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Topic: Skin color

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	Classics in the History of Psychology -- Clark(1940)
		This was done in spite of the fact that it was previously suggested (1) that the dynamics of the identification of brothers and cousins by the girls was somewhat different from those operative in the boys' identification of themselves.
		It may be that these medium three-year-olds, not being on the extremes of skin color, have not yet reached the developmental level of self consciousness where identification of self is in terms of skin color.
		The apparent non-identification of the medium three-year-olds on the basis of their skin color as the determining cue is probably primarily due to the lack of definiteness of their own skin color when compared with the presented line drawings.
	psychclassics.yorku.ca /Clark/Skin-color (3047 words)

	Fish gene sheds light on human skin color variation
		The genetic determination of human skin color is one of biology's enduring mysteries.
		However, they say that the patterns of DNA variation indicate that the lighter skin color of East Asians is due to variation in genes that have yet to be identified.
		Scientists have long hypothesized that decreased skin pigmentation was an adaptive change that made it possible for humans to live outside the tropics, since sunlight is essential to generate the vitamin D required to prevent rickets, a condition causing bones to become weak.
	www.eurekalert.org /pub_releases/2005-12/ps-fgs121305.php (965 words)

	Skin Color Changes - My Child Has - Children's Hospital Boston
		The yellow tint to the skin can often be seen by gently pressing on the baby's forehead or chest and watching the color return.
		If the baby's color does not turn pink again, or there is an overall blue tinge to the baby, this may signal a problem.
		The blue coloring is called cyanosis and is often seen in babies with a heart defect, because the heart cannot pump the oxygenated blood to the rest of the body.
	www.childrenshospital.org /az/Site1605/mainpageS1605P0.html (536 words)

	Human Biological Adaptability: Skin Color as an Adaptation
		In lighter skin, color is also affected by red cells in blood flowing close to the skin.
		To a lesser extent, the color is affected by the presence of fat under the skin and carotene
		In such an environment, very dark skin is a disadvantage because it can prevent people from producing enough vitamin D, potentially resulting in rickets disease in children and osteoporosis in adults.
	anthro.palomar.edu /adapt/adapt_4.htm (1622 words)

	Skin (Integumentary) System Information (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The skin is the largest organ of the body, with a surface area of 18 square feet.
		Skin color results from the presence of melanin, carotene (yellow to orange pigment), and underlying blood reflected through skin.
		Variety of skin color is caused mainly by the number and distribution of melanocytes.
	www.besthealth.com /besthealth/bodyguide/reftext/html/skin_sys_fin.html (1711 words)

	Skin Cancer Treatment - National Cancer Institute
		Skin cancer is a disease in which malignant (cancer) cells form in the tissues of the skin.
		Skin also helps control body temperature and stores water, fat, and vitamin D. The skin has several layers, but the two main layers are the epidermis (upper or outer layer) and the dermis (lower or inner layer).
		Skin cancer can occur anywhere on the body, but it is most common in skin that has been exposed to sunlight, such as the face, neck, hands, and arms.
	www.cancer.gov /cancerinfo/pdq/treatment/skin/patient (713 words)

	Skin Color Model
		The color distribution of skin colors of different people was found to be clustered in a small area of the chromatic color space.
		A total of 32500 skin samples from 17 color images were used to determine the color distribution of human skin in chromatic color space.
		As the skin samples were extracted from color images, the skin samples were filtered using a low-pass filter to reduce the effect of noise in the samples.
	www-cs-students.stanford.edu /~robles/ee368/skincolor.html (567 words)

	Skin color definition - Medical Dictionary definitions of popular medical terms
		Skin color depends on many factors including reddening caused by inflammation, the hemoglobin level in the blood, and the darkening caused by increased deposition of the pigment melanin.
		The genetics of skin color are similarly complex.
		Skin color is clearly polygenic, determined by a number of genes.
	www.medterms.com /script/main/art.asp?articlekey=25008 (187 words)

	Avre Skin care - About Skin Color
		Skin color is a function of the size, number and the distribution of melanin cells (not their density)
		The differences in racial skin pigmentation depend on the quantity of melanin pigments produced and on the distribution and the deposition of these pigments throughout the epidermis.
		It also seems likely that racial differences in human color may primarily be due to differences in the tyrosinase activity in the melanin cells from varying skin types.
	www.avreskincare.com /skin/conditions/skincolor.html (554 words)

	Skin Inc. Magazine \| Articles and Archives \| WEB EXCLUSIVE: Ethnic Skin Care
		However, the cosmetic disadvantage of skin of color is its propensity to develop hyperpigmentation or hypopigmentation, which ethnic clients frequently experience and are most concerned about preventing.
		Skin care professionals often recommend a dosage of tazarotene be applied every other night for the first two weeks, then be increased to a nightly application in order to improve tolerability.
		Skin of color can vary in pigment from light brown to dark brown, but it is generally falls among types V–VI on the Fitzpatrick scale.
	www.skininc.com /articles/4470457.html (2331 words)

	ScienCentral Video News: Skin Color Gene
		Skin color is due primarily to the presence of melanin, which also confers protection against the sun's damaging ultraviolet rays.
		In lighter skin, color is also affected by red cells in blood flowing close to the skin.
		To a lesser extent, the color is also affected by the presence of fat under the skin and carotene, a reddish-orange pigment in the skin.
	www.sciencentral.com /articles/view.php3?type=article&article_id=218392733 (1092 words)

	Racial Reality - Skin Color
		Here we present new evidence indicating that variations in skin color are adaptive, and are related to the regulation of ultraviolet (UV) radiation penetration....
		Skin coloration in humans is adaptive and labile.
		The exposed skin color may be a dark brown, while the skin of the underarm is ten shades lighter.
	www.sitesled.com /members/racialreality/skincolor.html (592 words)

	Skin Online Extra @ National Geographic Magazine (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Differences in skin color are intriguing, but few of us have a clear idea what causes the variations.
		Scientists have long known that human skin color varies with the amount of exposure to the sun's ultraviolet (UV) radiation, but until recently they had not identified the process of natural selection that actually influences this phenomenon.
		Skin color, according to Jablonski and Chaplin, basically becomes a balancing act between the evolutionary demands of photo-protection and the need to create vitamin D in the skin.
	magma.nationalgeographic.com /ngm/0211/feature2/online_extra.html (751 words)

	Skin Color Changes - Lucile Packard Children's Hospital
		The yellow tint to the skin can often be seen by gently pressing on the baby's forehead or chest and watching the color return.
		If the baby's color does not turn pink again, or there is an overall blue tinge to the baby, this may signal a problem.
		The blue coloring is called cyanosis and is often seen in babies with a heart defect, because the heart cannot pump the oxygenated blood to the rest of the body.
	www.lpch.org /DiseaseHealthInfo/HealthLibrary/newborn/getskin.html (536 words)

	Documentary, studies renew debate about skin color's impact (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Students were asked to rate one of two resumes that accompanied one of three photographs of a theoretical fl job applicant whose skin color was light, medium or dark.
		In her study, " 'Shades of Beauty': Examining the Relationship of Skin Color to Perceptions of Physical Attractiveness," University of Missouri-Columbia researcher Cynthia Frisby found that people perceive a light brown skin tone, on fls as well as whites, to be more physically attractive than a pale or dark skin tone.
		Negative perceptions based on skin tone are one aspect of "cultural wounding" fl people experience living in a majority culture, he said.
	www.post-gazette.com /pg/06360/748295-51.stm (1250 words)

	Skin color changes - WrongDiagnosis.com
		Dark skin, darkening of the skin, or "hyperpigmentation" can occur due to various medical conditions.
		The cause of Skin color changes may be more easily identified if other symptoms exist.
		Skin color changes and Acute vision changes in one eye (painful or inflamed eye)
	www.wrongdiagnosis.com /sym/skin_color_changes.htm (1070 words)

	Skin Care Science
		The color of a person's skin is due to the manufacture and deposition of a pigment called melanin, which is produced in two forms: pheomelanin (a yellowish pigment) and eumelanin (a dark brown/fl pigment).
		In spite of the large variations in skin color that exist among people from different parts of the world, everyone has exactly the same number of melanocytes in their skin.
		The difference in the amount of melanin in a person's skin is due primarily to (1) how active the melanocytes are, (2) how much melanin they make, and (3) how efficiently they transport melanin-filled melanosomes to keratinocytes throughout the skin.
	www.nuskin.com /corp/science/skinscience/discoloration.shtml (646 words)

	Lifespan's A - Z Health Information Library - Skin color - patchy
		Irregular or patchy discoloration of the skin can be caused by variations in pigment (melanin) density, blood vessel (vascular) changes, or growth of foreign organisms on the skin.
		A person's degree of skin pigmentation determines, to some extent, the various dermatological diseases to which a person may be susceptible.
		Lighter-skinned people are more sensitive to sun exposure and damage and the subsequent development of skin cancer (basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma and malignant melanoma).
	www.lifespan.org /adam/healthillustratedencyclopedia/1/003224.html (710 words)

	ACS :: Skin Color Changes
		Skin color changes usually happen because there is some type of change in the body.
		Changes in the skin can be due to tumor growth, sun exposure, or side effects of chemo or radiation therapy.
		Keep skin protected from the sun (for instance, wear a wide-brimmed hat and long-sleeved shirts when outside).
	www.cancer.org /docroot/MBC/content/MBC_2_3X_Skin_Color_Changes.asp?sitearea=MBC (302 words)

	NPR : Researchers Discover Skin Color Gene
		Thanks to a mutation in a gene that controls skin pigmentation, the "golden" zebrafish has stripes that are much fainter than the fl and white stripes of normal zebrafish.
		Cheng and his colleagues say this information could be useful for studying skin cancer, or for finding new ways of changing skin color that wouldn’t be as damaging as tanning.
		But genetic experts emphasize that this new discovery about skin color is a long way from being able to use gene tests to reconstruct exactly what a person looks like.
	www.npr.org /templates/story/story.php?storyId=5055391&ft=1&f=1024 (1016 words)

	Champagne Characteristics - Skin Color
		As the horse ages, the facial skin can start to look very dark (there may be a link to more mottling forming due to exposure to the sun), but the pink skin and mottling will still be found in other places (where the sun doesn’t shine....)
		Another good place to look for skin color is inside the ears or deeper in the nostrils.
		Not all skin mottleing is related to Champagne.
	www.champagnehorses.net /champagne_characteristics_-_sk.htm (357 words)

	Practice Quiz for Skin Color Adaptation
		It may be due in part to the presence of blood flowing near the skin.
		People with high concentrations of it in their skin are at a greater risk for skin cancer.
		When a population of light skin people moves into far northern regions, natural selection makes their skin dark in only a few generations.
	anthro.palomar.edu /adapt/quizzes/adaquiz4.htm (366 words)

	The Biology of . . . Skin Color - - science news articles online technology magazine articles The Biology of . . . Skin ... (Site not responding. Last check: )
		As an expert in primate evolution, she decided to discuss the evolution of skin color, but when she went through the literature on the subject she was dismayed.
		At a seminar on embryonic development, she heard that low folate levels are correlated with neural-tube defects such as spina bifida and anencephaly, in which infants are born without a full brain or spinal cord.
		As far back as the 1960s, the biochemist W. Farnsworth Loomis had suggested that skin color is determined by the body's need for vitamin D. The vitamin helps the body absorb calcium and deposit it in bones, an essential function, particularly in fast-growing embryos.
	www.discover.com /issues/feb-01/departments/featbiology (1366 words)

	The Case of Desiree's Baby: The Genetics and Evolution of Human Skin Color - Case Teaching Notes - Case Study ...
		Hand out a copy of Part II and ask students to work in their small groups to determine the number of offspring with each skin color.
		Skin color does not correlate with any other trait, be it height, blood type, athletic ability, or intelligence.
		Skin color is largely determined by the amount of melanin the skin produces.
	www.sciencecases.org /skin_color/skin_color_notes.asp (1588 words)

	Iguana Skin Color
		The skin may develop a wash of rusty orange across the entire body, or a paling of the green with bold, deep, bright orange appearing on the dewlap, spikes, body and legs.
		The color change occurs several months before actually breeding occurs, and may last for several months after the male's usual breeding season ends if there are females around who are still in season.
		Monitoring your iguana's skin coloring, as well as appetite, feces, and behavior, are all ways to assess its health and well-being.
	www.anapsid.org /iguana/skincolor.html (1656 words)

	Anti-Bias Books: Skin Color Diversity Lesson Plan
		All skin is composed of four substances and has colors in it, brown, yellow, white, and red.
		This is a story about children who are proud of their skin color.
		Using five or six containers, decreasing the amount of coffee/cocoa in each container may be more effective in showing the shades of skin tones from light to dark.All shades between light and dark are composed of the same four ingredients.
	hastings.ci.lexington.ma.us /Library/Yes/Lessons/Skincolor/skin.htm (1110 words)

	Researchers identify gene for variations in skin color (Site not responding. Last check: )
		PHILADELPHIA - The merest fragment of one gene plays a major role in the differing skin colors of White and Black people, scientists have found, capping an 11-year effort that began with the study of similar color variations in a common pet-store critter, the zebra fish.
		For those bent on altering their skin color, the gene could lead to pharmaceutical products that would be safer than tanning salons or the chemical skin-lightening creams popular in India, said project coordinator Keith Cheng, a cancer geneticist at the Penn State College of Medicine in Hershey, Pa.
		The new research indicates that the two groups developed lighter skin after the separation, giving just a taste of the secrets of history that can be unlocked with the human genome, Penn State anthropologist Mark Shriver said.
	www.azcentral.com /arizonarepublic/news/articles/1217skincolor17.html (549 words)

	Photoshop Plugin SkinTune Introduction
		Correcting skin color with Adobe Photoshop is one of the most difficult tasks professional photographers face every day.
		The problem is that the range of acceptable skin color is very, very limited, and it varies slightly for different races.
		What we discovered is that skin color represents less than 1% of all available colors, and that each race has slightly different color characteristics.
	www.phototune.com /skintune_intro.html (532 words)

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