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Topic: Siwalik Hills

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	Siwalik Hills - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Siwalik Hills (also spelled Shiwalik, Shivalik, or Sivalik) are the southernmost and geologically youngest foothills running parallel to the main Himalayas.
		The Siwalik is a relatively low-altitude mountain range cresting at 900 to 1,200 meters.
		The Siwalik Hills are chiefly composed of sandstone and conglomerate formations which are the solidified and upheaved detritus of the great range in their rear, but often poorly consolidated.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Shivalik_Hills (377 words)

	Dehra Dun - LoveToKnow 1911
		The district is bounded on the N. by the native state of Tehri or Garhwal, on the E. by British Garhwal, on the S. by the Siwalik hills, which separate it from Saharanpur district, and on the W. by the hill states of Sirmur, Jubbal and Taroch.
		On the N.E. the horizon is bounded by the Mussoorie or lower range of the Himalayas, and on the S. by the Siwalik hills.
		The principal passes through the Siwalik hills are the Timli pass, leading to the military station of Chakrata, and the Mohand pass leading to the sanatoriums of Mussoorie and Landaur.
	www.1911encyclopedia.org /Dehra_Dun (560 words)

	Siwalik Hills - LoveToKnow 1911
		SIWALIK HILLS, a name given to the foot-hills of the Himalayas in Dehra Dun district of the United Provinces of India, and in Nahan state and Hoshiarpur district of the Punjab.
		The principal pass is that of Mohan by which the main road from Saharanpur to Dehra and Mussoorie traverses the range.
		The Siwalik formation (distinguished for its extraordinary wealth of palaeontological remains) is found on the North-West Frontier occupying much the same position relatively to the Suliman range as it does to the Himalayas, it faces the plains and becomes the outermost wall of the hills.
	www.1911encyclopedia.org /Siwalik_Hills (157 words)

	Hydrogeomorphological Mapping
		The Tertiary group of rocks belonging to Upper Siwalik are dominated by thick boulder and conglomerate horizons whereas the rocks of the Lower Siwalik are characterised by grey sandstone, purple shale and clay.
		Dedudational hills are characterised by steeply sloping, highly weathered hills mainly consisting of sandstone, shales and boulder beds.
		The valley is characterised by unconsolidated clastic sediments, derived from the adjacent hills.
	www.gisdevelopment.net /application/nrm/water/ground/watg0016pf.htm (1572 words)

	The Hindu : Earliest mammals of India
		`SIWALIK' (SEWALIK) Hills, which existed in India, about 20 million years ago, during the Tertiary geological period, south of the Himalayas, between the Indus and the Brahmaputra Rivers, was the cradle of the earliest vertebrates, particularly the mammals of India.
		The Siwaliks were the centre of evolutionary radiation for the girrafids, which migrated to North America and Africa, but totally disappeared from India itself.
		Although the subject matter is naturally very technical, dry as the fossil bones, the author has managed to put it as an interesting narration of the palaeo-geography, palaeo-climatology and palaeo-ecology, as determining the palaeo-biodiversity of the remote past, emphasising the focal point that environmental (ecological) interactions of living beings, ultimately determine speciation and biogeography.
	www.hindu.com /2001/05/22/stories/1322017d.htm (484 words)

	Influenmce of Delhi-Hardwar-Harsil Ridge (DHHR) on Basin Configuration in Himalayan Foothills Belt during tertiary ...
		The Lower Siwalik comprises red clay and sandstone with reddish brown marl and siltstone, whereas the Middle Siwalik consists of sandstone and variegated clay with conglomerate towards the top, and the Upper Siwalik is composed of sandstone and conglomerate with reddish brown silt and clay.
		The southern border of this landscape became the MBT and the Lower Siwalik \vas deposited to south of it in the Outer Belt.
		Fossil equids, from the Upper Siwalik Subgroup of Ambala, Haryana.
	www.earthwaves.org /palpaper2.htm (4521 words)

	Jumna - LoveToKnow 1911 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		The Jumna, after issuing from the hills, has a longer course through the United Provinces than the Ganges, but is not so large nor so important a river; and above Agra in the hot season it dwindles to a small stream.
		The traffic on the Jumna is not very considerable; in its upper portion timber, and in the lower stone, grain and cotton are the chief articles of commerce, carried in the clumsy barges which navigate its stream.
		At its junction with the Tons it is 1686 ft. above the sea; at its junction with the Asan, 1470 ft.; and at the point where it issues from the Siwalik hills into the plains, 1276 ft. The catchment area of the river is 118,000 sq.
	23.1911encyclopedia.org /J/JU/JUMNA.htm (586 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		SIWALIK HILLS, a name given to the foot-hills of the Hima-Iayas in Dehra Dun district of the United Provinces of India and in Nahan state and Hoshiarpur district of the Punjab.
		The Siwalik formation (distinguished for its extraordinary wealth of palaeontological remains) is found on the North-West Frontier occupying much the same position relatively to the Suliman range as it does to the Himalayas, i.e.
		it faces the plains and becomes the outermost wall of the hills.
	encyclopedia.jrank.org /correction/edit?content_id=61564&locale=en (160 words)

	Plants of Nepal: Physiography and Climate
		With the fear of the disease removed, mass migration from the hills ensued, dramatically increasing pressures on the environment.
		Siwalik Hills (including the Chure Hills) [top] — rise abruptly from the Terai plains from about 120 m to almost 1800 m (average ca.
		Four protected areas have been established, but only five of the 13 Siwalik Hills ecosystems are included.
	rbg-web2.rbge.org.uk /nepal/climate.html (2053 words)

	Himalayas - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Tibetan Plateau is near the centre and the Taklamakan plain is visible as the lighter area near the top.
		The youngest of the three is called the Sub-Himalayan Range (Shivalik Hills) and has an elevation of about 1,200 m.
		Above the Terai belt is an upland zone known as the Bhabhar, with porous and rocky soils, made up of debris washed down from the higher ranges.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Himalayas (2712 words)

	Energy and Geoscience Institute Instructional Services Catalog
		The main objectives of the project, as outlined by Texaco Overseas Holding Inc., were as follows: 1) To gain an understanding of the structure of a number of surface anticlines, identified from photogeologic maps in the Siwalik Hills of SE Nepal, by the construction of geologic maps and structural sections.
		Tectonic Evolution of the Siwalik Belt 105 5.1.
		N-S striking upper and middle Siwaliks on the E side of the Siswari Dhar.
	associates.egi.utah.edu /Database/ReportReview.cfm?Record=196 (1012 words)

	Chapter SITTRINGY <i>to</i> SIWALIK of S by The Hobson Jobson Dictionary
		1594–5.—“The force marched to the Siwálik hills, and the Bakhshí resolved to begin by attacking Jammú, one of the strongest forts of that country.”—Akbar Náma, in Elliot, v.
		The Siválik, or Sub-Himalayan range of hills, is considered, in the Hindu mythology, as the Lútiah or edge of the roof of SIVA’S dwelling on the Himálaya, and hence they are called the Siva- ala or Sib-ala, which by an easy transition of sound became the Sewálik of the English.
		The most important being the Siwálik hills, a term especially applied to the hills south of the Deyra Dún, but frequently employed in a wider sense.”—Medlicott and Blanford, Man. of the Geology of India, Intro.
	www.bibliomania.com /2/3/260/1286/20234/3.html (680 words)

	GEO_PLATE_F-19.HTML (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Belka Hill is a part of the Siwalik Hills, which mark the southern margin of the Himalaya Range.
		These hills are generally 1000 to 1300 m above sea level and consist of dissected Miocene and Pliocene continental fluvial sediments deposited as the Himalayas formed by the continental collision of the Indian subcontinent into Asia.
		The Kosi River emerges from the Siwalik Hills near the town of Chatra, where old fan surfaces and adjacent hills have a savanna forest cover (Figure F-19.1).
	disc.gsfc.nasa.gov /geomorphology/GEO_4/GEO_PLATE_F-19.HTML (733 words)

	Tourism Sirmaur District, Himachal Pradesh, India
		The Siwalik Fossil Park, saketi is situated amidst picturesque exposures of the Siwalik hills in the Markanda Valley, Sirmour District, Himachal Pradesh.
		The Siwalik rocks are famous all over the World for the embedded remains of various vertebrate animals and plants that flourished during a time span of 25 million years and evolved along diverging lines giving rise to the present day forms of land animals and plants.
		The Siwalik fossil Park, Saketi, is one of the rare gifts of nature in Siwalik hills, wherein the remains of extinct prehistoric animals have been found preserved as fossils, and is a rich geological heritage.
	www.hpsirmaur.nic.in /place2.htm (682 words)

	Foothills - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		They are generally larger than hills, but not as tall as nearby mountains.
		Many neighborhoods and communities found in such a location are termed "the foothills".
		The Siwalik Hills along the Himalayas in the Indian subcontinent
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Foothills (149 words)

	NationMaster - Encyclopedia: List of mountains in India (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Map of The Nilgiris district The Nilgiris or Blue Mountains are a range of mountains and a district in the south-Indian states of Tamil Nadu and Kerala.
		The Vindhya Range is a range of hills in central India, which geographically separates The Indian subcontinent into northern India and Southern India.
		The Garo Hills are part of the Garo-Khasi range in Meghalaya, India.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/List-of-mountains-in-India (531 words)

	Investigating River Channel Changes as a consequence of Continuous Flood Hazard in Terai Region of Napal using Remotely ...
		As a consequence, high sediment depositions are observed in the border of the Siwalik and Terai regions where the rugged terrain of Siwalik Hils change to relatively flat floodplain.
		The analysis was focused on the process of accumulation, river channel aggradation, degradation, and formation of new channels as a consequence of heavy sediment unloading in the monsoon period of the Siwalik originate rivers.
		This river originates at an altitude of 708 meters, south of Sindhulimadi, and flow inn the direction of north-south from Siwalik Hills to the Terai region.
	www.gisdevelopment.net /aars/acrs/1996/ts3/ts3001pf.htm (3302 words)

	An Overview of the Siwalik Acheulian & Reconsidering Its Chronological Relationship with the Soanian
		One such region is the Siwalik range of hills, varying in elevation and lateral extent from Pakistan to Bhutan in northern South Asia.
		The Siwalik hills are located within the political boundaries of Pakistan, India, Nepal, and Bhutan, and range between 6 to 90 km in width (Acharyya 1994) (Figure 1).
		However, we are primarily concerned with the Formations of the Upper Siwalik Subgroup (and younger sediments), of whose ages are concurrent with Pleistocene hominid dispersal and occupation throughout West Asia, South Asia, and Southeast Asia.
	www.shef.ac.uk /assem/issue7/chauhan.html (7704 words)

	Zoo-geographical distribution and the status of coldwater fish in Nepal. (by K.J. Rajbanshi)
		To the north of Terai there are two hill ranges - the Siwalik hills with an average altitude of 1 500 - 2 000 m, and further north the Mahabharat hills with a range of 2 000 - 3 000 m.
		Further north are high hills - an extension of the Mahabharat hills which ranges from 2 000 to 5 000 m and roughly covers about 55% of the total area of the country.
		The cold waters of hill region have fish fauna rich in species and numbers, while the waters of the mountain region (Inner-Himalaya) have a poorer fish fauna due to low water temperature and fast current which may be torretial in places.
	www.fao.org /docrep/005/y3994e/y3994e0r.htm (6806 words)

	Hobson Jobson Dictionary
		Among the older Mahommedan historians the term Siwālikh is applied to a territory to the west of and perhaps embracing the Aravalli Hills, but certainly including specifically Nagore (Nāgaur) and Mandāwar the predecessor of modern Jodhpūr, and in the vicinity of that city.
		The chief trade of the inhabitants of these hills is in muskbags, the tails of the mountain cow, saffron, lead, and copper.
		In the language of Hind Sawalâk means a lak and a quarter (or 125,000), and Parbat means a hill, that is, the 125,000 hills.
	dsal.uchicago.edu /cgi-bin/philologic/getobject.pl?c.2:1:181.hobson (2106 words)

	NationMaster - Encyclopedia: Ghaggar River (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		It originates in the Shivalik Hills of Himachal Pradesh and flows through Punjab and Haryana to Rajasthan; just southwest of Sirsa in Haryana, this seasonal river feeds two irrigation canals that extend into Rajasthan, and is thereby consumed.
		A season is one of the major divisions of the year, generally based on broad climatic patterns.
		And some Rig-vedic verses (6.61.2) indicate that the Sarasvati river originated in the high Himalayas like the ancient "Sarasvati-Sutlej" river where she could "burst with her strong waves the ridges of the hills", and not merely in the Himalayan foothills like the present-day Sarasvati-Ghaggar river.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Ghaggar-River (726 words)

	DEVELOPMENT OF CABLE TRAIL BRIDGES IN NEPAL (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		The total area of the country is 147,000 sq km, of which almost 80% area comprises of the hills and mountains and of the total population of the country (25 million), 52% population lives in the hills and mountains alone.
		Therefore, the development of transport infrastructure, especially the construction of roads is very difficult and a costly affair, and at the same time, maintaining and making it operational round the year is further complicated by the heavy rainfall during the monsoon.
		As such, total length of the road network stands at 16,000 km and fifteen district headquarters still are not connected with the national road network and road density is among the lowest in the world with 14 km per 100 sq km and 3 km of fl topped road per 10,000 persons.
	www.nepaltrailbridges.org /rates/trail2rural.html (3065 words)

	Himalayas
		During the colonial period, these and other hill stations were used by the British as summer retreats to escape the intense heat of the plains.
		The area of northeastern India adjacent to Burma and Bangladesh consists of numerous hill tracts, averaging between 1,000 and 2,000 meters in elevation, that are not associated with the eastern part of the Himalayas in Arunachal Pradesh.
		The Garo, Khasi, and Jaintia hills are centered in the state of Meghalaya and, isolated from the northeastern ranges, divide the Assam Valley from Bangladesh to the south and west.
	www.indianchild.com /himalayas.htm (686 words)

	PRESENCE OF VEDIC SARASWATI SIGNATURE IN ADI BADRI AREA, DISTRICT YAMUNANAGAR, HARYANA
		It is a well known geological knowledge that these high rade metamorphic rocks are not found in the Siwalik hils right from Kashmir Himalaya in the west to Arunachal Pradesh in the eastern part of Himalayan extremity.
		Moreover, the aforesaid locality is situated very near to Sudanwala T3 terrace (Puri, 1999) towards north east that lies over Siwalik Hills and posseses pebbles of similar lithology wherein the ratio of high grade metamorphic rock pebbles is extremely high.
		Any drainage originating from Shiwalik hills can not transport pebbles of high grade metamorphic rocks and deposit on its own terraces since these rocks do not exit in Siwalik hills as mentioned earlier.
	yamunanagar.nic.in /saranew1.htm (896 words)

	SIWALIK HILLS - Online Information article about SIWALIK HILLS
		SIWALIK HILLS - Online Information article about SIWALIK HILLS
		SIWALIK HILLS, a name given to the See also:
		conglomerate hills, the solidified and upheaved detritus of the See also:
	encyclopedia.jrank.org /SIV_SOU/SIWALIK_HILLS.html (326 words)

	Siwalik Hills - Search Results - MSN Encarta
		Siwalik Hills - Search Results - MSN Encarta
		Mountain, name usually applied to region of land that is raised rather steeply above the surrounding terrain.
		compared to mountains, cities containing noteworthy hills, quotations, regrading (flattening) of hills, similar landforms
	encarta.msn.com /encnet/refpages/search.aspx?q=Siwalik+Hills (100 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Investigation of the relationships between basin morphology, tectonic uplift, and denudation from the study of an active fold belt in the Siwalik Hills, Nepal
		The analysis focuses on an area in the Siwalik Hills (central Nepal), where lithology and climate can be considered as uniform.
		This area undergoes rapid tectonic uplift at rates of up to 15 mm/yr, which are derived from the geometric pattern of a fault-bend model of fold growth.
	www.agu.org /pubs/abs/jb/1998JB900098/1998JB900098.html (382 words)

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