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Topic: Skinner box

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Operant conditioning

	Urban Legends Reference Pages: Skinner Box
		Psychologist B. Skinner raised his own daughter in a "Skinner box"; as a result, she grew up psychologically damaged, sued her father, and committed suicide.
		This "baby tender," as Skinner called it, provided Deborah with a place to sleep and remain comfortably warm throughout the severe Minnesota winters without having to be wrapped in numerous layers of clothing and blankets (and developing the attendant rashes).
		Nonetheless, many people jumped to the conclusion that Skinner was raising his daughter in a cramped box equipped with bells and food trays and was conducting psychological experiments of the "rewards and punishments" variety on her.
	www.snopes.com /science/skinner.asp (1231 words)

	100 years of B.F. Skinner
		Skinner built on the behaviorist theories of Ivan Pavlov and John Watson as he studied the connection between stimuli and observable behavior in rats, which led to his eponymous Skinner box.
		Skinner received his PhD from Harvard University in 1931 and spent several years at the University of Minnesota and the University of Indiana, but he returned to Harvard in 1948, remaining there for the rest of his career.
		Skinner's animal research underscored the importance of consequences (i.e., rewards or punishments), and of breaking tasks into smaller parts and rewarding success on these small parts, in creating behavior change.
	www.apa.org /monitor/mar04/skinner.html (396 words)

	B.F. Skinner
		A leading behaviorist, he was a proponent of operant conditioning, and the inventor of the Skinner box for facilitating experimental observations.
		Skinner concluded with the theory that the proposed changes would free the teacher for more important functions and that mechanized instruction should be integrated into all schools, not as a replacement for, but as an adjunct to the teacher.
		Skinner supported this idea with the fact that responses should be recalled, not simply recognized, and that wrong selections may seem out of place and strengthen unwanted recall.
	www.coe.uh.edu /courses/cuin6373/idhistory/skinner.html (0 words)

	B.F SKINNER
		Skinner stated "Behaviour was relegated to the position of a mere mode of expression of the activities of the mental apparatus or symptoms of an underlying disturbance'.
		Skinner states that the "terrific problems" mankind is presented with today are 'population explosion, nuclear holocaust, world famine, pollution of the environment and exhaustion of resources'.
		Skinner blames this kind of behaviour not on lack of technical opportunities but on people's unwillingness to 'put ourselves in the write perspective.' These problems will not be solved until humans have a drastic change in their mentality towards the earth.
	evolution.massey.ac.nz /assign2/SC/Skinnerass2.html (2455 words)

	B. F. Skinner - Biocrawler (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Skinner received a Ph.D. from Harvard in 1931 and remained at that institution as a researcher until 1936.
		Skinner was mainly responsible for the development of the philosophy of radical behaviorism and for the further development of applied behavior analysis, a branch of psychology which aims to develop a unified theory of animal and human behavior based on principles of learning.
		One often-repeated story claims that Skinner ventured into human experiments by raising his daughter Deborah in a Skinner box, which led to her life-long mental illness and a bitter resentment towards her father.
	www.biocrawler.com /encyclopedia/B._F._Skinner (1602 words)

	Skinner box
		An operant conditioning chamber (usually Skinner box) is a laboratory apparatus used in experimental psychology to study animal behavior.
		Skinner boxes can also have electrified nets so that electical charges can be given to the animals; or lights of different colours that give information about when is the food available.
		Skinner is noted to have said that he didn't want to be an eponym.
	www.1bx.com /en/Skinner_box.htm (424 words)

	B. F. Skinner
		Skinner was born in Susquehanna County, Pennsylvania to William Skinner, a lawyer, and Grace.
		Skinner's political writings emphasized his hopes that an effective and humane science of behavioral control - a behavioral technology - could solve human problems which were not solved by earlier approaches or were actively aggravated by advances in physical technology such as the atomic bomb.
		Skinner saw the problems of political control not as a battle of domination versus freedom, but as choices of what kinds of control were used for what purposes.
	pedia.counsellingresource.com /openpedia/B._F._Skinner (2680 words)

	B. F. Skinner and behaviorism
		Skinner's beliefs and techniques were not radical enough in themselves to cause the storm of controversy that eventually began to swirl around him.
		Skinner responded that all behavior is already controlled by factors in the environment, and that society needed to manage some of those factors.
		Skinner's ideas have also been adopted to teach mentally retarded and autistic children, are used in industry to reduce job accidents, and are used in numerous applications in health-related fields.
	nh.essortment.com /bfskinner_rgjj.htm (1726 words)

	PSfineart: Quality Fine Art/Limited Editions/Prints/Originals/Virtual Gallery
		Deborah Skinner was born in Minnesota in 1944.
		Skinner completed fine art Graduate Studies in 1973-75 at Vancouver School of Design, and direclty therereafter returned to London where she established her fine art professional career.
		The 'Baby Box' which became popular for a time in the 50's and 60's, was Deborah's sleeping space for the first 2 1/2 years of her life.
	www.psfineart.com /artist/skinner.html (795 words)

	B. F. Skinner
		To further improve the objective scientific value of observed behaviors he invented the Skinner box, a small, soundproof chamber in which an animal could be isolated from all distractions and outside influences, responding only to the controlled conditions within the box.
		Skinner later sought to unite the reinforcement of individual behaviors, the natural selection of species, and the development of cultures under the heading of The Selection by Consequences (1981), the first of a series of articles in the journal Science.
		Skinner was heavily influenced by the work of John B. Watson as well as early behaviorist pioneers Ivan Pavlov and Edward Thorndike.
	www.nndb.com /people/297/000022231 (441 words)

	Skinner, B. F. - WikEd
		Skinner got his masters in psychology in 1930 and his doctorate in 1931, and stayed there to do research until 1936 and later returned in 1948 after stints at other universities.
		Skinner was interested in the rate of responding; when responses are reinforced, their rates of occurrence increases.
		A major complaint of many critics is that all of Skinner's experiments were done on animals and allow no room for independent decision making, that all men are equal in their ability to think and to respond.
	wik.ed.uiuc.edu /index.php/Skinner,_B._F. (873 words)

	skinner
		Skinner insisted on not making inferences about mental states, claiming instead that the environment could be used to mould an animal's behaviour and psychology could analyse and predict behaviour through the observation of simple stimulus-response contingencies occurring in the environment.
		Skinner was able to systematically record this behaviour over time with a cumulative response recorder attached to the outside of the Skinner box.
		Skinner stated that a reinforcer is an event that follows a response and that changes the probability of a response's reoccurrence (or not).
	evolution.massey.ac.nz /assign2/DT/Skinner.html (1533 words)

	Author opens a 'Box,' and a can of worms - The Boston Globe
		Professor Skinner was a giant in the field of behavioral psychology -- he popularized the phrase "positive reinforcement" -- and achieved cult status for his best-selling book "Walden Two," his vision of...
		Professor Skinner was a giant in the field of behavioral psychology -- he popularized the phrase "positive reinforcement" -- and achieved cult status for his best-selling book "Walden Two," his vision of a utopian society.
		Skinner is aggrieved and is backing up her anger with legal action.
	www.boston.com /news/globe/living/articles/2004/03/16/author_opens_a_box_and_a_can_of_worms (794 words)

	Untitled Document (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The SKINNER BOX is an apparatus invented by B.F. Skinner.
		The Skinner Box was essentially a means of gathering a lot of data about the learning behavior of rats and pigeons in as short a time as possible.
		It consisted simply of a box in which the animal was placed, a lever, and a dispenser for food pellets.
	www.public.asu.edu /~evatz/Skinnerbox.html (175 words)

	Behaviorism, B.F. Skinner, Social Control, Modern Psychology, Man as Machine, and Denial of Man's Mind and Soul
		Dignity, Skinner put forth the notion that Man had no indwelling personality, nor will, intention, self-determinism or personal responsibility, and that modern concepts of freedom and dignity have to fall away so Man could be intelligently controlled to behave as he should.
		Skinner follows in the tradition of all elitists who imagine they know what is best for everyone else and have no compunctions about enforcing his ideas upon others in there own best interests.
		The Stimulus and the Response: A Critique of B.F. Skinner
	www.sntp.net /behaviorism/skinner.htm (2312 words)

	B. F. Skinner Foundation - Biography
		But inevitably confusion occurred between the baby tender and the "Skinner Box." To the end of his life Skinner was plagued by rumors about his second daughter, hearing even that she had committed suicide.
		When the war was about to end, Skinner attended a dinner party and mentioned to a friend that it was too bad that her son and other young people would come back to the old ways of doing things.
		Skinner's analysis of how to design sequences of steps came to him as he was finishing a book on which he had worked, on and off, for twenty years.
	www.bfskinner.org /bio.asp (0 words)

	The Norrathian Scrolls: A Study of EverQuest - (MMORPG Research, Cyberculture, MMORPG Psychology, Demographics, ...
		Skinner is an important figure in Behaviorism, and developed a learning theory known as Operant Conditioning.
		Skinner claimed that the frequency of a given behavior is directly linked to whether it is rewarded or punished.
		Skinner boxes are small glass or plexi-glass boxes equipped with a combination of levers, food pellets, and drinking tubes.
	www.nickyee.com /eqt/skinner.html (0 words)

	Skinner Box - Picture - MSN Encarta
		American psychologist B. Skinner designed an apparatus, now called a Skinner box, that allowed him to formulate important principles of animal learning.
		An animal placed inside the box is rewarded with a small bit of food each time it makes the desired response, such as pressing a lever or pecking a key.
		A device outside the box records the animal’s responses.
	encarta.msn.com /media_461547602/Skinner_Box.html (61 words)

	Skinner (Site not responding. Last check: )
		He was a radical behaviourist who rejected mental concepts, seeing the organism as a 'fl box' where internal processes are not significant in predicting behaviour.
		The 'Skinner box' is an enclosed environment in which the process of learned behaviour can be observed.
		Skinner was born in Susquehanna, Pennsylvania, and studied at Harvard.
	cas.bellarmine.edu /tietjen/Ethology/skinner.htm (279 words)

	Unit 3 Module 2 Operant Conditioning
		Skinner arranged a box so that food was presented to food-deprived pigeons automatically every fifteen seconds "with no reference whatsoever to the bird's behavior." In superstitious conditioning, the reinforcement is not contingent on any behavior.
		What happened in Skinner's experiment was that whatever behavior was occurring at the time of reinforcement tended to reoccur, even though it had no effect whatever in bringing about reinforcement.
		A Skinner box is arranged so that a pellet appears every 20 seconds, no matter what the rat does.
	online.sfsu.edu /~psych200/unit3/32.htm (4347 words)

	Key Theorists/Theories in Psychology - B.F. SKINNER
		B.F. Skinner was an American psychologist, born in Susquehanna, Pa. He received his Ph.D. from Harvard in 1931, and remained there as an instructor until 1936, when he moved to the Univ. of Minnesota (1937—45) and to Indiana Univ., where he was chairman of the psychology department (1945—48).
		Skinner was the leading exponent of the school of psychology known as behaviorism, which explains the behavior of humans and other animals in terms of the physiological responses of the organism to external stimuli.
		Skinner maintained that learning occurred as a result of the organism responding to, or operating on, its environment, and coined the term operant conditioning to describe this phenomenon.
	www.psy.pdx.edu /PsiCafe/KeyTheorists/Skinner.htm (0 words)

	I was not a Lab Rat--Deborah Skiner
		According to Opening Skinner's Box: Great Psychological Experiments of the Twentieth Century, my father, who was a psychologist based at Harvard from the 1950s to the 90s, "used his infant daughter, Deborah, to prove his theories by putting her for a few hours a day in a laboratory box.
		Admittedly, the facts of my unusual upbringing sound dodgy: esteemed psychologist BF Skinner, who puts rats and pigeons in experimental boxes to study their behaviour, also puts his baby daughter in a box.
		He used the word "apparatus" to describe the aircrib, the same word he used to refer to his experimental "Skinner" boxes for rats and pigeons.
	skeptically.org /skinner/id6.html (1999 words)

	Skinner Box [Archive] - The Fuselage
		The Fuselage > Speculation > Lost General Theories > Past Theories > Skinner Box
		10-11-2005, 04:20 PM I strongly believe the Island is an elaborate Skinner Box.
		The sad part is that no one is no longer minding the experiment.
	www.thefuselage.com /Threaded/archive/index.php/t-22140.html (49 words)

	Genetik und Neurobiologie
		A Skinner box typically contains one or more levers which an animal can press, one or more stimulus lights and one or more places in which reinforcers like food can be delivered.
		If the box is programmed so that a single lever-press causes a pellet to be dispensed, followed by a period for the rat to eat the pellet when the discriminative-stimulus light is out and the lever inoperative, then the rat may learn to press the lever if left to his own devices for long enough.
		The first step is to expose the rat to the food pellets he will later be rewarded with in the Skinner box in his home cage when he is hungry.
	genetics.biozentrum.uni-wuerzburg.de /behavior/learning/SkinnerBox.html (563 words)

	Skinner Rat
		The concept is created in honor of Dr. B.F Skinner, the renowned behavioral psychologist who did much to further our understanding of animal (and human) behavior.
		The boxes were equipped with a lever, which sent electricity to the implanted electrodes.
		Skinner and researchers that came after him proved the powerful force of Pain and Pleasure, Punishment and Reward and their importance in animal behavior.
	www.skinnerrat.com /concept.html (211 words)

	From Pavlov to Skinner Box
		In one of Skinners’ experiments a starved rat was introduced into the box.
		In this experiment Skinner demonstrated the ideas of "operant conditioning" and "shaping behavior." Unlike Pavlov's "classical conditioning," where an existing behavior (salivating for food) is shaped by associating it with a new stimulus (ringing of a bell or a metronome), operant conditioning is the rewarding of an act that approaches a new desired behavior.
		Skinner applied his findings about animals to human behavior and even developed teaching machines so students could learn bit by bit, uncovering answers for an immediate "reward." Computer-based self-instruction uses many of the principles of Skinner's technique.
	www.juliantrubin.com /bigten/skinnerbox.html (0 words)

	B. F. Skinner
		Burrhus Frederic Skinner was born March 20, 1904, in the small Pennsylvania town of Susquehanna.
		This is a special cage (called, in fact, a “Skinner box”) that has a bar or pedal on one wall that, when pressed, causes a little mechanism to release a food pellet into the cage.
		So he decided to reduce the number of reinforcements he gave his rats for whatever behavior he was trying to condition, and, lo and behold, the rats kept up their operant behaviors, and at a stable rate, no less.
	webspace.ship.edu /cgboer/skinner.html (3003 words)

	B.F. Skinner
		Skinner and others developed the learning theory known as operant (or instrumental) conditioning, in which the stimulus follows the behavior, as opposed to classical conditioning, in which the stimulus always precedes the behavior.
		Skinner recognized the critical importance of constancy of conditions in his experiments and developed the instrumental conditioning chamber or ‘Skinner box’ (more pics).
		Intrigued, Skinner read Watson as well as the recently translated Pavlov, liked what he read, and began to suspect that behavioristic analyses might just be able to account for many of those “whys” of behavior that were missing in literature.
	www.skewsme.com /skinner.html (2001 words)

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