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	Atlantic slave trade - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The slaves were one element of a three-part economic cycle—the Triangular Trade and its infamous Middle Passage—which ultimately involved four continents, four centuries and the lives and fortunes of millions of people.
		The slave trade was part of the triangular Atlantic trade, which was probably the most important and profitable trading route in the world.
		In the 18th century, the slave trade was an integral part of the Atlantic economy.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Atlantic_slave_trade (2219 words)

	Comte and Dunoyer Chap. 3
		Slaves at the one extreme and independent artisans and entrepreneurs (or the class of "industrials" as they termed it) at the other were the two end-points of the spectrum of exploitation and freedom and these two ideal types were the basic elements in Comte's and Dunoyer's interpretation of history.
		Slaves, on the other hand, were more likely to be poorly supervised and looked after, either because the master was distracted by his sumptuous existence or because he had delegated this responsibility to a negligent overseer.
		He found the level of the division of labour, investment in tools and equipment, and the quality of manufactured goods quite inadequate and he laid the blame at the feet of the slave system, concluding in fact that a sophisticated division of labour was incompatible with slave labour.
	homepage.mac.com /dmhart/ComteDunoyer/Ch3.html (10959 words)

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		Slaves perform the drudgery for their masters; therefore they are not wanted where little drudgery has to be done, or in other terms, slavery is not likely to exist where subsistence is difficult to acquire.
		In connection with the former point it may be inquired what is in each case the status of children born of two slaves, of a male slave and a free woman, of a female slave and a free man, and especially of a female slave and her master.
		Difference between freemen and slaves in food, clothing, etc. Slaves forbidden to wear the same dress and ornaments as freemen [Among the Chinooks, the flattening of tho head, "appears to be a sort of mark of royalty or badge of aristocracy, for their slaves are not permitted to treat their children thus".
	www.ditext.com /nieboer/p2ch5.html (7170 words)

	Glossary of Terms: Sl (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		A society where the fundamental class conflict is based on the division of people into masters and slaves, with slaves being the dominant producing class, and ownership over this complete commodification of the human being controlled by masters.
		Slaves were thus captured primarily through a slave trade that stole people from distant tribal societies, and also were aquired through prisoners of war.
		Slave society had produced no class capable of overthrowing it, of making a social revolution; atomised and reduced to the level of draught animals, the slaves were incapable of meaningful rebellion or escape, let alone of seizing power.
	www.marxists.org /glossary/terms/s/l.htm (1351 words)

	CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Slavery and Christianity
		How numerous the slaves were in Roman society when Christianity made its appearance, how hard was their lot, and how the competition of slave labour crushed free labour is notorious.
		In Jewish society the slave was not an object of contempt, because labour was not despised as it was elsewhere.
		In the Church the marriage of slaves is a sacrament; it possesses "the solidity" of one (St. Basil, Ep.
	www.newadvent.org /cathen/14036a.htm (3502 words)

	Anti-Slavery - news Slave labour on the increase in China
		Young Chinese men are increasingly becoming victims of forced labour as economic necessity forces them to migrate to other provinces in China where they have been promised well paid jobs in brick factories or stone quarries.
		It was only on 22 May 2001, after one worker managed to evade the guards, that local labour officials were informed and arrived to arrest the manager and free the men.
		The same paper later reported that another coal pit was closed in the area and 16 slave labourers, whose ages ranged between 14 and 73 were released.
	www.antislavery.org /homepage/news/china130801.htm (402 words)

	Anti-Slavery - Submissions 2004 - Forced labour in Brazil
		This helps to ensure the security of the labour inspectors, who may not be able to enter an estate without police support, and should also facilitate charges being brought against those using slave labour as labour inspectors cannot bring criminal charges.
		Clearly, all those working to combat slave labour must receive adequate protection to allow them to carry out their work and those using violence and intimidation must be prosecuted and face appropriate penalties.
		However, the continuing use of forced labour, as evidenced by the numbers freed in 2003, indicates that the fines (paid directly to the state) and criminal sanctions are not proving a sufficient deterrent.
	www.antislavery.org /archive/submission/submission2004-brazil.htm (2194 words)

	SLAVERY: The burden of slavery - NI 337 - Going cheap
		While a slave ship off the African Coast is shocking at the turn of the 21st century, it represents only a tiny part of the world’s slavery which has seen a rapid escalation since 1945 and a dramatic change in character.
		Slaves on the cocoa plantations are mostly from Mali.
		These slaves who may be in their third or fourth generation of bondage contribute little to export markets.
	www.newint.org /issue337/cheap.htm (1564 words)

	Features service articles - Fighting forced labour in Latin America - Department of Communication
		The ILO estimate of the number of victims of forced labour in Latin America and the Caribbean is 1.3 million (Note 1).
		When the roots of forced labour lie deep in a continent's social, economic and ethnic structure, however, multiple strategies are needed to eradicate the problem.
		The achievements of the campaign against slave labour in Brazil are reflected in the remarkable increase in workers freed from forced labour over recent years.
	www.ilo.org /public/english/bureau/inf/features/05/forcedlab_latinam.htm (1217 words)

	CNN.com - Austria signs landmark slave labour deal - October 24, 2000
		Compensation for the 150,000 slave labourers -- mostly from central and eastern European states -- will be made from a special reconciliation fund totalling six billion schilling ($415 million).
		The Austrian Government has been keen to settle the slave labour compensation case as quickly as possible, not least because Vienna faced strong international criticism over the right-wing populist Freedom Party's inclusion in the coalition government.
		Slave labourers working in agriculture and the service sector are to be compensated with 20,000 schilling ($1,218).
	archives.cnn.com /2000/WORLD/europe/10/24/austria.nazi (874 words)

	The Avalon Project : Judgment : War Crimes and Crimes Against Humanity
		Although this camp had in view the primary object of putting to work the mass slave labour, another of its primary objects was the elimination of human lives by the methods employed in handling the prisoners.
		The general policy underlying the mobilisation of slave labour was stated by Sauckel on the 20th April, 1942.
		All who were fit to work were used as slave labourers in the concentration camps; all who were not fit to work were destroyed in gas chambers and their bodies burnt.
	www.yale.edu /lawweb/avalon/imt/proc/judwarcr.htm (10556 words)

	EFGIC: Products Worldwide Made by Falun Gong Slave Labour \| Clearharmony - Falundafa in Europe
		These places are where products for export are made by the slave labour of prisoners of conscience: doctors, teachers and students abducted from their homes for practicing Falun Gong.
		In the Tianjin Shuangkou Labour Camp 90% of the prisoners have scabies.
		In the Longshan Labour Camp, about 100 people are forced to do this work on a daily basis, finishing 80 to 90 boxes a day.
	clearharmony.net /articles/200404/18747.html (1647 words)

	Financial compensation for Nazi slave laborers
		During the Nazi era, the EKD and the main Protestant social-service organization, Dikonisches Werk exploited slave laborers in church parishes, and diaconal institutions such as church-run hospitals.
		The EKD and DW have admitted that they used slave labor and agreed to contribute 10 million Deutschmarks (about 4.7 million in U.S. dollars) to the main compensation fund, thus increasing the fund by about 0.06%.
		Edward Fagan said that companies that "employed" slave labor had records showing the names of the workers, their concentration camp or factory, and for how long they worked.
	www.religioustolerance.org /fin_nazi.htm (2288 words)

	Past & Present: Rice milling, gender and slave labour in colonial South Carolina
		The post-harvest period consequently brought no respite to slave labourers; on the contrary, milling resulted in an intensified work-burden, as slaves struggled to prepare the cereal for European markets in time to start the next cycle of cultivation.
		Emphasis is placed on the problem that hand-processing posed for slave labour and markets in the Carolina rice economy prior to the American Revolution, when technological improvements succeeded in mechanizing milling.
		A focus on labour reveals the social organization of production and time allocation, particularly the seasonal rhythms of work "and its numerous divisions by age' sex and skill".(3) In an influential article published in 1967, E. Thompson noted that the eighteenth century witnessed dramatic changes in seasonal work-routines.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_m2279/is_n153/ai_19254882 (419 words)

	They are eating my flesh, an editorial on the chocolate industry (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		The International Labour Organization, through US Department of labour funding, is supporting the implementation of child labour community surveys that involve discussions with local authorities and relevant and knowledgeable individuals and organizations who are familiar with the details of child labour in the area.
		Slave labour is a serious issue because stopping the cycle that causes this is very difficult.
		Slave labour is so close to home you can literally taste it, maybe you are wearing something, whether it be clothing or shoes.
	whorlpool.905host.net /files/edarchive18.htm (1140 words)

	Canadian Jewish News (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		It was the largest-ever single Holocaust payout in history, according to officials at the Claims Conference, which administers the Jewish portion of compensation payments from Germany to Nazi-era slave labourers.
		Combined with the first payment, which was made as soon as a claim of having been a forced labourer was verified and processed, ex-slave labourers have received a total of about $7,500 each.
		Since the agreement to establish the slave labour fund was signed in 2000, researchers have been combing through more than 150 archives in 30 countries, looking for data to verify survivors’ claims.
	www.cjnews.com /viewarticle.asp?id=4051 (891 words)

	Slave labour - Consumerium (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		According to advocacy groups, there are an estimated 27 million humans in forcible uncompensated labour worldwide, not counting prison labour.
		Many of these children are effectively slaves insofar as parents authorize their use even in dangerous workplaces.
		The use of slave labour is banned in all countries by UN Universal Declaration of Human Rights (http://www.un.org/Overview/rights.html) in article 4
	develop.consumerium.org /wiki/Slave_labour (95 words)

	Slave Labour in Chinese Forced Labour Camps: The Inside Story \| Clearharmony - Falundafa in Europe
		After seeing the investigative report published on Clearharmony.net about the Chinese forced labour camps producing products using slave labour, I decided to make public some of the facts inside the prison where I work.
		In seeking cheap labour and reduced production costs, it is a common practice for some profit-driven enterprises to send staff to the gate of the prison and contact every division, to offer them business deals.
		Hongye Group Cooperates with Labour Camp in Shandong Province to Exploit the Slave Labour of Falun Gong Practitioners
	www.clearharmony.net /articles/200406/20434.html (724 words)

	Observations on the Slavery of Africans, etc. Elias Hicks
		Principally by the purchasers and consumers of the produce of the slaves' labour; as the profits arising from the produce of their labour, is the only stimulus or inducement for making slaves.
		The slave dealer, the slave holder, and the slave driver, arc virtually the agents of the consumer, and may be considered as employed and hired by him, to procure the commodity.
		We next, with heavy hearts and minds overwhelmed with pity, follow them to their destined labour in the plantation field, and by the morning dawn, we hear them summoned to their daily task, by the clashing of cowskin scourges in the hands of their hard-hearted overseers.
	www.qhpress.org /quakerpages/qwhp/hickslave.htm (1283 words)

	UK Indymedia \| Stop the YMCA using Asylum Seekers as Slave Labour (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		It is in breach of the 1930 Forced Labour Convention of the International Labour Organisation to which the UK a signatory.
		The Convention defines forced labour as meaning “all work or service which is exacted from any person under the menace of any penalty and for which the said person has not offered himself voluntarily”.
		In essence the criticism is one of slave labour.
	www.indymedia.org.uk /en/regions/liverpool/2005/05/311862.html (1021 words)

	Slave labour along the Massacre river, by Maurice Lemoine
		Slave labour along the Massacre river, by Maurice Lemoine
		The proposal was fiercely resisted by local landowners, tenant farmers and agricultural labourers, who were promised compensation but have received none.
		But resistance was impossible: the tractors that tore up the crops were accompanied by armed guards, leaving the farmers helpless, homeless victims.
	mondediplo.com /2004/09/10ouanaminthe (720 words)

	GFLC-Program (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		Pursuant to the German Foundation Act, seven partner organizations, including the International Organization for Migration (IOM), is processing claims for payment relating to slave labour, forced labour, personal injury or death of a child lodged in a home for children of slave or forced labourers.
		Slave labourers can receive up to EUR 7.665 (DEM 15.000).
		Forced labourers can receive up to EUR 2.556 (DEM 5.000) if they were forced to work in industry and up to EUR 1.022 (DEM 2.000) if they performed forced labour in agriculture.
	www.iom.int /germany/other_language/gflcprogram.htm (578 words)

	Slave Labour (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		The Army of Millions of the Modern Slave State.
		Sworn Statement of Apolinary Gotowicki on Slave Labour in Krupp Factories.
		Briefing on establishing a process to achieve legal closure and make payments in connection with forced and slave labor and other outstanding claims under the Nazi regime, Washington.
	www.ess.uwe.ac.uk /genocide/slave_labour.htm (210 words)

	Slave Labour - [Sunday Herald]
		The operation was co-ordinated by Norfolk Constabulary and led Grampian police to arrest a total of 38 men and women said to have been dispatched to Aberdeen through the Norfolk-based gangmaster’s recruitment agency.
		“These people are modern-day slaves, working 15-hour days, living in overcrowded, unsuitable conditions and paid a pittance for their trouble while their gangmasters live in luxury and launder the profits.”
		They paid the agency which provided the workers £6 an hour and were told they received the minimum wage, which is £4.50, “minus living allowances”.
	www.sundayherald.com /40864 (1775 words)

	Guardian Unlimited \| Guardian daily comment \| Slave labour
		Almost everybody said no, it's slave labour." Refugee Action, the National Association of Citizens Advice Bureaux and the Immigration Advisory Service also condemned the plans.
		Under the 2004 immigration legislation there are increased fines for illegally employing workers; using slave labour carries a 14-year sentence.
		This presents us with the paradox of the government, whose section 10 makes forced labour legal, perhaps being found in breach of ECHR rulings for employing people as forced labour.
	www.guardian.co.uk /comment/story/0,3604,1499986,00.html (1101 words)

	UK Indymedia \| YMCA drops slave labour scheme for asylum seekers! (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		These are refugees whose claim has been rejected by the Home Office but are unable to return home because of circumstances beyond their control – because they are stateless or ill or (paradoxically in the case of a rejected asylum application) the country of return is too dangerous.
		It makes their labour compulsory as refusal to participate will mean deprivation of housing and other support.
		He also suggested that this compulsory refugee labour could be used for the maintenance of the refugee’s own accommodation – which is a way local authorities and private companies can get otherwise unlettable properties updated for free.
	www.indymedia.org.uk /en/regions/liverpool/2005/05/312268.html (754 words)

	CNN.com - Pay-out for WWII 'slave labourers' - August 28, 2000
		As a result, between 25 and 50 Swiss companies have so far admitted using slave labour during the war and expressed a wish to participate in the settlement, the Swiss news agency ATS has reported.
		In Germany, the business community and the government have agreed to provide 10 billion marks ($4.8 billion dollars) for a similar compensation fund for the victims of Nazi slave labour policies.
		Nestlé has said that in 1947 it acquired a company that had used forced labour in the Nazi era, but added that in many instances it did not own the corporations involved at the time and was often not able to "exercise effective control" over those it did.
	archives.cnn.com /2000/WORLD/europe/08/28/switzerland.fund (539 words)

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