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	AGM-48 Skybolt - Open Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Not only was the missile long overdue and overbudget, but the limited land area available on the British isles meant that it would be fairly easy for the USSR to find, and thus attack, the silos.
		They felt that the Skybolt would provide a much safer basing system, while at the same time allowing their V-bomber fleet to present a continued credible threat, with a long standoff range keeping them well away from the ever-increasing PVO Strany air defenses.
		The missile was fitted with a tailcone to reduce drag while on the pylon, which was ejected shortly after being dropped from the plane.
	open-encyclopedia.com /Skybolt (584 words)

	Blue Streak missile - Encyclopedia, History, Geography and Biography
		The Blue Streak missile was a British ballistic missile development programme of the mid to late-1950s, the initial design being based on licensed US technology.
		The missiles used very cold liquid propellant that could only be kept in the missile for a short length of time before icing became a problem.
		The government transferred its hopes to the Anglo-American Skybolt missile, before that was cancelled by the USA as their ICBM program reached maturity and the British instead purchased the Polaris system from the Americans, to be carried in British-built submarines.
	www.arikah.net /encyclopedia/Blue_Streak_missile (860 words)

	Knowledge King - Blue Streak missile (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		The Blue Streak missile was a failed British ballistic missile development programme of the mid to late-1950s.
		In April 1954 the Americans proposed a joint development programme for ballistic missiles, the United States would develop an ICBM of 5000nm range, the United Kingdom should develop with the United States support a MRBM of 2000nm range.
		The government transferred its hopes to the Anglo-American Skybolt missile, before that too was cancelled and the British had to wrangle Polaris from the Americans.
	www.knowledgeking.net /encyclopedia/b/bl/blue_streak_missile.html (531 words)

	AGM-48 Skybolt - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Using astronavigation systems for mid-flight corrections of an inertial guidance platform, similar to that of the US Navy's SLBM systems, led to accuracy similar to that of their existing ground-based missiles.
		Not only was the missile long overdue and over budget, but the limited land area available on the British isles meant that it would be fairly easy for the USSR to find, and thus attack, the silos.
		The US simply no longer needed the missile, with improved silo-based missiles and SLBMs making their counterforce largely invunerable anyway.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/AGM-48_Skybolt (608 words)

	Atomic Audit: Box 2-2: Weapons That Did Not Make the Cut (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		The Navaho was a supersonic cruise missile whose roots could be traced to the early postwar American efforts to modify and upgrade the German V-1.
		As originally conceived, Skybolt was to have been a 39-foot (11.9-meter), 11,000-pound (5,000-kilogram), two-stage missile with a range of some 950 nautical miles (1,759 kilometers) when dropped from a B-52 at a height of 40,000 feet (12,192 meters).
		But with Skybolt deemed a failure, British Prime Minister Harold Macmillan and his Defense Minister, Peter Thorneycroft, set their sights higher and eventually persuaded Kennedy (against the advice of the State Department, which was deeply concerned about the example this would set) to offer cooperation on the Polaris SLBM program.
	www.brook.edu /dybdocroot/fp/projects/nucwcost/box2-2.htm (2005 words)

	The Skybolt Air-Launched Ballistic Missile (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Skybolt was an effort by the Air Force to utilize B-52 bombers as ballistic missile launchers.
		The Air Force originally sought to purchase 1,000 missiles to equip 22 bomber squadrons by mid-1967 for $15.3 billion (in 1996 dollars; $2.5 billion in then-year dollars), of which $3.7 billion ($600 million in then-year dollars) was for the missile's planned 800 kiloton warhead.
		But with Skybolt deemed a failure, British Prime Minister Harold Macmillan and his Defense Minister Peter Thorneycroft set their sights higher and eventually convinced Kennedy (against the advice of the State Department, which was deeply concerned about the example this would set) to offer cooperation on the Polaris SLBM program.
	www.brook.edu /dybdocroot/fp/projects/nucwcost/SKYBOLT.HTM (339 words)

	Cape Canaveral Rocket and Missile Programs:
		Since fixed land-based missiles were prone to attack, a ballistic missile which could be dropped from high altitude then guided toward its target proved to be strategically desirable.
		The Skybolt was ultimately intended to be deployed on B-52H aircraft, which were fitted with two twin Skybolt pylons under each inner wing.
		The British chose to purchase Polaris missiles, thus eliminating a viable source of funding for the U.S. government to continue refining the Skybolt for eventual deployment.
	www.spaceline.org /rocketsum/skybolt.html (399 words)

	Blue Steel missile - Wikipedia
		Once close to the target the second chamber of the engine would accelerate the missile to Mach 3, over the target the engine would cut and the missile would free-fall before detonating its warhead as a air-burst.
		The short range of the missile meant that the V bombers were still vulnerable to enemy SAMs.
		There were a number of attmepts to develop or acquire replacements -- Blue Streak missile and Skybolt ALBM being the two obvious failures.
	nostalgia.wikipedia.org /wiki/Blue_Steel_missile (252 words)

	[No title]
		Blue Steel was a British stand-off nuclear medium-range missile.
		Over the target the engine would cut-out and the missile would free-fall before detonating its warhead as an air-burst.
		The short range of the missile meant that the V bombers were still vulnerable to enemy
	en-cyclopedia.com /wiki/Blue_Steel_missile (180 words)

	Untitled Document (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Advantages of the Skybolt included: ability to remain aloft on alert status within relatively close range of an aggressor, invulnerability to destruction by surface-to-surface ballistic missiles, and the ability to remain "hidden" from an aggressor.
		Seconds later, explosive bolts blasted the tail cone fairing from the missile and the first stage solid propellant rocket engine ignited.
		The missile pitched upward before the first stage burned out, and coasted for a short period to obtain maximum range before the second state rocket fired.
	www.space.edu /LibraryResearch/swanson/Exhibits/Skybolt.htm (254 words)

	Blue Streak missile -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Postwar Britain's (A weapon of mass destruction whose explosive power derives from a nuclear reaction) nuclear weapons armament was initially based on free-fall bombs delivered by the (Click link for more info and facts about V bomber) V bomber force.
		The use of any American missile would have appeared to hand control to the (North American republic containing 50 states - 48 conterminous states in North America plus Alaska in northwest North America and the Hawaiian Islands in the Pacific Ocean; achieved independence in 1776) US.
		It had been intended to site the missiles in underground (Military installation consisting of an underground structure where ballistic missiles can be stored and fired) silos capable of withstanding a one megaton blast at a distance of half a mile (800 m), silos being an original British innovation later exported to the USA.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/b/bl/blue_streak_missile.htm (831 words)

	Famous Vulcans - XH537 Skybolt (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		The Douglas AGM-87A Skybolt missile was intended as a replacement for the Blue Steel Mk2 that had been cancelled.
		Having the missiles attached on landing the pilot noted cushioning effect as he throttled back the engines to land.
		Unfortunately the Skybolt missile was cancelled by President Kennedy in 1962.
	www.famousvulcans.co.uk /xh537skybolt.htm (452 words)

	NWC Review, Autumn 2000: Greenberg (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Skybolt was no minor crisis, and although most of its drama was played out behind the scenes, it was a severe testing of wills and statesmanship at a critical moment of the Cold War.
		Skybolt was not a bomb but a nuclear air-to-ground missile, a stand-off weapon that could penetrate Soviet airspace in relative safety.
		Skybolt would extend the life of Britain’s deterrent, which had consisted only of free-falling hydrogen bombs.
	www.nwc.navy.mil /press/Review/2000/autumn/re1-a00.htm (1999 words)

	The Nation, 02/09/1963 - Tug-of-War by Greene, Jerry (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		...The advent of missiles had sent the three service branches running hog-wild after their own military rainbows to the point where even Congress was alarmed and investigated...
		...the weapon which came to be known as Skybolt would travel at a speed of 9,500 miles an hour and could not be stopped...
		...For those who weep over the lost $500 million in the Skybolt investment, it may be lecalled that a Senate committee discovered that, in the three years preceding submission of the 1961 fiscal budget, the Pentagon had canceled defense contracts totaling $3,452 billion...
	www.archive.thenation.com /Summaries/v196i0006_08.htm (3238 words)

	British Rockets and Satellite Launchers.
		The development of a ballistic missile was considered important by the Service Departments and Ministry of Supply particularly in view of the coming vulnerability of manned bombers and the 'unstoppability' of ballistic missiles.
		This exchange of information applied to both rocket engines and missile construction, where information passed back and forward between the main contractors either side of the Atlantic, and there was technical information exchanged on the physics of re-entry between the relevant defence agencies.
		But even this decision was controversial, as Skybolt was not yet built and tested, indeed its design not yet finalised, and there would have to be considerable modification to the V bombers to accommodate the missile.
	members.aol.com /nicholashl/ukspace/bs/bs_weapon.htm (4868 words)

	Air & Space Power Journal: Anglo-American strategic air power co-operation in the Cold War and beyond
		The agreement provided that the missiles would be manned and operated by RAF units, that the nuclear warheads would again remain in American custody, and that a joint decision by both governments was required to launch the missiles.
		To demonstrate the missiles' effectiveness, training firings of missiles from the manufacturer and, later, proving firings of missiles drawn from operational RAF sites were conducted in the United States.
		Whilst other options, such as a UK-only Skybolt programme or an Anglo-French collaborative programme, were considered, the project was effectively dead once the Americans had decided to withdraw funding; thus, Polaris was the only alternative.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_m0NXL/is_4_18/ai_n9485442/pg_4 (1328 words)

	SZ/CSA/192
		Contains 84 items being minutes, papers, and correspondence covering all stages of the Skybolt airborne missile project from the initial inter-governmental agreement, through technical and financial difficulties, testing, to cancellation of the project.
		He claimed that it was not "the touchstone of British defence policy" and insisted that development of the Blue Steel missile and the TSR-2 aircraft be continued (SZ/CSA/192/26).
		Reference is made to the supply of the Polaris submarine-based missile and the provision of a Scottish base for the US Navy.
	www.lib.uea.ac.uk /lib/libinf/find/archives/zuckerman/csafiles/skyb.htm (377 words)

	missile russia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		American missile sites in Turkey The US had recently begun to deploy missiles in Turkey, which directly threatened the western sections...
		II era the guns were joined by the guided missile, and today both are used in combination in...
		An anti-aircraft missile is a ground-based missile used to destroy aircraft.
	www.russiaresources.com /russia/missile+russia (1055 words)

	Douglas AGM-48 Skybolt (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		After studies in 1958 had shown that it was feasible to air-launch ballistic missiles from high-flying strategic bombers, the USAF issued a requirement in 1959 for a long-range ALBM (Air-Launched Ballistic Missile).
		Although Skybolt certainly had its technical difficulties and was well behind schedule, the cancellation was also very much influenced by economical and political factors.
		For launch, the missile was dropped from the pylon, the tail cone was ejected, and the first motor stage ignited.
	www.designation-systems.net /dusrm/m-48.html (352 words)

	Boeing B-52 Stratofortress -- Chapter 22 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Decision to proceed with the Skybolt was reached in February of 1960, with initial deployment scheduled to begin in 1964.
		The cancellation of the Skybolt project forced the B-52H to rely on a combination of gravity thermonuclear bombs and underwing-mounted AGM-28 Hound Dog missiles, the same combination as carried by the B-52G.
		This missile is reported to be also carried by the Rockwell B-1B Lancer and the Northrop B-2 Spirit.
	www.csd.uwo.ca /~pettypi/elevon/baugher_us/b052-22.html (4708 words)

	Blue Streak.
		The Titan II missile was liquid fuelled, and was in service for twenty years, only being withdrawn on the grounds of cost of maintaining the missile.
		Ballistic missiles are the most effective form of attack: they are extremely difficult to intercept and to defend against.
		However, an alternative did appear in 1959 with the American Skybolt missile, which could be launched from the British V bombers.
	www.spaceuk.org /bstreak/bsfaq.htm (749 words)

	Bold Orion
		Anti-ballistic missile, air-launched from a B-47 Stratojet, consisting of a Sergeant booster and an Altair upper stage.
		The missile was launched at an altitude of 10700 m (35000 ft) and guided towards the perigee of the satellite Explorer VI at an altitude of 251 km (156 miles).
		The missile had four tailfins for aerodynamic conrtrol, and was fitted with a plastic nose cone to cover the reentry vehicle.
	www.astronautix.com /lvs/bolorion.htm (1177 words)

	Herb York: Race to Oblivion [1970]
		The longest-range missile of this type ever to be seriously considered was the famous Skybolt missile, which after several years of on-again, off-again and development effort, was finally canceled at the beginning of the Kennedy administration.
		By the end of l 958, though, an Atlas-D missile had reached a range of four thousand miles, and the first field test of an operational missile was conducted in September, 1959.
		By the time of that meeting long-range missiles of several different types had been successfully flown, sufficient reliability and accuracy had been demonstrated, several models of missiles were already deployed, and the first Minuteman (a second-generation ICBM) had just been test-flown successfully.
	www.learnworld.com /ZNW/LWText.York.Race.Ch03.html (3235 words)

	Skybolt Missile Encyclopedia Article, Definition, History, Biography (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
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	www.karr.net /search/encyclopedia/Skybolt_missile (776 words)

	New Page 1
		Donette Murray's work is more specific, concerning itself with a pivotal period at the beginning of the 1960s, yet she still attempts to see the Skybolt incident and rise of Multilateral Force (MLF) in the context of a decline in relations between Britain and America.
		Murray asserts that her study, "presents the most complete and up-to-date account and analysis of the Skybolt crisis and MLF controversy" (p.5).
		Skybolt and Nassau, for example, are dealt with in two paragraphs.
	www.49thparallel.bham.ac.uk /back/issue7/priest.htm (1944 words)

	Press Release (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		She first flew with dummy Skybolts in November 1961 and made the first missile drop on 1st December of that year.
		Upon the cancellation of the Skybolt programme, XH537 had test equipment removed and was delivered to 230 OCU at RAF Finningley in May 1965.
		Following storage at Bitteswell from January 1972 to June 1974, XH537 then went to RAF St Athan, where she was converted for the maritime reconnaissance role as a B2MRR.
	www.aviation-museum.co.uk /pressrelease.html (288 words)

	Aerospaceweb.org \| Aircraft Museum - Vulcan
		In addition, the new model was designed to carry payloads of the Blue Steel stand-off bomb or the Skybolt ballistic missile (carried one under each wing) then under development in the United States.
		However, the cancellation of Skybolt and the decision to adopt the submarine-launched Polaris missile instead of Blue Steel led to a re-evaluation of the Vulcan B.2.
		Instead of high-level operations carrying nuclear weapons, the Vulcan was adapted as a low-level conventional bomber carrying general purpose bombs and equipped with an array of advanced electronic countermeasures (ECM).
	www.aerospaceweb.org /aircraft/bomber/vulcan (496 words)

	Skybolt Affair
		In December 1962, the British public learned through press leaks that the U.S. planned to cancel production of the Skybolt, an airÐtoÐsurface missile that Washington had previously agreed to develop for its own and Great Britain's air force (thereby saving the British R&D costs).
		The "Skybolt Affair" summary case consists of excerpts from Richard Neustadt's case study of the controversy published in Alliance Politics, as well as unpublished interview notes.
		It details domestic, international, military, and budgetary considerations--for both the US and Great Britain--surrounding the original Skybolt agreement and its subsequent cancellation, and chronicles the diplomatic steps--and missteps--that accompanied the developing crisis.
	www.ksg.harvard.edu /case/caseweb/catalog/abstracts/SkyboltAffair.html (249 words)

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