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Topic: Skatole

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	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		The aim of the present study was the development of a rapid and accurate HPLC method for the measurement of skatole and indole (less pronounced odour) to characterize influences by slaughter weight, breed and age thus testicular activity on the levels in adipose tissue and muscle of pigs.
		Skatole and indole levels in adipose tissues of boars and barrows from the crossbreeds BHZP, DE x DL, Pi x DL were investigated.
		The adipose skatole levels of the barrows never reached the 250 ng/g mark (threshold concentration for consumer acceptability), which was exceeded by 7.2 % of the boars, whereas the heavier ones reached up to 12.3 %.
	www.vetmed.uni-muenchen.de /english/research/dissertations/promotion/ws99-00/HillenbrandM.txt (407 words)

	Boar Taint: How Much Is Too Much?
		Levels of skatole were measured in fat samples using the Danish colorimetric method and levels of the boar taint steroids were measured in salivary glands and fat using the chemical test developed in this lab.
		Levels of skatole varied somewhat among the four breeds, with highest levels in Hampshire and lowest levels in Yorkshire males.
		There was a significant regression of the levels of the boar taint compounds with percent lean, with leaner animals having lower levels of boar taint steroids in salivary gland and fat and skatole in fat (regression coefficients of -0.808, 0.0418 and -0.0045, respectively).
	mark.asci.ncsu.edu /nsif/96proc/opcap5.htm (851 words)

	Effects of butyrate on apoptosis in the pig colon and its consequences for skatole formation and tissue accumulation -- ...
		Skatole in adipose tissue was determined as described by Dehnhard et al.
		Hepatic metabolism of skatole in pigs by cytochrome P4502E1.
		Skatole concentrations in blood plasma of pigs as influenced by the effect of dietary factors on gut mucosa proliferation.
	jas.fass.org /cgi/content/full/81/1/239 (5012 words)

	Fink, Wolfgang:Der Gehalt der geruchsaktiven Stoffe 5[alpha]-Androstenon, Skatol und Indol im Rückenspeck männlicher ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Skatole was characterised as smelling "musty, mouldy, like moth ball", 5aandrostenone as "urinelike, like in a men"s toilet".
		No definitive answer could be found for skatole, however, a threshold of acceptance of 0.25 yg/g can be considered realistic.Of the 43 people of the LUA Nordbayern participating in preliminary trials, 9 were selected for the sensoric testing of the native samples.
		This correlation is much less pronounced for skatole (rS = 0.39).In the sensoric test, 40 % of the variation in the assessment of the smell for 5aandrostenone (Bp = 33 %) and skatole (Bp = 15 %) could be described with an assumed linear model.
	library.vetmed.fu-berlin.de /diss-abstracts/99756.html (784 words)

	[No title]
		Skatole (3-methyl-indole) is one of the main components of boar taint and produces a disagreeable off-odor and off-flavor in the meat.
		Skatole is produced by the bacterial degradation of tryptophan in the hindgut and is absorbed into the bloodstream and deposited in the fatty tissues.
		Levels of skatole and the skatole metabolite MIII were higher in the male Wild Pig crossbreds, while the ratio between MII and MIII were lower in comparison with the male Yorkshire pigs (Table 1).
	www.uoguelph.ca /research/swine/twenty.htm (1340 words)

	Genetics of Boar Taint: Implications for the Future Use of Intact Males
		Skatole is produced by bacteria in the hindgut of the pig and then absorbed into the blood stream.
		Levels of skatole are higher in uncastrated males, probably due to decreased metabolism and clearance by the liver.
		We have extensively studied the metabolism of skatole in the liver of pigs and identified the major metabolites that are formed by Phase I metabolism (Diaz et al., 1999).
	mark.asci.ncsu.edu /nsif/99proc/squires.htm (2787 words)

	Home-Boar Taint - A Time Bomb or a Fallacy?
		Skatole, a metabolite of the amino acid tryptophan, produced in the hindgut by intestinal bacteria.
		While androstenone and skatole are the primary contributors to boar taint there are several other compounds that may in some carcasses make a significant contribution to the perception of boar taint.
		Because skatole is produced in the hindgut, its concentration in faeces is extremely high.
	www.petalia.com.au /Templates/StoryTemplate_Process.cfm?specie=Other&story_no=1472 (2212 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Skatole (3-methyl-indole) is produced by the breakdown of tryptophan by bacteria in the hind gut of pigs and other animals (see Moss et al.,"Boar taint : the role of skatole", Meat Focus International, October 1992 ; and Babol et al.,"Boar taint in entire male pigs", EAAP Publication No 92).
		Skatole is critical to consideration of boar taint'.
		Chromosome Trait 2 Skatole 4 Skatole, androstenone 7 Androstenone 8 Androstenone, indole 9 Androstenone 11 Skatole, androstenone, indole 12 Skatole 13 Androstenone, indole 16 Androstenone 17 Androstenone Skatole, androstenone, indole
	www.wipo.int /cgi-pct/guest/getbykey5?KEY=01/57250.010809&ELEMENT_SET=DECL (7200 words)

	NZSAP 2003 Proceedings: Abstract AB03005 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Skatole and indole are formed in the rumen from the degradation of dietary protein.
		This study investigated the concentrations of skatole and indole in the rumen of sheep after feeding white clover (WC), perennial ryegrass (PRG) and the CT forage, Lotus corniculatus (LC).
		There was a higher peak concentration of indole, but not skatole, in the rumen of sheep fed PRG compared to sheep fed LC (P<0.05).
	www.nzsap.org.nz /proc/2003/ab03005.html (295 words)

	An industry guide to the production of heavier pigs (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Skatole is of dietary origin and is a by-product from the microbial fermentation of tryptophan (an essential amino acid) in the pig’s gut.
		Skatole can be found in meat from boars, gilts and castrates, but levels are usually highest in boars.
		Skatole is excreted in the faeces and can be recycled by the pig through skin contact and inhalation of contaminated dust particles.
	www.thepigsite.com /FeaturedArticle?AREA=FeaturedArticle&Display=911 (4977 words)

	Matforsk:: Publikasjonsoversikt (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Levels of androstenone and skatole and the occurrence of boar taint in fat from young boars.
		Skatole and androstenone were measured in fat from young boars raised in 4 herds.
		Cotelette samples with high levels of skatole and androstenone had a significantly higher score for boar odour and boar flavour than samples with only high levels of skatole or high levels of androstenone.
	www.matforsk.no /web/publma.nsf/PrintViewE/15165C239B6A7CD4C1256DC0002E6BB0!OpenDocument (266 words)

	Darcof > Research > The consequences of genetically modified crops for organic farming in Denmark
		Boar taint is caused by a complex interaction of an overproduction of the pheromone androstenone, which is produced in the testes, and a high level of skatole that acts as an odour enhancer (see Box 1).
		A reduction in the skatole concentration also improves the aroma and taste of meat from proportion of female pigs that also exhibit boar taint.
		Finally, another experiment showed that feeding various amounts of dried chicory root for 1-3 weeks reduced the concentration of skatole dependent on the amount chicory root that was added (Figure 2).
	www.darcof.dk /research/chicory.html (1385 words)

	Boar taint (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Genetic and nutritional effects on the boar taint traits of androstenone, skatole and indole and the eating quality traits associated with boar taint were examined by testing animals from four selection lines and a control line on isoenergetic diets, which differed in ileal digestible lysine : digestible energy (0.40, 0.76 and 1.12 g lysine/MJ DE).
		The significant diet with feeding regime interaction for log transformed fat content of skatole and indole were essentially due to significantly higher log transformed fat contents with ad-libitum feeding of the high lysine diet compared to restricted feeding (skatole : -1.94 v.
		Log transformed fat content of androstenone and skatole were significantly correlated with sensory panel score for skatole odour (0.37 and 0.46, s.e.
	www.projects.roslin.ac.uk /lean_growth/refs/ref20.html (323 words)

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		Skatole was additionally measured in blood plasma that was sampled daily.
		After killing barrows at the end of the feeding period, fat tissue for skatole measurement and colon tissue for histological quantification of mitosis and apoptosis were obtained.
		The mean concentration of skatole in fat tissue was 167 ng/g tissue in controls, and below the detection limit (0.8 ng/g) in the PS group (P < 0.001).
	www.hair-loss-stop.com /ref-fatty-acid-3/fatty-acid-research-abs4.6.html (1424 words)

	BSAS \| The relationship between adipose tissue skatole levels, rates of hepatic microsomal skatole metabolism and ...
		Skatole metabolism by liver microsomes was inhibited by diallyl sulphide, a specific inhibitor of cytochrome P450IIE1 but not by inhibitors of other P450 isoforms.
		These results show that the levels of deposition of backfat skatole in LW pigs are inversely related to the rate at which skatole can be metabolized by liver microsomes, and this in turn depends on the level of expression of cytochrome P450IIE1 mRNA in the liver.
		The M breed was shown to express high levels of the multidrug resistance protein in liver, and it is suggested that export of skatole from liver via this transport protein may be an additional factor regulating backfat skatole in M pigs, but not in the LW breed.
	www.bsas.org.uk /Publications/Animal_Science/2002/Volume_74_Part_3/461 (399 words)

	Method for determining indole compounds associated with boar taint in pork as well as a sample container to be used in ...
		By the method skatole and indole are not specifically determined, but rather the total contents of skatole equivalents of the sample.
		The lard may advantageously be taken subcutaneously from the occipital region of the animal, where the layer of lard is suitably thick, but in general the contents in the lard of skatole and indole are the same irrespective of from which part of the animal the sample of lard is taken.
		If, in this manner, the skatole concentrations obtained by the embodiment according to Example 1 and the embodiment according to Example 2 are compared to the spectrophotometric measuring results obtained by the method disclosed in DK patent No. 154.667, correlation factors of almost 1.000, that is 0.995 and 0.988, 5respectively, are obtained.
	www.freepatentsonline.com /5344780.html (4856 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of 16-androstene steroids, skatole, size of accessory sexual glands and live weight on the development of boar taint in entire male pigs.
		Samples of loin chops from the animals were evaluated by a trained sensory panel for the presence of boar odour and boar flavour.
		The present results indicate that, although both 16-androstene steroids and skatole are important, they cannot completely account for the occurrence of boar taint detected by a trained sensory panel.
	www.elsevier.com /cdweb/journals/09639969/articles/28/6/096399699500042.abstract.en (303 words)

	Australian Pork Limited (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Skatole ranged from 0 to 0.6 mg/gm (average 0.13 mg/gm).
		Sensory analysis with a trained taste panel of the ham and bacon indicated that the concentration of androstenone and skatole in fat had no significant association with any sensory attribute of bacon, but the concentration of skatole was found to be significantly related to tenderness and moisture scores of ham.
		It was also found for bacon, but not for ham, that increasing dietary lysine was associated with improved texture, tenderness, moisture and overall acceptability. PST administration was associated with increased flavour, texture, tenderness and overall acceptability of bacon, but it did not significantly change any sensory appraisal attribute of ham.
	www.apl.au.com /index.cfm?menuid=7F626423-9027-E533-1F33AA26AE682856 (359 words)

	[No title]
		Food for Thought Bug parts, human hair, and skatole (don't ask) are all ingredients in the food you eat.
		To those with a smattering of chemistry, skatole is the most startling - it is one of dung's key components.
		Like skatole, its role is to help blend a mix of flavors or fragrances together.
	www.anandnatrajan.com /recipes/additives.txt (1052 words)

	Influences of skatole formation from tryptophan in the pig colon.
		Influences of skatole formation from tryptophan in the pig colon.
		Variable amounts of skatole (3-methyl-indole) are formed by microbes out of tryptophan in the colon of pigs.
		In consequence, a dramatically rise of skatole in blood plasma and fat was measurable.
	www.uni-hohenheim.de /i3ve/00068900/21503041.htm (231 words)

	Swine
		Boar taint is caused by high levels of skatole and/or androstenone in carcasses.
		Androstenone is synthesized in the testis, while skatole is produced by the bacterial degradation of skatole in the gut.
		The metabolism and clearance of skatole has also been studied to identify the metabolites of skatole which are associated with skatole levels in fat.
	www.aps.uoguelph.ca /~lrs/Papers/cgil5yr/node28.html (390 words)

	(WO 01/23601) NOVEL ENZYMES AND METABOLITES INVOLVED IN SKATOLE METABOLISM [Repub: 16.08.2001] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Measuring levels of these metabolites in a pig may be useful in identifying the pig's ability to metabolize skatole and its susceptibility to boar taint.
		The novel enzymes involved in skatole metabolism are aldehyde oxidase and CYP2A6.
		Enhancing the activity of these enzymes may be useful in enhancing skatole metabolism and reducing boar taint.
	www.wipo.int /ipdl/IPDL-CIMAGES/view/pct/getbykey5?KEY=01/23601.010816 (217 words)

	The last word - The Last Word \| Print \| New Scientist
		Palo Alto, California, US The smelly substance in excrement is skatole (3-methylindole), and it is the substance to which the human nose is most sensitive on a per molecule basis.
		We have evolved to be repelled by it because excrement transmits disease and we should steer clear.
		However, skatole doesn't always trigger the disgust reaction in humans, nor is the reaction shared by the whole animal kingdom.
	www.newscientist.com /article.ns?id=mg18124397.000&print=true (880 words)

	AllRefer.com - tryptophan (Biochemistry) - Encyclopedia
		Deficiency of tryptophan in the diet enhances the progress of the vitamin-deficiency disease pellagra, which is treated by restoring nicotinic acid to the diet, usually supplemented with tryptophan.
		Bacteria in the intestine break tryptophan down to compounds such as skatole and indole, which to a great extent are responsible for the unpleasant odor of feces.
		Tryptophan contributes to the structure of proteins into which it has been incorporated by the tendency of its side chain to participate in hydrophobic interactions (see isoleucine).
	reference.allrefer.com /encyclopedia/T/tryptoph.html (292 words)

	Slagteriernes Forskningsinstitut (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		One of the questions to be raised was if the lupines with the rather high content of oligosaccarides could decrease the skatole concentration in backfat of castrated male and female pigs as seen in blood plasma from Vena jugularis in an earlier experiment with entire male pigs (Jensen and Jensen, 1998).
		An other question to answer was whether the protein level had no effect on skatole concentration as it was seen to be the case in an earlier experiment (Mortensen et al., 1989)Mortensen, 1990).
		The pigs on the two treatments fed 25% lupines had significantly lower skatole concentrations in backfat compared with the control treatments fedorganicconcentratewithoutlupines(P<0.001), and there was no difference in skatole concentration between protein levels (80% vs. 100%).
	www.danskeslagterier.dk /smcms/SF_forside/Videncenter_SF/Publikationer_SF/publ_2003/Effect_of_Lupine?ID=5882 (827 words)

	Babol et al., March 1998 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Skatole is metabolized in the liver, and this metabolism could affect concentrations of skatole in fat.
		Inhibitors of P450 were added to microsomal incubations, and their effect on the formation of skatole metabolites and skatole disappearance was evaluated.
		The metabolism of skatole in liver by this enzyme could be an important factor in regulating the concentrations of skatole in the fat of pigs.
	www.asas.org /jas/abs/1998/mar822abs.html (373 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Skatole is the by-product of protein digestion and is present in both sexes.
		Levels of skatole can be reduced by avoiding the overfeeding of protein and by providing clean lying areas, as skatole can be absorbed through the skin.
		There are also specific feed ingredients which can reduce skatole production where economic such as sugar beet pulp, wheat bran or lupins.
	www.thebowmans.org.uk /papers/meat_quality.txt (855 words)

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