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Topic: Skipjack encryption algorithm

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	RFC 2876 (rfc2876) - Use of the KEA and SKIPJACK Algorithms in CMS
		The KEA and SKIPJACK cryptographic algorithms are described in [SJ-KEA].
		The input to the encryption process MUST be padded to a multiple of eight octets using the padding rules described in [CMS] Section 6.3.
		SKIPJACK CEK Wrap Process The SKIPJACK CEK is uniquely wrapped for each recipient of the EnvelopedData using a pairwise KEK generated using the KEA material of the originator and the recipient along with the originator's User Keying Material (UKM) (i.e.
	www.faqs.org /rfcs/rfc2876.html (3051 words)

	Skipjack (cipher) - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Skipjack was proposed as the encryption algorithm in a US government-sponsored scheme of key escrow, and the cipher was provided for use in the Clipper chip, implemented in tamperproof hardware.
		Skipjack is used only for encryption; the key escrow is achieved through the use of a separate mechanism known as the Law Enforcement Access Field (LEAF).
		SKIPJACK's more immediate heritage dates to around 1980, and its initial design to 1987...The specific structures included in SKIPJACK have a long evaluation history, and the cryptographic properties of those structures had many prior years of intense study before the formal process began in 1987.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Skipjack_(cipher) (412 words)

	SKIPJACK Interim Review (July 1993)
		It is representative of a family of encryption algorithms developed in 1980 as part of the NSA suite of "Type I" algorithms, suitable for protecting all levels of classified data.
		SKIPJACK was designed to be evaluatable, and the design and evaluation approach was the same used with algorithms that protect the country's most sensitive classified information.
		The method involves analyzing the structure of the algorithm in order to determine the effect of particular differences in plaintext pairs on the differences of their corresponding ciphertext pairs, where the differences are represented by the exclusive-or of the pair.
	www.epic.org /crypto/clipper/skipjack_interim_review.html (2694 words)

	totse.com \| The Skipjack Encryption Algorithm Review
		The objective of the SKIPJACK review was to provide a mechanism whereby persons outside the government could evaluate the strength of the classified encryption algorithm used in the escrowed encryption devices and publicly report their findings.
		A strong encryption algorithm will behave like a random function of the key and plaintext so that it is impossible to determine any of the key bits or plaintext bits from the ciphertext bits (except by exhaustive search).
		The DES satisfies the property that for a given plaintext-ciphertext pair and associated key, encryption of the one's complement of the plaintext with the one's complement of the key yields the one's complement of the ciphertext.
	www.totse.com /en/privacy/encryption/skipjack.html (3887 words)

	The Case for Clipper (Clipper Chip offers escrowed encryption)
		Encryption technology is therefore subject to export controls: products that incorporate DES or other strong encryption methods cannot generally be exported.
		Because Skipjack is not open to public review, some people have questioned whether NSA might have intentionally sabotaged the algorithm with a trapdoor that would allow the government to decode encrypted communications while bypassing the escrow agents.
		In fact, an encryption method that does not provide a capability for government access is unlikely to be accepted as an international standard; other countries share the U.S. desire not to be left in the electronic lurch.
	encryption_policies.tripod.com /us/denning_0795_clipper.htm (4300 words)

	Skipjack encryption algorithm (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Subsequently, the algorithm was declassifiedand now provides as a unique insight into the cipher designs of a governmentintelligence agency.
		Skipjack was proposed as the encryption algorithm in a US government-sponsored scheme of key escrow, and the cipher was provided for use in the Clipper chip,implemented in tamperproof hardware.
		[Skipjack] is representative of a family of encryption algorithms developed in 1980 as part of the NSA suite of " Type I " algorithms...
	www.therfcc.org /skipjack-encryption-algorithm-367174.html (370 words)

	RFC 2773 (rfc2773) - Encryption using KEA and SKIPJACK
		SKIPJACK is used to encrypt file data and the FTP command channel.
		If encryption is used, then the first buffer will contain the token followed by enough encrypted file octets to completely fill the buffer (unless the file is too short to fill the buffer).
		The token requires its own encryption IV because it is transmitted across the data channel, not the command channel, and ordering between the channels cannot be guaranteed.
	www.faqs.org /rfcs/rfc2773.html (1681 words)

	Strong Encryption Package, Skipjack (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Skipjack is a recent algorithm that was developed in 1987 and put into service in 1993.
		It is a formerly secret NSA encryption algorithm that was declassified on June 23, 1998.
		Skipjack is a representative of a family of encryption algorithms developed in 1980 as part of the NSA suite of "Type I" algorithms, which are suitable for protecting all levels of classified data.
	www.tropsoft.com /strongenc/skipjack.htm (1369 words)

	S-1 - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Although incorrect security markings immediately indicated a hoax, there were several features of the code which suggested it might be leaked source code for the Skipjack encryption algorithm, which was still classified at the time.
		However once David Wagner had discovered a severe design flaw, it was generally accepted as being a hoax - but one with an astonishing amount of work behind it.
		When Skipjack was eventually declassified in 1998, it was indeed found to be totally unlike S-1.
	www.encyclopedia-online.info /S-1 (127 words)

	data encryption on Encyclopedia.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Until 1976 the algorithms were symmetric, that is, the key used to encrypt the plaintext was the same as the key used to decrypt the ciphertext.
		This algorithm requires two keys, an unguarded public key used to encrypt the plaintext and a guarded private key used for decryption of the ciphertext; the two keys are mathematically related but cannot be deduced from one another.
		The advantages of asymmetric algorithms are that compromising one of the keys is not sufficient for breaking the cipher and fewer unique keys must be generated.
	www.encyclopedia.com /html/d1/dataencr.asp (828 words)

	Tiny Encryption Algorithm - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		In cryptography, the Tiny Encryption Algorithm (TEA) is a block cipher notable for its simplicity of description and implementation (typically a few lines of code).
		Following is an adaptation of the reference encryption and decryption routines in C, released into the public domain by David Wheeler and Roger Needham:
		A Cryptanalysis of the Tiny Encryption Algorithm, Masters thesis, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, 2003.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Tiny_Encryption_Algorithm (533 words)

	[No title]
		If in lieu of Clipper, the government were to adopt and promote a standard that provides strong encryption without government access, society could suffer severe economic and human losses resulting from a diminished capability of law enforcement to investigate and prosecute organized crime and terrorism, and from a diminished capability for foreign intelligence.
		If key escrow encryption is successful, it might form the basis for a broader-based, more complex key escrow system, possibly managed by the private sector, which would allow individual and organizational access as well as access by the government.
		Just as encryption has threatened the government's ability to access communications intercepted under its legal authority, advances in telecommunications technology are already undermining the government's ability to intercept those communications in the first place and to obtain call setup information.
	www.cosc.georgetown.edu /~denning/crypto/clipper/Testimony-May-3-94.txt (2814 words)

	Initial Observations on the SkipJack Encryption Algorithm
		SkipJack is the secret key encryption algorithm used by the US government in the Clipper chip and Fortezza PC card.
		The published description of SkipJack characterizes the rounds as either Rule A or Rule B. Each round is described in the form of a linear feedback shift register with additional non linear keyed G permutation.
		SkipJack applies eight rounds of Rule A, followed by eight rounds of Rule B, followed by another eight rounds of Rule A, followed by another eight rounds of Rule B. The Software implementation becomes simpler and more efficient if we unroll the rounds, and keep the four elements in the shift register stationary.
	www.cs.technion.ac.il /~biham/Reports/SkipJack/note1.html (1543 words)

	[No title]
		Conforming applications supporting the KEA algorithm shall decode the subjectPublicKey as described in section 3.1.2 when the algorithm identifier is the one presented in 3.1.1.
		Algorithm Identifier and Parameters The Key Exchange Algorithm (KEA) is an algorithm for exchanging keys.
		The path validation algorithm described in section 6 relies upon the integrity of the trusted CA information, and especially the integrity of the public keys associated with the trusted CAs.
	www.ietf.org /rfc/rfc2528.txt (1723 words)

	Blowfish Paper (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		DES [16], the workhorse encryption algorithm for the past fifteen years, is nearing the end of its useful life.
		While it may not be possible to satisfy all requirements with a single algorithm, it may be possible to satisfy them with a family of algorithms based on the same cryptographic principles.
		A standard encryption algorithm must be implementable on a variety of different platforms, each with their own requirements.
	www.counterpane.com /bfsverlag.html (4087 words)

	Trading Blood and Wine (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		A key escrow maintains a copy of the encryption key in a secure manner, only revealing the key through a court order or as otherwise required by law.
		Publicly used cryptosystems are generally not secret, and peer review of the encryption allows for some degree of confidence in the system.
		Upon declassification in 1998, SKIPJACK was revealed to be a highly fragile system, in that it withstands cryptanalysis however any small change to it yields a significantly weaker cipher.
	users.wpi.edu /~pingemi/EncryptionAndRightsOfLiberty/node12.html (438 words)

	SKIPJACK and KEA Algorithm Specifications (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		SKIPJACK is a 64 bit codebook utilizing an 80-bit cryptovariable.
		The KEA is based upon a Diffie-Hellman protocol utilizing SKIPJACK to reduce final values to an 80 bit key.
		Note that this function represents the encryption of v2 with v1 XOR pad.
	jya.com /skipjack-spec.htm (1873 words)

	[No title]
		Pawling Informational [Page 4] RFC 2876 KEA and SKIPJACK Algorithms in CMS July 2000 2) Unique Originator UKM Option: CMS also provides the ability for a unique originator UKM to be used to generate each pairwise KEK used to wrap the SKIPJACK CEK for each recipient.
		Pawling Informational [Page 5] RFC 2876 KEA and SKIPJACK Algorithms in CMS July 2000 A unique 128-byte originator's UKM MUST be generated for each distinct set of recipients' KEA parameters.
		Pawling Informational [Page 8] RFC 2876 KEA and SKIPJACK Algorithms in CMS July 2000 6) The unwrapped 80-bit SKIPJACK CEK resulting from the SKIPJACK CEK unwrap process and the 8-byte IV obtained from the EnvelopedData encryptedContentInfo contentEncryptionAlgorithm parameters field are used as inputs to the SKIPJACK content decryption process to decrypt the EnvelopedData encryptedContent.
	www.ietf.org /rfc/rfc2876.txt (3127 words)

	FIPS 185 - (EES), Escrowed Encryption Standard
		Both the SKIPJACK algorithm and the LEAF creation method are to be implemented in electronic devices (e.g., very large scale integration chips).
		The costs of providing encryption using this standard as well as alternative methods and their respective costs should be projected.
		However, Federal departments or agencies which use encryption devices for protecting data that is classified according to either of these acts may use those devices also for protecting unclassified data in lieu of this standard.
	www.itl.nist.gov /fipspubs/fip185.htm (2440 words)

	RFC 2828 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		$ cipher (I) A cryptographic algorithm for encryption and decryption.
		A type of checksum algorithm that is not a cryptographic hash but is used to implement data integrity service where accidental changes to data are expected.
		In PCKS #7, it means first encrypting the data using a symmetric encryption algorithm and a secret key, and then encrypting the secret key using an asymmetric encryption algorithm and the public key of the intended recipient.
	www.freesoft.org /CIE/RFC/bynum.cgi?2828 (17832 words)

	Password Encryption Algorithm (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		DES [16], the workhorse encryption algorithm for the past fifteen years, is nearing the end of its...
		Description: The MARS Encryption Algorithm The MARS Encryption Algorithm This paper describes and analyzes the MARS symmetric-key encryption algorithm which is a new block cipher submitted to NIST for consideration as the Advanced Encryption Standard (AES...
		Normal encryption algorithms, such as the IDEA encryption algorithm that is used by PGP, apply a single complex function...
	www.poetrymag.com /Password%20Encryption%20Algorithm.htm-page7 (482 words)

	Initial Observations on Skipjack: Cryptanalysis of Skipjack-3XOR - Biham, Biryukov, Dunkelman, Richardson, Shamir ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Skipjack is the secret key encryption algorithm developed by the NSA for the Clipper chip and Fortezza PC card.
		The only difference between Skipjack and Skipjack-3XOR is the removal of 3 out of the 320 XOR operations.
		Cryptanalysis of Skipjack Reduced to 31 Rounds using..
	citeseer.ist.psu.edu /biham98initial.html (447 words)

	Torry's Delphi Pages (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Blowfish is a powerful encryption component which allows you to simply add file or memory encryption to your programs.
		Being a product that was developed outside the United States and therefore not subject to the US Export Regulations regarding encryption products, Kryptos provides the latest and most powerful encryption algorithms with key lengths of up to 256 bits for block ciphers and up to 20.000 bits for stream ciphers.
		The PC1 algorithm is a stream cipher secure against linear and differential cryptanalysis.
	homepages.borland.com /torry/cryptstrong.htm (1252 words)

	Handbook of Information Security Management:Cryptography
		At the end of the programming session, the programmer is cleared so that the KUs cannot be obtained or computed, except by obtaining their encrypted key components from both escrow agents and using a special government decrypt device.
		For two persons to use the SKIPJACK algorithm to encrypt their communications, each must have a tamper-resistant security device that contains an escrowed encryption chip.
		Once an 80-bit KS is established for use with an escrowed encryption chip, it is passed to the chip, and an operation is invoked to generate a LEAF from the KS and an initialization vector (IV), which may be generated by the chip.
	www.cccure.org /Documents/HISM/641-646.html (680 words)

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