The following clades were always consistent: maculata + stonei; the daciformis complex (with katiyari as the sister taxon of castanea + daciformis); and the macrura complex (aquila, avispa, bicolor, macrura, and zucchii, with the latter two always clustered and bicolor the basal taxon).
		The species with wasp mimicry wing patterns (the daciformis and macrura complexes) together are the sister group of A.
		The other variation occurred within the macrura complex; avispa is either the sister taxon of aquila, in a trichotomy with aquila and macrura + zucchii, or is the sister taxon of all three of those species.
	www.sel.barc.usda.gov /Diptera/tephriti/Anastrep/dacifgph.htm (2387 words)

	Aplacophora as Progenetic Aculiferans and the Coelomate Origin of Mollusks as the Sister Taxon of Sipuncula -- ...
		Aplacophora as Progenetic Aculiferans and the Coelomate Origin of Mollusks as the Sister Taxon of Sipuncula -- Scheltema 184 (1): 57 -- The Biological Bulletin
		Aplacophora as Progenetic Aculiferans and the Coelomate Origin of Mollusks as the Sister Taxon of Sipuncula
		are the sister group of the remaining extant mollusks, Conchifera; and (5)
	www.biolbull.org /cgi/content/abstract/184/1/57 (442 words)

	BIOLOGY 151 - GENERAL BIOLOGY I
		Definitions: 1) Phylogenetic tree: (= Cladogram): branching diagram reflecting evolutionary history; represents relationships among taxa and recency and common ancestry.
		- Anapsids are the sister taxon of Diapsids - Lizards + Snakes are sister to Archosaurs - Synapsids are sister to Anapsids + Diapsids - Hagfish are sister to Vertebrata - Molluscs, Annelids, and Arthropods are related via an unresolved trichotomy (i.e.
		their relationships are unclear, and together they are sister to Deuterostomes - Bilaterians and Radiatans are sister taxa 4) Node: "branch points": marking the divergence of a species 5) Common ancestor.
	www.usd.edu /biol/genbio/151/paula/pm9.html (302 words)

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